File #2273: "2018_Book_PerspectivesOnElderlyCrimeAndV.pdf"
Testo
1|Dedication|5
1|Preface|6
1|Acknowledgments|8
1|Contents|9
1|Part I: Trends in the Criminal Behavior of the Elderly|17
2|Chapter 1: Trends in Types of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in the United States|20
3|Definition of Elderly (Older) Criminal|20
3|Perspective on Causes of Criminal Behavior by the Elderly|21
3|Socialization in a Criminal Culture|23
3|Social Learning Theory Pertaining to the Criminality of the Elderly|23
3|Anomie|24
3|Convenience and Opportunity Theory Pertaining to the Criminality of the Elderly|26
3|Disengagement Theory|27
3|Growth of the Elderly Population|29
3|Prior Research on Crime Committed by the Elderly|29
3|Characteristics of Elderly Criminals|30
3|Types of Older Criminal Offenders|31
3|Victimization Surveys|32
3|Elderly Victim-Offender Relationship for Elderly Homicides|32
3|Weapons Used by Older Offenders|33
3|Summary|36
3|Discussion Question|36
3|References|37
2|Chapter 2: Trends in Types and Amount of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in Europe|40
3|Introduction|40
3|The Effect of the European Union on the Elderly|42
3|The Relationship of Political and Economic Changes to Crime|43
3|The European Crime and Safety Survey|44
3|The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Global Crime Study|45
3|Property Crimes in Europe|47
3|Drug Trafficking and Drug Dealing|48
3|Challenges of Organized Crime and Terrorism|48
3|Islamic Terror in Europe|49
3|Types and Amount of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in Europe|49
3|Sociological Explanations of Elder Crime|51
3|Examples of Elderly Crime from Austria and Germany|52
4|Bank Robber Because of Love|52
4|Old Burglar Cannot Stop|52
4|Opa Bande3|53
3|Conclusion and Future Aspects|53
3|Discussion Questions|53
3|Notes|54
3|References|54
2|Chapter 3: Trends in Types and Amount of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in China|56
3|Introduction|56
3|The Concept of Elderly Crime in China|56
3|The Definition of Elderly|57
3|The Concept of Elderly Crime|57
3|The Elderly Crime in Beijing and Tibet Between 2012 and 2016|57
3|The Quantity of Elderly Crime in Beijing and Tibet|58
3|The Gender Ratio of Elderly Crime|58
3|The Quantitative Change of Female and Male Elderly Crime|59
3|The Types of Elderly Crime|61
3|Criminological Analysis on the Causes and Prevention of Chinese Elderly Crime|62
3|Analysis on the Causes and Prevention of Elderly Violent Crime|62
3|The Causes of Elderly Violent Crime|63
3|Prevention Policy of Elderly Violent Crime|64
3|The Causes and Prevention of Crime of Seeking Avaricious Profits|64
3|The Causes of Elderly Crimes of Seeking Avaricious Profits|65
3|Prevention Strategy Crimes of Seeking Avaricious Profits|66
3|The Causes and Prevention of Elderly Crime of Obstruction of the Administration of Public Order|66
3|The Prevention of Elderly Crime of Obstruction of the Administration of Public Order|68
3|The Causes and Prevention of Female Elderly Crime|69
3|The Cause of Female Elderly Crimes|69
3|The Prevention of Female Elderly Crime|70
3|The Elderly Crime in Chinese Criminal Code|71
3|Analysis on the Principle of Mitigated Penalty on Elderly Crimes|72
3|Different Sentencing Principles for Elderly Criminals|72
3|Restriction on Death Penalty|72
3|The Application of Probation|73
3|Conclusion|73
3|Discussion Questions|74
3|References|74
2|Chapter 4: The Elderly and Crime in England and Wales|76
3|Introduction|76
4|The Elderly as Offenders|76
4|The Criminal Justice Process in England and Wales: Processing the Older Offender|78
3|Diversion (Alternatives to Prosecution)|79
4|Decision to Prosecute the Elderly Suspect|80
