File #2313: "2018_Book_LegislationOfTortLiabilityLawI.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|9
1|1 Prolegomenon|25
2|1.1 Balancing the Interest of Enacting the Tort Liability Law|25
3|1.1.1 Introduction|25
3|1.1.2 Interest Balancing and Interest Balancing in Legislation|26
4|1.1.2.1 Interest Balancing|26
4|1.1.2.2 Balancing Legislative Interest and Judicial Interest|28
4|1.1.2.3 Main Path of Balancing Interest in Tort Liability Law|30
5|Balancing Special Interests and Balancing General Interests|30
5|Balancing Internal Interests and External Interests|31
3|1.1.3 Balancing General Interests in the Legislation of Tort Liability Law|32
4|1.1.3.1 Protection of Civil Rights and Interests v. Maintenance of Freedom to Action|32
5|The Evolution of Civil Rights and Interests and the Freedom to Action|33
5|The Protection Mechanism for Balancing Civil Rights and Interests and Freedom to Action|36
4|1.1.3.2 Property Interests of Victims and Infringers|42
5|The Balance Protection on Property Interests of Both Victims and Infringers|42
5|The Protection Mechanism of Balancing the Property Interests Between Victims and Infringers|43
3|1.1.4 Balancing Particular Interests in the Legislation of Tort Liability Law|44
4|1.1.4.1 Necessity of Measuring Special Interests|44
5|Two Basic Judgments and General Interest Measurement in Modern Civil Law|44
5|The Amendment to Two Judgments and the Special Interest Measurement in Contemporary Law|45
5|The Features of Special Interest Measurement in Legislation of Tort Liability Law|45
4|1.1.4.2 The Balance of Tort Liability Law on Special Interest Protection|46
5|The Interest Measurement in Non-fault Liability|47
5|Interest Measurement in the Presumption of Fault and Causation|48
3|1.1.5 Conclusion|49
2|References|50
1|Suggestions on Amending the Draft of Tort Liability Law|52
1|2 The Suggestions on Amending the Second Draft of Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval|53
2|2.1 A Summary of Suggestions on Amending the Second Draft of the Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval|53
3|2.1.1 Introduction|53
4|2.1.1.1 The Reason|53
4|2.1.1.2 The Evaluation|54
4|2.1.1.3 The Purpose|54
4|2.1.1.4 The General Situation|55
3|2.1.2 The First Part: Chapter One of the Tort Liability Law (from Article 1 to Article 16)|55
3|2.1.3 The Second Part: Chapter Two of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 17 to Article 25)|58
3|2.1.4 The Third Part: Chapter Three of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 26 to Article 30)|60
3|2.1.5 The Fourth Part: Chapter Four of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 31 to Article 38)|61
3|2.1.6 The Fifth Part: Chapter Five of the Tort Liability Law (from Article 39 to Article 45)|62
3|2.1.7 The Sixth Part: Chapter Six of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 46 to Article 52)|63
3|2.1.8 The Seventh Part: Chapter Seven of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 52 to Article 66)|64
3|2.1.9 The Eighth Part: Chapter Eight of the Tort Liability Law (from Article 67 to Article 71)|66
3|2.1.10 The Ninth Part: Chapter Nine of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 72 to Article 77)|66
3|2.1.11 The Tenth Part: Chapter Ten of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 78 to Article 81)|68
3|2.1.12 The Eleventh Part: Chapter Eleven of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 82 to Article 87)|69
3|2.1.13 The Twelfth Part: Chapter Twelve of the Tort Liability Law (Article 88)|70
2|2.2 A Check List Between Articles of the Second Draft of Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval and Articles of Amending Suggestion|71
2|2.3 Suggested Articles for the Second Draft of the Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval|113
1|3 The Several Suggestions on Enacting the Tort Liability Law|131
2|3.1 Introduction|131
2|3.2 General Provisions of the Tort Liability Law|132
3|3.2.1 Legal Name: The Tort Liability Law|132
3|3.2.2 Legal Function: Compensating Damages Is the Major Function of the Tort Liability Law|133
3|3.2.3 Legal Experiences of Foreign Jurisdictions|134
3|3.2.4 Legal Continuity: The Legislations After the General Principles of Civil Law|135
3|3.2.5 Legal Experiences: The Significance and Limitations of Judicial Interpretations and Cases|136
3|3.2.6 Legal Mode: The Mode of General Provisions|137
3|3.2.7 Legal Mode: The Exclusion of the Mode of Progressive Enumeration|137
3|3.2.8 General Provisions: General Provisions Should not Enumerate Rights and Interests Damaged by Infringement|138
3|3.2.9 Damage: The Core Status in the Tort Liability Law|139