4|Pretrial Detention of the Elderly|81
4|Trial of Elderly Defendants|82
4|Sentencing of the Elderly Offender|83
4|Challenges Around Enforcing Sentences on Elderly Offenders|84
4|Treatment of Older Offenders Post Serving Sentence|84
4|The Elderly as Victims of Crime in England and Wales|85
4|The Effects of Being a Victim of Crime|85
4|Susceptibility of the Elderly to Being Targets of Crime|86
4|Crime Against the Very Old and Infirm|87
3|The Elderly Fulfilling other Functions in the Criminal Justice System|88
4|The Elderly Witness|88
4|The Elderly Juror|89
4|The Elderly Prosecutor|89
4|The Elderly Judge|89
3|Conclusion|90
3|Discussion Questions|91
3|Notes|91
2|Chapter 5: The Elderly Offender and the Elderly Victim of Crime: A South African Overview|93
3|Introduction|93
3|The Elderly in South African Corrections: From Offender to Victim|95
3|Profile of the Elderly Offender|95
3|The Vulnerability of the Incarcerated Elderly Offender|97
3|Elder Abuse in South Africa and the Law|99
3|The Nature of Elderly Abuse in South Africa|102
3|Unsettling Forms of Elder Abuse in South Africa|103
3|Raping of Elderly Woman|103
3|Witchcraft and the Murdering of Elderly Witches|104
3|Conclusion|107
3|Discussion Questions|108
3|References|109
1|Part II: Overview of Criminal Victimization of the Elderly|112
2|Chapter 6: The Victim-Offender Relationship in the Criminal Victimization of the Elderly|114
3|Introduction|114
3|Older Victims of Crime|115
3|Victimization Surveys|116
3|Elderly Victimization by Identity Theft|117
3|Financial Exploitation of the Elderly|118
3|Victimization Resulting from Domestic Violence|118
3|Older Homicide Offenders and Victims|122
3|Hate Crimes Against the Elderly|127
3|Older Victims of Hate Crimes|128
3|Older Property Crime Offenders and Victims|129
3|Elderly Victims of Scams and Fraud|130
3|Most Frequent Scams and Frauds Against the Elderly|132
3|Crime Prevention Programs Implemented to Protect Elderly Victims|133
3|Summary|134
3|Discussion Questions|134
3|References|135
2|Chapter 7: Elder Abuse in Communities of Color in the United States: A Literature Review|137
3|Introduction|137
3|Definitions and Perceptions of Elder Abuse|138
3|Perceptions of Elder Abuse in Communities of Color|138
3|Extent and Nature of Elder Abuse Among Communities of Color|139
4|Native Americans|140
3|African-Americans|141
3|Asian-American and Pacific Islander Communities|142
3|Latino Americans|142
3|Reporting the Elder Abuse|143
3|Cultural Values and Beliefs That Inhibit Disclosure|143
3|Language Barriers|144
3|Distrust of the System|145
3|Lack of Culturally Sensitive Services|145
3|Recommendations|145
4|Gaps in Research|145
4|Culturally Appropriate and Sensitive Practice and Interventions|146
3|Prevention|146
3|Summary|147
3|Discussion Questions|148
3|References|148
2|Chapter 8: Elderly Victimization in Aging Japan|152
3|Rapid Increase in the Aging Population of Japan|152
3|Change in Old People with Industrialization|153
3|Change in Family Type with Aging|154
3|Change in Status of Old People in Family|155
3|Crime by Old People|156
3|Movement of Crime Victims|157
3|Analysis of Elderly Victimization|158
3|Elderly Victimization by Crime|159
3|Elderly Victimization by Murder|159
3|Elderly Victimization by Cruel Treatment in a Nursing Care Facility|162
3|Elderly Victimization by Cruel Treatment in the Home|162
3|Elderly Victimization by Property Crime|163
3|Victimization by Remittance Fraud|164
3|Involvement in Troubles About Consumer Affairs|166
3|Exploitation in Silver Industry|166
3|Exploitation Under Abenomics|167
3|Elderly Victimization by Accident in House|168
3|Elderly Victimization by Automobile Traffic Accident|169
3|Elderly Victimization by Fire|169