3|3.2.10 Doctrine of Liability Fixation: A Dualistic Liability System of Fault Liability and No-Fault Liability|139
3|3.2.11 Doctrine of Three Elements and Doctrine of Four Elements: A Theoretical Issue or Legislative Issue|141
3|3.2.12 Constitutive Elements: The Constitutive Elements of Damages or the Constitutive Elements of All Methods of Assuming Liability|141
3|3.2.13 Causation: The Status and Definition in the Tort Liability Law|142
3|3.2.14 Legal Structure: Two Parts or Three Parts|143
3|3.2.15 Legal Periphery: The Relation Between Tort Liability and Other Legal Liabilities|144
3|3.2.16 Legal Periphery: The Relation with Contract Law|145
3|3.2.17 Legal Codification: The Relation Between a General Tort Liability Law and the Provisions of Special Tort Liability Law|146
2|3.3 Provisions of Fault Liability|147
3|3.3.1 Fault Liability: Enumeration or Non-enumeration|147
3|3.3.2 Criterion For Negligence|147
3|3.3.3 Professional Liability: The Necessity of General Provisions|148
3|3.3.4 Liability for Damage Caused by Medical Treatment|149
3|3.3.5 Liability of Violating Duty of Safety Protection|151
3|3.3.6 Liability of Network Operator|152
2|3.4 Provisions of Non-fault Liability|153
3|3.4.1 Road Traffic Accident: An Unsolved Issue|153
3|3.4.2 Legal Provisions of Liability for Harm Caused by Raising Animals|154
3|3.4.3 Liability for Environmental Pollution|155
3|3.4.4 Legal Provisions of Production Liability|156
2|3.5 The Relation of Special Tort Liability|157
3|3.5.1 Tort Liability of Guardian|157
3|3.5.2 Tort Liability of Legal Person and Employer (Vicarious Liability)|158
3|3.5.3 Joint and Several Liability of Joint Tort|159
3|3.5.4 Joint and Several Liability and Liability Exemption Condition of Infringers of Joint Danger|160
3|3.5.5 Tort Liability by Share|160
3|3.5.6 Supplementary Compensation Liability for Tort|161
3|3.5.7 Compensation Liability for High-Altitude Falling|162
2|3.6 Compensation|162
3|3.6.1 The Relation Between Compensating for Damage and Restoring to Original Condition or State|162
3|3.6.2 Gains Offset the Losses|163
3|3.6.3 Contributory Negligence|163
3|3.6.4 Compensation for Property Damage|164
3|3.6.5 Compensation for Pure Economic Loss|165
3|3.6.6 Compensation for Death|165
3|3.6.7 Mental Compensation|166
3|3.6.8 Punitive Compensation|166
2|3.7 Defense and Relevant Issues|167
3|3.7.1 General Issues of Defense|167
3|3.7.2 Self-help|167
3|3.7.3 Accident|168
1|Research on the Legislative System of the Tort Liability Law|169
1|4 On Several Technical Problems Concerning Enactment of Civil Code|170
2|4.1 Introduction|170
2|4.2 Titles of Articles|170
3|4.2.1 Overview|170
3|4.2.2 Functions of Article Titles|172
3|4.2.3 Article Titles: Legal Scholars’ Attempt to Add Article Titles|173
2|4.3 Grounds for Legislation and Official Records of Discussions|173
3|4.3.1 Grounds for Legislation|173
3|4.3.2 Official Records of Discussions|175
2|4.4 Language and Writing Style of the Code|175
3|4.4.1 Three Undesirable Linguistic and Writing Styles|175
3|4.4.2 Linguistic Law and Social Attributes’ Requirements of Legal Language|176
3|4.4.3 Legal Attributes of Legal Language: Experts’ Civil Code or People’s Civil Code|177
2|4.5 Conclusion|178
2|References|178
1|5 The General Provision of the Tort Liability Law|179
2|5.1 Introduction|179
2|5.2 Development of General Provisions of Torts Law in Civil Lawmaking in China|180
3|5.2.1 The Draft Civil Code of Great Qing and the Civil Code of the Republic of China|180
3|5.2.2 The General Principles of Civil Law|180
3|5.2.3 Conclusive Opinions|181
2|5.3 The General Provisions of Tort Liability Law in China: The Draft and Its Instruction|182
3|5.3.1 The Design of the General Provisions|182
4|5.3.1.1 Two Preliminary Issues Shall Be Solved|182
4|5.3.1.2 Provisions Designed by the Author for the Proposed Tort Liability Law|183
3|5.3.2 Instructions and Reasons|184
4|5.3.2.1 Status and Function of This Article|184
4|5.3.2.2 Emphasis and Logic Structure of This Article|184
4|5.3.2.3 Quasi-Torts|185
4|5.3.2.4 Unlawfulness|185
4|5.3.2.5 “Attribution of Imputation” or “Matters of Imputation”|186
4|5.3.2.6 Rule of Concurrence|187
3|5.3.3 Development of the General Provision|187
4|5.3.3.1 Preliminary Development of the General Provision: General Principles of the Tort Liability Law|187
4|5.3.3.2 Comprehensive Development of the General Provision: System of the Tort Liability Law|188
2|5.4 Conclusion|189
2|References|190
1|6 The Legislation Pattern of Tort Law: General Provisions + Comprehensive Enumeration|191
2|6.1 Introduction|191
2|6.2 General Provisions Pattern|191
2|6.3 Enumeration Pattern|192
2|6.4 Overall General Provisions or Limited General Provisions|193