3|Elderly Victimization by Natural Disaster|169
3|Conclusion|170
3|Questions|170
3|References|171
2|Chapter 9: The Victim-Perpetrator Problem in Elder Abuse and Neglect|172
3|Introduction|172
3|Prevalence of Elder Abuse in Community Settings|173
3|Prevalence of Elder Abuse in Institutional Settings|174
3|Definitions of Elder Abuse|174
3|Subtypes of Elder Abuse|175
3|Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect|176
3|Victim-Focused vs. Perpetrator-Focused Approaches|177
3|Conclusion|180
3|Discussion Questions|181
3|References|182
2|Chapter 10: Abuse and Neglect of the Elderly|184
3|Introduction|184
3|Physical Violence|184
3|Physical and Chemical Restraints|185
3|Sexualized Violence|185
3|Omission of Certain (necessary) Measures|185
3|Psychological Violence|186
3|Financial Abuse|186
3|Magnitude of Violence|186
3|Risk Factors|187
3|The Key Role of Health Professionals|188
3|Anamnesis|188
3|Documentation|189
3|The MED-POL Project: Documentation Sheet|189
3|Manual “Medical Care for Women Affected by Violence”|190
3|Measures to Prevent Violence Against Elderly People|190
3|Further Reading|191
2|Chapter 11: Victimization of Elderly Women, “Witches,” and Widows|192
3|Introduction|192
3|Universal Challenges|193
3|South Asia|193
4|Bangladesh|194
3|Southeast Asia|195
3|Pacific|195
3|Africa|196
3|Latin America|197
3|Central and Eastern Europe|198
3|United States|198
4|Financial Abuse of Older Adults|199
4|Response to the Abuse of Elderly Women|200
3|The Present Reality|201
3|Discussion Questions|203
3|References|204
1|Part III: Introduction: The Criminal Justice Response to the Prevention of Elderly Crime and Treatment of the Elderly Offender|205
2|Chapter 12: Justice System Response to Elderly Criminality|207
3|Introduction|207
3|Criminal Justice Response to Older Offenders|208
3|Application of the Sequential Intercept Model for Older Offenders|209
3|Diversion of the Older Offender|210
3|Mental Health Courts|211
3|Drug Courts|213
3|Criminal Justice Response to Older Drug Offenders|215
3|Community Courts|215
3|Effectiveness of Special Problem Courts|217
3|Community-Based Programming for Special Needs Offenders|218
4|Assessment of Risks and Needs|218
3|Older Offenders on Probation|219
3|Community Residential Treatment of the Older Offender|223
3|Secure Community Residential Facilities|226
3|Special Problem Older Inmates|227
3|Special Facilities for Older Inmates|229
3|Summary|231
3|Discussion Questions|232
3|References|232
2|Chapter 13: Management and Care of Older Offenders with Mental Illness (OOMI) in the Criminal Justice System|235
3|Introduction|235
3|Prevalence of Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Traumatization|236
3|Utilization of Mental Health Services/Treatment Engagement|237
3|Justice-Involved Offenders with Mental Illness (OOMI)|240
3|OOMI Incarcerated|241
3|Costs of Incarceration|242
3|Physical and Mental Health Needs of an Aging Inmate Population|242
3|Service Engagement|244
3|Collaborative Research with Aging Inmates in Pennsylvania|245
4|Medical Needs|246
4|Mental Health Needs|246
3|Summary|247
4|Policy Recommendations|247
4|Compassionate Release Programs|248
4|Mental Health Training for Criminal Justice Practitioners|248
4|Trauma-Informed Care|249
3|Conclusion|251
3|Discussion Questions|251
3|References|252
2|Chapter 14: Summary: Older Criminals and Victims|255
3|Crimes Committed by the Elderly|256
3|Criminal Victimization of the Elderly|259
3|Hate Crimes (Collective Victimhood)|260
3|Crime Victimization Surveys|262
3|Factors Relating to Criminal Victimization|263
3|Role of the Older Victim in Criminal Justice Process|266
3|Criminal Justice Response to the Older Offender|266
3|Older Inmates in Correctional Facilities|269