2|6.5 The Classification Standard of Enumeration: Go Back to the Roman Law|195
2|6.6 The Tort Civil Liability Pattern: The Indispensable Part of Tort Law System|197
2|6.7 Conclusion|197
2|References|198
1|7 On the Legislative System of the Tort Liability Law|199
2|7.1 Introduction|199
2|7.2 The Design of Proposed Drafts and the Tort Liability Law System in the Draft of Civil Code|200
3|7.2.1 Proposal of the Institution of Law of Chinese Academy of Social Science|200
3|7.2.2 Proposal of the Research Center on Civil and Commercial Law of Renmin University of China|202
3|7.2.3 The Tort Liability Law Outline of “Green Civil Code” of Prof. Xu Guodong and the Proposal of Tort Liability Law of Mr. Ma Changhua|204
3|7.2.4 The Volume of Tort Liability Law Contained in the Draft of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China Issued by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the National People’s Congress|207
3|7.2.5 Major Issues of System and Structure of the Tort Liability Law in China|209
2|7.3 Conceiving the Architecture of Tort Liability Law in China: Comprehensive Enumeration Under the General Provisions|210
3|7.3.1 Establishing a General Provision Includes Constitutive Elements for All Torts|210
3|7.3.2 Classification of Torts|211
3|7.3.3 Civil Liability for Torts: Implementing the General Provisions Finally|212
3|7.3.4 Boundary Between Codification and Non-Codification|212
2|7.4 Conclusion|214
2|References|214
1|8 On the Degree of Codification of the Tort Liability Law|216
2|8.1 Introduction|216
2|8.2 Observations from Other Jurisdictions|217
3|8.2.1 Torts Law in Common Law System|217
3|8.2.2 French Law System|218
3|8.2.3 German Law System|220
3|8.2.4 Experience of the Dutch Civil Code|222
3|8.2.5 New Trend of the Draft European United Civil Code|223
2|8.3 Attitude of Legislation Draft and Proposal of Scholars in China|226
3|8.3.1 Attitude of the Draft of the Law Committee|226
3|8.3.2 Attitude of the Proposal of the Research Center of Civil and Commercial Law of Renmin University of China|229
3|8.3.3 Attitude of the Proposal of the Institute of Law of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|230
2|8.4 Survey on the Existing Norms of Tort Liability Law in China|233
3|8.4.1 The “Common Law” Status of the General Principles of the Civil Law|233
3|8.4.2 Norms of Tort Law in Other Laws|234
3|8.4.3 Norms of Tort Law in Administrative Laws, Regulations, and Judicial Interpretations|236
2|8.5 Several Suggestions to the Degree of Codification of Tort Liability Law in China|238
3|8.5.1 On the Degree of Codification of Tort Law from the Particularity of Norms of Civil Law and Norms of Tort Law|238
4|8.5.1.1 Abstraction and Enumeration Method of Civil Legislation|238
4|8.5.1.2 Influence of the Abstraction and Enumeration Method on the Degree of Codification of Tort Law|238
4|8.5.1.3 Influence of the Dynamic Role of the Judge on the Degree of Codification|239
4|8.5.1.4 Inspection on the Significance of Legislative Period for the Settlement of the Issue of the Degree of Codification of Tort Law|239
3|8.5.2 Scope and Types of Enumeration|240
4|8.5.2.1 Enumeration of Special Tort Liability Relations|240
4|8.5.2.2 Enumeration of Special Tort Liabilities|241
4|8.5.2.3 Enumeration of Remediable Damage|244
4|8.5.2.4 Types of Torts Without the Necessity of Enumeration|245
3|8.5.3 Enumeration Method|246
4|8.5.3.1 Systematic Significance of Complete Enumeration|246
4|8.5.3.2 Refinement Degree of Enumeration|247
2|8.6 Conclusion|247
2|References|248
1|Institutional Construction|249
1|9 On the Causative Potency Theory in Tort Law|250
2|9.1 Introduction|250
2|9.2 On the Basic Issues of Causative Potency Theory|250
3|9.2.1 Multiple Causation in Tort Law|250
3|9.2.2 The Connotation of Causative Potency|253
4|9.2.2.1 The Definition of Causative Potency|253
4|9.2.2.2 The Strength of Causative Potency|253
2|9.3 Provisions of Causative Potency in Relevant Judicial Interpretations|254
3|9.3.1 The Definition and Scope of Joint Tort|254
3|9.3.2 The Application of Causative Potency Theory|255
3|9.3.3 The Distribution of Liability Among Joint Infringers|256
2|9.4 Comparative Causative Potency and Comparative Fault|256
3|9.4.1 Comparative Fault: As a Rule of Liability Distribution|256
4|9.4.1.1 The Definition of Fault of Injured Party and Related Legislation|256
4|9.4.1.2 Comparative Negligence as a Rule of Liability Distribution|257
3|9.4.2 The Efficiency and Limitation of Comparative Negligence|258
4|9.4.2.1 The Efficiency of Comparative Negligence|258
4|9.4.2.2 The Limitation of Comparative Negligence|258
3|9.4.3 A Comprehensive Consideration of the Strength of Causative Potency and the Degree of Fault|260
4|9.4.3.1 The Application of the Comprehensive Approach|260
4|9.4.3.2 Establishing the Rule of Causative Potency as a Priority and Degree of Fault as Supplement|260
2|9.5 The Specific Application of Causative Potency Theory in Tort Law of China|262
3|9.5.1 The Scope of Application of Causative Potency Theory|262
3|9.5.2 The Case of Same Injury Through Respective Conducts of Multiple Infringers|263
3|9.5.3 The Case of Contributory Fault of Injured Party|264
4|9.5.3.1 The Defense of Contributory Fault of Injured Party|264
4|9.5.3.2 The Effect of Contributory Negligence of Injured Party|264
4|9.5.3.3 Opinion of This Book|266
3|9.5.4 The Distribution of Responsibility Among Joint Infringers|266
2|9.6 Conclusion|269
2|References|270
1|10 Nine Treatises on the Liability for Joint Tort|271
2|10.1 Introduction|271
2|10.2 Joint Tort: Rethink on Joint and Several Liability|272
3|10.2.1 Three Major Theories Concerning Joint Tort|272
4|10.2.1.1 Subjective Theory|272
4|10.2.1.2 Objective Theory|273
4|10.2.1.3 Compromise Theory|273
3|10.2.2 Traditional Form of Assuming the Joint Tort Liability: Joint and Several Liability|274
4|10.2.2.1 General Theory and Constitutive Elements of Joint and Several Liability|274
4|10.2.2.2 The Common Orientation Among Three Major Theories: Infringers of Joint Torts Shall Bear Joint and Several Liability|274
3|10.2.3 Comments|275
4|10.2.3.1 Overlooking the Multiple Forms of Multi-Person Debt|275
4|10.2.3.2 Bias in Subjective and Objective Theory|275
4|10.2.3.3 Rationalities and Limitations of Compromise Theory|276
2|10.3 The Classic Form of Liability for Joint Tort: Joint and Several Liability|276
3|10.3.1 Attitude of Modern Civil Law Towards Joint and Several Liability|276
4|10.3.1.1 Essential Difference Between Feudal Law and Modern Law|276
4|10.3.1.2 Criminal Factors of Legal Liability|277
4|10.3.1.3 Updated Concept of Modern Tort Law: From Purely Rationalistic Liability Basis to Rationalistic and Humanistic Liability Basis|277
3|10.3.2 Reflecting from the Function of Civil Liability|278
4|10.3.2.1 Taking Compensation for Losses as Priority|278
4|10.3.2.2 Balance of Interests Between Both Parties|278
4|10.3.2.3 Requirements of Substantial Fairness Concept|278
3|10.3.3 Rationalities of Enlarging Joint and Several Liability|279
4|10.3.3.1 Predictability of Injury|279
4|10.3.3.2 Control of Danger|279
4|10.3.3.3 Equality Between Benefit and Risk|279
2|10.4 Diversity of Liability for Joint Tort|280
3|10.4.1 Several Liability|280
4|10.4.1.1 Definition and Constitutive Elements of Several Liability|280
4|10.4.1.2 Several Liability as the Form of Joint Tort Liability|280
3|10.4.2 Supplementary Liability|280
4|10.4.2.1 Definition and Constitutive Elements of Supplementary Liability|280
4|10.4.2.2 Application Scope of Supplementary Liability|281
4|10.4.2.3 Full Liability of the First Responsible Person|281
4|10.4.2.4 Supplementary Liability of Supplementary Liability Holders|281
4|10.4.2.5 Structural Arrangement for the Right Similar to Beneficium Ordinis and the Right of Indemnity|282
2|10.5 Liability for Joint Tort with Intention Liaison|282
3|10.5.1 Intent and Negligence Within Intention Liaison|282
4|10.5.1.1 Overview of Joint Tort with Intention Liaison|282
4|10.5.1.2 Joint Intent|283
4|10.5.1.3 Joint Negligence|283
3|10.5.2 Legitimacy of Joint and Several Liability|283
4|10.5.2.1 Fault Includes the Injury Caused by Other Joint Infringers|283
4|10.5.2.2 Social Justness of Increasing Punishment on Intentional Infringers|284
2|10.6 Liability for Joint Tort Without Intention Liaison|284
3|10.6.1 Theories of Divisible Debt and Indivisible Debt|284
3|10.6.2 Distinguishing Standard in Judicial Interpretation|284
3|10.6.3 Author’s Suggestions on Distinguishing Standard|285
3|10.6.4 Indivisible Causative Potency: Joint and Several Liability|285
3|10.6.5 Divisible Causative Potency: Several Liability|286
2|10.7 Joint and Several Liability for Joint Danger Doers|286
3|10.7.1 Liability for Joint Dangerous Acts|286
3|10.7.2 Application of Joint and Several Liability|287
3|10.7.3 Distribution of the Burden of Proof for Defense|287
3|10.7.4 Liability for the Injury Caused by Throwing Things off High Buildings|287
2|10.8 Statutory Liability for Joint Tort|288
3|10.8.1 Overview|288
3|10.8.2 Instigation|288
4|10.8.2.1 General Rules|288
4|10.8.2.2 Special Problems|289
3|10.8.3 Assistance|289
4|10.8.3.1 General Rules|289
4|10.8.3.2 Special Problems|289
3|10.8.4 Other Statutory Joint and Several Liabilities|290
4|10.8.4.1 Joint Tort of Advertiser and Advertising Agents|290
4|10.8.4.2 Liability for Joint Tort of Company Directors in the Securities Law|290