3|Discussion Questions|269
3|References|270
1|Index|272
1|Preface|6
1|Acknowledgments|8
1|Contents|9
1|Part I: Trends in the Criminal Behavior of the Elderly|17
2|Chapter 1: Trends in Types of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in the United States|20
3|Definition of Elderly (Older) Criminal|20
3|Perspective on Causes of Criminal Behavior by the Elderly|21
3|Socialization in a Criminal Culture|23
3|Social Learning Theory Pertaining to the Criminality of the Elderly|23
3|Anomie|24
3|Convenience and Opportunity Theory Pertaining to the Criminality of the Elderly|26
3|Disengagement Theory|27
3|Growth of the Elderly Population|29
3|Prior Research on Crime Committed by the Elderly|29
3|Characteristics of Elderly Criminals|30
3|Types of Older Criminal Offenders|31
3|Victimization Surveys|32
3|Elderly Victim-Offender Relationship for Elderly Homicides|32
3|Weapons Used by Older Offenders|33
3|Summary|36
3|Discussion Question|36
3|References|37
2|Chapter 2: Trends in Types and Amount of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in Europe|40
3|Introduction|40
3|The Effect of the European Union on the Elderly|42
3|The Relationship of Political and Economic Changes to Crime|43
3|The European Crime and Safety Survey|44
3|The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Global Crime Study|45
3|Property Crimes in Europe|47
3|Drug Trafficking and Drug Dealing|48
3|Challenges of Organized Crime and Terrorism|48
3|Islamic Terror in Europe|49
3|Types and Amount of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in Europe|49
3|Sociological Explanations of Elder Crime|51
3|Examples of Elderly Crime from Austria and Germany|52
4|Bank Robber Because of Love|52
4|Old Burglar Cannot Stop|52
4|Opa Bande3|53
3|Conclusion and Future Aspects|53
3|Discussion Questions|53
3|Notes|54
3|References|54
2|Chapter 3: Trends in Types and Amount of Crimes Committed by the Elderly in China|56
3|Introduction|56
3|The Concept of Elderly Crime in China|56
3|The Definition of Elderly|57
3|The Concept of Elderly Crime|57
3|The Elderly Crime in Beijing and Tibet Between 2012 and 2016|57
3|The Quantity of Elderly Crime in Beijing and Tibet|58
3|The Gender Ratio of Elderly Crime|58
3|The Quantitative Change of Female and Male Elderly Crime|59
3|The Types of Elderly Crime|61
3|Criminological Analysis on the Causes and Prevention of Chinese Elderly Crime|62
3|Analysis on the Causes and Prevention of Elderly Violent Crime|62
3|The Causes of Elderly Violent Crime|63
3|Prevention Policy of Elderly Violent Crime|64
3|The Causes and Prevention of Crime of Seeking Avaricious Profits|64
3|The Causes of Elderly Crimes of Seeking Avaricious Profits|65
3|Prevention Strategy Crimes of Seeking Avaricious Profits|66
3|The Causes and Prevention of Elderly Crime of Obstruction of the Administration of Public Order|66
3|The Prevention of Elderly Crime of Obstruction of the Administration of Public Order|68
3|The Causes and Prevention of Female Elderly Crime|69
3|The Cause of Female Elderly Crimes|69
3|The Prevention of Female Elderly Crime|70
3|The Elderly Crime in Chinese Criminal Code|71
3|Analysis on the Principle of Mitigated Penalty on Elderly Crimes|72
3|Different Sentencing Principles for Elderly Criminals|72
3|Restriction on Death Penalty|72
3|The Application of Probation|73
3|Conclusion|73
3|Discussion Questions|74
3|References|74
2|Chapter 4: The Elderly and Crime in England and Wales|76
3|Introduction|76
4|The Elderly as Offenders|76
4|The Criminal Justice Process in England and Wales: Processing the Older Offender|78
3|Diversion (Alternatives to Prosecution)|79
4|Decision to Prosecute the Elderly Suspect|80
4|Pretrial Detention of the Elderly|81
4|Trial of Elderly Defendants|82