4|10.8.4.3 Statutory Liability for Joint Tort of False Statement in Securities Market|291
4|10.8.4.4 Liability for Joint Tort Stipulated in Product Quality Law|292
2|10.9 Joint and Several Liability of Gang Members|292
3|10.9.1 Gangs and Gang Acts|292
3|10.9.2 Legal Basis of Joint and Several Liability of Gangs|293
3|10.9.3 Legislative Practices and Comments|293
4|10.9.3.1 Draft Proposal by Scholars|293
4|10.9.3.2 Comments|294
2|10.10 Internal Relationship Among Multiple Obligors to Compensation of Joint Tort Liability|294
3|10.10.1 Internal Relationship of Joint and Several Liability|294
4|10.10.1.1 Internal Apportionment of Liabilities|294
4|10.10.1.2 Indemnity Among Joint Infringers|295
3|10.10.2 Internal Relationship of Several Liability|296
3|10.10.3 Indemnity Problems of Supplementary Liability|296
2|10.11 Conclusion|296
2|References|297
1|11 Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|298
2|11.1 Introduction|298
2|11.2 Conception and Legal Basis of Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|299
3|11.2.1 Conceptions of Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|299
3|11.2.2 Legal Basis of Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|299
2|11.3 Legal Nature of Operators’ Safety Protection Duty on Business Premises|302
3|11.3.1 Provisions Concerning Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|302
4|11.3.1.1 Provisions in Laws and Administrative Regulations with Characteristics of Tort Law|302
4|11.3.1.2 Provisions in Terms of Duty of Safety Protection in the Contract Law|303
3|11.3.2 Further Discussion on Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|303
4|11.3.2.1 Legal Duty as Principle and Agreed Duty as Exception|303
4|11.3.2.2 Basic Duty as Principle and Collateral Duty as Exception|304
4|11.3.2.3 Duty of Act as Principle and Duty of Omission as Exception|305
2|11.4 On Major Details of Duty of Safety Protection|305
3|11.4.1 Duty of Safety Protection in Terms of Tangible Elements|305
4|11.4.1.1 Safety Protection in Terms of Material Elements|305
4|11.4.1.2 Safety Protection in Terms of Personnel|306
3|11.4.2 Duty of Safety Protection in Terms of Intangible Elements|306
4|11.4.2.1 Removing Invisible Unsafety Matters and Creating Safe Environment for Consumers|306
4|11.4.2.2 Prohibiting External Unsafety Matters and Preventing Hazards from the Third Party to Consumers|307
4|11.4.2.3 Fulfilling Duties of Warning, Explanation, Advice and Assistance of Unsafety Matters|307
2|11.5 Types of Operator Liabilities in Case of Violation Against Duties of Safety Protection|308
3|11.5.1 Tort Liability|308
3|11.5.2 Liability for Omission and Breach of Contract|309
2|11.6 Tort Liability in Case of Violation Agaisnt Duty of Safety Protection: Fault Liability and Causation|310
3|11.6.1 Fault Liability and Criterion for Fault|310
4|11.6.1.1 Operators’ Assumption of Fault Liability|310
4|11.6.1.2 Criterion for Operators’ Fault|310
3|11.6.2 Causation in Case of Omission|311
2|11.7 The Third Party’s Intervention and Operators’ Liability|314
3|11.7.1 Non-Application of Joint Tort or the Theory of Causative Potency|314
4|11.7.1.1 Non-application of the Joint Tort Under the Third Party’s Intervention|314
4|11.7.1.2 Non-application of Causative Potency Under the Third Party’s Intervention|315
3|11.7.2 Conceptions of Complementary Liability|315
4|11.7.2.1 Definition of Complementary Liability|315
4|11.7.2.2 Reasons for Designing Complementary Liability|316
2|11.8 Conclusion|317
2|References|317
1|12 On Burden of Proof in Medical Negligence|318
2|12.1 Introduction|318
2|12.2 General Thoeries of Medical Negligence and the Burden of Proof|319
3|12.2.1 Connotations and Characteristics of Medical Negligence|319
3|12.2.2 General Theories of Burden of Proof|321
4|12.2.2.1 Connotations and Distribution of Burden of Proof|321
4|12.2.2.2 Distribution of the Burden of Proof in China’s Civil Procedures|322
4|12.2.2.3 Difficulties of Proving Medical Malpractice|323
2|12.3 Experience of Other Jurisdictions|325
3|12.3.1 American Law|325
4|12.3.1.1 The Principle of “Facts Themselves Speak for Negligence”|325
4|12.3.1.2 Important Elements of Establishment|325
4|12.3.1.3 Application of Principle Thereon to Proceedings of Compensation for Medical Damages|326
3|12.3.2 German Law|327
4|12.3.2.1 Anscheinsbeweis|327
4|12.3.2.2 Conversion of Burden of Proof in Gross Medical Negligence|328
4|12.3.2.3 Obstruction of Proving|329
3|12.3.3 French Law|331
3|12.3.4 Japanese Law|332
2|12.4 The Legislative Prospects on the Burden of Proof of Medical Negligence|333
3|12.4.1 Practices in China|333
4|12.4.1.1 Conversion of the Burden of Proof of Medical Negligence|333
4|12.4.1.2 Understanding and Application of Rules of Evidence|334
4|12.4.1.3 Technical Identification of Medical Malpractice|336
3|12.4.2 Relevant Provisions of the Civil Law Draft and Experts Proposal Drafts|337
2|12.5 Conclusion|338
2|References|339
1|13 The Relation Between the Right to Claim for Compensation from Work-Related Injury Insurance and the Right to Claim Compensation for Personal Injury|340
2|13.1 Introduction|340
2|13.2 Observation on Tort Law in the Developmental Progress of Law and the Substitutional Function of Work-Related Injury Insurance|341
3|13.2.1 The Process of the Separation of Accidents Liability from Tort Liability and Its Significance|341
3|13.2.2 The Supplement Function of Tort Liability and the Exemption and Subsidy Function in the Work-Related Injury Insurance Institution|344
2|13.3 Review on Several Legislation Modes and Legislative Suggestion|345
3|13.3.1 Four Modes in Foreign Law and Relevant Evaluation|345
4|13.3.1.1 Alternative Mode (Non-real Concurrence Mode)|346
4|13.3.1.2 Exemption Mode (Non-concurrence Mode)|347
4|13.3.1.3 Double-Recovery Mode (Aggregation Mode)|348
4|13.3.1.4 Supplement Mode|348
3|13.3.2 The Perspectives in the Proposed Manuscript for Legislation from Scholars|350
2|13.4 An Empirical Analysis on the Current Provisions in China|351
3|13.4.1 The Substantial Differences in the Scope of Compensation and in the Standard for Compensation|351
3|13.4.2 The Choice of Mode: The Interpretation of Relevant Stipulations in China|358
4|13.4.2.1 The Once Existing Supplement Mode|358
4|13.4.2.2 Interpretation About Relevant Regulations in Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases and Work Safety Law|359
4|13.4.2.3 Understanding on Article 11 and 12 of the Judicial Interpretation no.20 [2003]|360
2|13.5 The Principles of Legal Remedies and the Conception of Institution Construction|362
3|13.5.1 The Principles of Legal Remedies|362
4|13.5.1.1 The Principle of Equity|362
4|13.5.1.2 The Principle of Efficiency|363
4|13.5.1.3 The View of Positive Rights and the Protection of the Weak|363
3|13.5.2 The Conception of Institution Construction|364
4|13.5.2.1 Substitution Mode Adopted in Principle, Alternative Mode as Supplement|365
4|13.5.2.2 The Right to Indemnity of Work-Related Injury Insurance Fund Against the Third Person|366
4|13.5.2.3 About the Remedy for Psychological Injuries|366
4|13.5.2.4 The Relationship Between Work-Related Injury Insurance and Commercial Life Insurance|366
4|13.5.2.5 Improve Supporting Institutions in Two Aspects|367
2|13.6 Conclusion|367
2|References|369
1|14 The Relation Between Right to Request Tort Liability and Right to Request Property Rights|370
2|14.1 Introduction|370
2|14.2 The Nature of Right to Request Property Rights: A Preventive Liability|371
3|14.2.1 Civil Liability: Whether It Is Limited to Property Liability Only|371
4|14.2.1.1 The Original Meaning of Civil Liability Was Property Liability from the Perspective of the Origin of Category|371
4|14.2.1.2 Civil Liability Shall Not Limited to Property Liability from the Perspective of the Development of Category|372
3|14.2.2 Right to Request Property Rights and Preventive Liability|374
2|14.3 The Relation Between Right to Request Tort Liability and Right to Request Property Rights: Comparison Between Three Trains of Thought|375
3|14.3.1 The Coexisting Mode of Rights to Request Tort Compensation and Property Rights: Rationality and Limitations|376
4|14.3.1.1 Rationality|377
4|14.3.1.2 Limitations|381
3|14.3.2 “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts”: Current Legislation, Issues and Outlet|384
4|14.3.2.1 The “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts”: Current Legislation and Understanding|384
4|14.3.2.2 The “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts”: Issues and Outlet|385
3|14.3.3 The Concurrent Mode Between Rights to Request Tort Compensation and Property Rights: Introspection and Abandonment|386
2|14.4 Demonstration Expansion: Justification on Unified Remedy Mode for Torts|388
3|14.4.1 Advantages of “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts” in the Aspect of Civil Law System|388
4|14.4.1.1 The Unified Remedy Mode for Torts Accords with Legislative and Judicial Tradition Formed in China Already|389
4|14.4.1.2 The Unified Remedy Mode for Torts Will Be Conducive for the Tort Liability Law to Become an Independent Volume Under the Civil Code|389
3|14.4.2 Advantages of “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts” in the Aspect of Systematic Practicability|390