4|Sentencing of the Elderly Offender|83
4|Challenges Around Enforcing Sentences on Elderly Offenders|84
4|Treatment of Older Offenders Post Serving Sentence|84
4|The Elderly as Victims of Crime in England and Wales|85
4|The Effects of Being a Victim of Crime|85
4|Susceptibility of the Elderly to Being Targets of Crime|86
4|Crime Against the Very Old and Infirm|87
3|The Elderly Fulfilling other Functions in the Criminal Justice System|88
4|The Elderly Witness|88
4|The Elderly Juror|89
4|The Elderly Prosecutor|89
4|The Elderly Judge|89
3|Conclusion|90
3|Discussion Questions|91
3|Notes|91
2|Chapter 5: The Elderly Offender and the Elderly Victim of Crime: A South African Overview|93
3|Introduction|93
3|The Elderly in South African Corrections: From Offender to Victim|95
3|Profile of the Elderly Offender|95
3|The Vulnerability of the Incarcerated Elderly Offender|97
3|Elder Abuse in South Africa and the Law|99
3|The Nature of Elderly Abuse in South Africa|102
3|Unsettling Forms of Elder Abuse in South Africa|103
3|Raping of Elderly Woman|103
3|Witchcraft and the Murdering of Elderly Witches|104
3|Conclusion|107
3|Discussion Questions|108
3|References|109
1|Part II: Overview of Criminal Victimization of the Elderly|112
2|Chapter 6: The Victim-Offender Relationship in the Criminal Victimization of the Elderly|114
3|Introduction|114
3|Older Victims of Crime|115
3|Victimization Surveys|116
3|Elderly Victimization by Identity Theft|117
3|Financial Exploitation of the Elderly|118
3|Victimization Resulting from Domestic Violence|118
3|Older Homicide Offenders and Victims|122
3|Hate Crimes Against the Elderly|127
3|Older Victims of Hate Crimes|128
3|Older Property Crime Offenders and Victims|129
3|Elderly Victims of Scams and Fraud|130
3|Most Frequent Scams and Frauds Against the Elderly|132
3|Crime Prevention Programs Implemented to Protect Elderly Victims|133
3|Summary|134
3|Discussion Questions|134
3|References|135
2|Chapter 7: Elder Abuse in Communities of Color in the United States: A Literature Review|137
3|Introduction|137
3|Definitions and Perceptions of Elder Abuse|138
3|Perceptions of Elder Abuse in Communities of Color|138
3|Extent and Nature of Elder Abuse Among Communities of Color|139
4|Native Americans|140
3|African-Americans|141
3|Asian-American and Pacific Islander Communities|142
3|Latino Americans|142
3|Reporting the Elder Abuse|143
3|Cultural Values and Beliefs That Inhibit Disclosure|143
3|Language Barriers|144
3|Distrust of the System|145
3|Lack of Culturally Sensitive Services|145
3|Recommendations|145
4|Gaps in Research|145
4|Culturally Appropriate and Sensitive Practice and Interventions|146
3|Prevention|146
3|Summary|147
3|Discussion Questions|148
3|References|148
2|Chapter 8: Elderly Victimization in Aging Japan|152
3|Rapid Increase in the Aging Population of Japan|152
3|Change in Old People with Industrialization|153
3|Change in Family Type with Aging|154
3|Change in Status of Old People in Family|155
3|Crime by Old People|156
3|Movement of Crime Victims|157
3|Analysis of Elderly Victimization|158
3|Elderly Victimization by Crime|159
3|Elderly Victimization by Murder|159
3|Elderly Victimization by Cruel Treatment in a Nursing Care Facility|162
3|Elderly Victimization by Cruel Treatment in the Home|162
3|Elderly Victimization by Property Crime|163
3|Victimization by Remittance Fraud|164
3|Involvement in Troubles About Consumer Affairs|166
3|Exploitation in Silver Industry|166
3|Exploitation Under Abenomics|167
3|Elderly Victimization by Accident in House|168
3|Elderly Victimization by Automobile Traffic Accident|169
3|Elderly Victimization by Fire|169
3|Elderly Victimization by Natural Disaster|169
3|Conclusion|170