4|14.4.2.1 It Is Not Necessary to Establishing a Trivial System of Right to Request Under the Unified Remedy Mode for Torts|390
4|14.4.2.2 The Unified Remedy Mode for Torts May Achieve a Powerful Remedy for Legal Rights and Interests|390
2|14.5 Conclusion|391
2|References|392
1|15 The Relation Between Right to Claim for Tort and Right to Claim for Restitution of Unjust Enrichment|394
2|15.1 Introduction|394
2|15.2 The Concept of “Obligation”: Logic Start of Research on the Relationship of the Two|395
2|15.3 Relationship of the Two in Other Jurisdictions|397
3|15.3.1 France|398
3|15.3.2 Germany|399
3|15.3.3 Comments|400
2|15.4 Theories, Lawmaking and Practices Concerning the Relationship of the Two in China|402
3|15.4.1 Relationship Between the Two: Theoretical Perspectives|402
4|15.4.1.1 The Negative Theory of Concurrence|402
4|15.4.1.2 The Positive Theory of Concurrence|403
4|15.4.1.3 The Theory of Limited Concurrence|403
3|15.4.2 Relationship Between the Two: Legislative Regulation and Judiciary Practice|404
4|15.4.2.1 The Relevant Provisions, Drafts and Expert Proposal Drafts|404
4|15.4.2.2 Judicial Practice of China|405
3|15.4.3 Relationship Between the Two: Summary and Concluding Opinions|406
2|15.5 Constitutive Elements and Situations of the Concurrence of the Two|408
3|15.5.1 Constitutive Elements of the Concurrence of the Two|409
4|15.5.1.1 The Benefited Person Conducts Tortious Act Causing Damage to Another Person|410
4|15.5.1.2 The Benefited Person Gains Profits Through Performing Tortious Act|411
4|15.5.1.3 The Benefited Person Obtains Profits Without a Lawful Basis|412
3|15.5.2 Situations of the Concurrent of the Two|413
4|15.5.2.1 Unauthorized Disposal|413
4|15.5.2.2 Illegal Lease of Other’s Property|414
4|15.5.2.3 Obtaining Profits Through Illegal Use of Other’s Property|414
4|15.5.2.4 Obtaining Profits Through Infringement on Intellectual Property Right|415
4|15.5.2.5 Damage to Personal Right|415
2|15.6 The Concurrence of the Two and “Border-Crossing of Rights of Claim”|416
2|15.7 Conclusion|420
2|References|421
1|16 On the Compensation for Death Caused by Torts|422
2|16.1 Current Provisions and Relevent Comments in China|423
3|16.1.1 Current Provisions|423
3|16.1.2 The Developing Track, Stable Trends and Problems of the Current Provisions|423
4|16.1.2.1 The System Develops Through Three Different Ways at the Same Time, and These Ways Are Not Totally Compatible with Each Other|423
4|16.1.2.2 Several Stable Trends Have Been Formed|432
4|16.1.2.3 The Problems in the Current Provisions|433
2|16.2 On Tort Compensation for Death|436
3|16.2.1 Evolution and Trend of Compensation System for Death Caused by Tort|436
4|16.2.1.1 The Combined Model of “Criminal Fine and Civil Compensation” in Ancient Laws|436
4|16.2.1.2 The Model of “Loss of Support” and “Loss of Inheritance” in Modern Legal System|436
4|16.2.1.3 The Development Trend of Modern Legal System|437
3|16.2.2 The Nature of Right to Life and the Limitations of Private Laws on Death Compensation|437
3|16.2.3 The Subject of Right to Claim Compensation for Death Caused by Tort and Compensation Coverage|438
4|16.2.3.1 The Claimant of the Compensation for Death Caused by Tort|439
4|16.2.3.2 The Converge of Compensation for Death Caused by Tort|439
2|16.3 Compensation for the Loss of Relevant Property of Victim|440
3|16.3.1 Concept and Content of the Loss of Relevant Property of Victim|440
3|16.3.2 The Necessity of Constructing a Statutory Right to Claim Directly|441
2|16.4 Compensation for the Mental Damage of Deceased’s Close Relatives (Mental Damage Solatium)|443
3|16.4.1 The Foundation for Deceased’s Close Relatives to Receive Mental Damage|443
4|16.4.1.1 The Right of Deceased’s Close Relatives to Claim Mental Compensation|443
4|16.4.1.2 Shared Claiming Rights for Relatives|444
4|16.4.1.3 The Distribution of Compensation for Mental Damage Among Close Relatives|444
3|16.4.2 Establishing a Generally Considerable Compensation for the Whole People|445
2|16.5 The Living Expenses of the Dependants Victim’s Dependents and Compensation for Death|446
3|16.5.1 The Living Expenses of the Victim’s Dependents|446
3|16.5.2 Compensation for Death|446
4|16.5.2.1 The Purpose and Characteristics of Establishing Death Compensation|446
4|16.5.2.2 Calculation Standard of Compensation for Death|447
3|16.5.3 The Relationship Between the Living Expenses of the Dependent and Death for Compensation|449
3|16.5.4 The Claiming Right Basis for the Death Compensation of the Close Relatives|450
2|16.6 Conclusion|450
2|References|452
1|17 On the Compensation for Mental Damage Due to Death by Infringement|454
2|17.1 Introduction|454
2|17.2 Review on the Current Provisions|454