3|Questions|170
3|References|171
2|Chapter 9: The Victim-Perpetrator Problem in Elder Abuse and Neglect|172
3|Introduction|172
3|Prevalence of Elder Abuse in Community Settings|173
3|Prevalence of Elder Abuse in Institutional Settings|174
3|Definitions of Elder Abuse|174
3|Subtypes of Elder Abuse|175
3|Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect|176
3|Victim-Focused vs. Perpetrator-Focused Approaches|177
3|Conclusion|180
3|Discussion Questions|181
3|References|182
2|Chapter 10: Abuse and Neglect of the Elderly|184
3|Introduction|184
3|Physical Violence|184
3|Physical and Chemical Restraints|185
3|Sexualized Violence|185
3|Omission of Certain (necessary) Measures|185
3|Psychological Violence|186
3|Financial Abuse|186
3|Magnitude of Violence|186
3|Risk Factors|187
3|The Key Role of Health Professionals|188
3|Anamnesis|188
3|Documentation|189
3|The MED-POL Project: Documentation Sheet|189
3|Manual “Medical Care for Women Affected by Violence”|190
3|Measures to Prevent Violence Against Elderly People|190
3|Further Reading|191
2|Chapter 11: Victimization of Elderly Women, “Witches,” and Widows|192
3|Introduction|192
3|Universal Challenges|193
3|South Asia|193
4|Bangladesh|194
3|Southeast Asia|195
3|Pacific|195
3|Africa|196
3|Latin America|197
3|Central and Eastern Europe|198
3|United States|198
4|Financial Abuse of Older Adults|199
4|Response to the Abuse of Elderly Women|200
3|The Present Reality|201
3|Discussion Questions|203
3|References|204
1|Part III: Introduction: The Criminal Justice Response to the Prevention of Elderly Crime and Treatment of the Elderly Offender|205
2|Chapter 12: Justice System Response to Elderly Criminality|207
3|Introduction|207
3|Criminal Justice Response to Older Offenders|208
3|Application of the Sequential Intercept Model for Older Offenders|209
3|Diversion of the Older Offender|210
3|Mental Health Courts|211
3|Drug Courts|213
3|Criminal Justice Response to Older Drug Offenders|215
3|Community Courts|215
3|Effectiveness of Special Problem Courts|217
3|Community-Based Programming for Special Needs Offenders|218
4|Assessment of Risks and Needs|218
3|Older Offenders on Probation|219
3|Community Residential Treatment of the Older Offender|223
3|Secure Community Residential Facilities|226
3|Special Problem Older Inmates|227
3|Special Facilities for Older Inmates|229
3|Summary|231
3|Discussion Questions|232
3|References|232
2|Chapter 13: Management and Care of Older Offenders with Mental Illness (OOMI) in the Criminal Justice System|235
3|Introduction|235
3|Prevalence of Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Traumatization|236
3|Utilization of Mental Health Services/Treatment Engagement|237
3|Justice-Involved Offenders with Mental Illness (OOMI)|240
3|OOMI Incarcerated|241
3|Costs of Incarceration|242
3|Physical and Mental Health Needs of an Aging Inmate Population|242
3|Service Engagement|244
3|Collaborative Research with Aging Inmates in Pennsylvania|245
4|Medical Needs|246
4|Mental Health Needs|246
3|Summary|247
4|Policy Recommendations|247
4|Compassionate Release Programs|248
4|Mental Health Training for Criminal Justice Practitioners|248
4|Trauma-Informed Care|249
3|Conclusion|251
3|Discussion Questions|251
3|References|252
2|Chapter 14: Summary: Older Criminals and Victims|255
3|Crimes Committed by the Elderly|256
3|Criminal Victimization of the Elderly|259
3|Hate Crimes (Collective Victimhood)|260
3|Crime Victimization Surveys|262
3|Factors Relating to Criminal Victimization|263
3|Role of the Older Victim in Criminal Justice Process|266
3|Criminal Justice Response to the Older Offender|266
3|Older Inmates in Correctional Facilities|269
3|Discussion Questions|269
3|References|270
1|Index|272