3|17.2.1 From the General Principles of Civil Law to the Judicial Interpretation [2001] No. 7|454
4|17.2.1.1 The Relevant Provisions in the General Principles of Civil Law and Relevant Judicial Interpretation|454
4|17.2.1.2 The Judicial Interpretation [2001] No. 7|455
3|17.2.2 From the Regulation on the Handling of Medical Accidents to the Judicial Interpretation [2003] No. 20|455
4|17.2.2.1 The Solatia for Spiritual Injury Stipulated in the Regulation on the Handling of Medical Accidents|455
4|17.2.2.2 Judicial Interpretation [2002] No. 17|456
4|17.2.2.3 Judicial Interpretation [2003] No. 20|456
2|17.3 The Victim and Claimant in China’s Cases Concerning Death by Infringement|457
3|17.3.1 Status of the Deceased in the Case of Death by Infringement|457
3|17.3.2 Close Relatives as Claimants|457
4|17.3.2.1 Legal Basis for Close Relatives’ Compensation Claims for Mental Damage|457
4|17.3.2.2 Claims Shared by Close Relatives|458
4|17.3.2.3 Distribution of Damages for Mental Damage Among Close Relatives|458
3|17.3.3 People Beyond Close Relatives|459
4|17.3.3.1 “Family Members” Living Together|459
4|17.3.3.2 Friends|459
2|17.4 The Application of Mental Damage Compensation in Cases of Death by Infringement|460
3|17.4.1 The Application of Civil Compensation for Mental Damage in the Cases of Death by Infringement and Special Provisions|460
4|17.4.1.1 The Universal Application of Civil Liability for Mental Damage in the Cases of Death by Infringement|460
4|17.4.1.2 Cases of Death by Infringement in Which Laws, Administrative Rules and Regulations Expressly Provide Specific and Special Rules|460
3|17.4.2 Cases of Death Caused by Criminal Behavior|461
3|17.4.3 Cases Concerning General Compensation|461
3|17.4.4 Cases Applied to the Principle of Non-Fault Liability: Positive and Negative Positions on the Compensation for Mental Damage Caused by Death|462
4|17.4.4.1 Two Different Views|462
4|17.4.4.2 Discussions on the Current Provisions|463
4|17.4.4.3 Several Suggestions|463
2|17.5 Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Before Death|464
3|17.5.1 Conception and Constitutive Elements|464
4|17.5.1.1 Conception|464
4|17.5.1.2 Constitutive Elements|465
3|17.5.2 Remedy for Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Before Death|465
4|17.5.2.1 The Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Suffered Before Death: The Fact|465
4|17.5.2.2 The Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Suffered Before Death: Legal Remedy|465
4|17.5.2.3 Review and Suggestion|466
2|17.6 Compensation Standard of Mental Damage in Cases Concerning Death Caused by Infringement|467
3|17.6.1 Establishing the Same Compensation for People|468
3|17.6.2 Factors for Reference: Application and Exclusiveness|468
4|17.6.2.1 Application|468
4|17.6.2.2 Exclusiveness|469
2|17.7 Conclusion|470
2|References|471
1|18 Pure Economic Loss and Its Compensation Rules|473
2|18.1 Introduction|473
2|18.2 Definition and Features of Pure Economic Loss|473
3|18.2.1 Definition of Pure Economic Loss|473
3|18.2.2 Features of Pure Economic Loss|474
3|18.2.3 The Relationship Between Pure Economic Loss and Related Losses|476
4|18.2.3.1 Pure Economic Loss and Consequential Loss|476
4|18.2.3.2 Pure Economic Loss and Expected Loss|476
2|18.3 Categories of Pure Economic Loss|477
3|18.3.1 Reflection Loss|477
3|18.3.2 Transferred Loss|477
3|18.3.3 Loss for the Closure of Public Infrastructure|478
3|18.3.4 Loss for Reliance on Negligent Misrepresentation|478
3|18.3.5 Loss for Reliance on Negligent Performance of a Service|478
2|18.4 The Theoretical Foundation for the Rule of No-Compensation for Pure Economic Loss and Its Technical Significance|479
3|18.4.1 Theoretical Foundation|479
3|18.4.2 Technical Tool|480
2|18.5 Exceptive Remedy for Pure Economic Loss|481
3|18.5.1 Intentional Infringements|481
3|18.5.2 The Situation is not Related to Uncertain Liability|481
3|18.5.3 The Loss Caused by Relying on the Contents Disclosed by Special Information|482
2|18.6 Problems Concerning Related Institutional Construction|482
3|18.6.1 Article 106(2) of the General Principles of Civil Law|482
3|18.6.2 Relevant Provisions in Administrative Regulations|483
3|18.6.3 Relevant Provisions in Judicial Interpretations|484
3|18.6.4 Relevant Provisions in the Securities Law|485
2|18.7 Conclusion|486
2|References|487
1|19 On Legislation of Punitive Damages|488
2|19.1 Introduction|488
2|19.2 Basic Theories and Practices of Punitve Damages|489
3|19.2.1 Concepts and Characteristics of Punitive Damages|489
3|19.2.2 Controversies About Existence or Abolishment of Punitive Damages and Corresponding Reasons|492
4|19.2.2.1 Reasons for Abolishment|492
4|19.2.2.2 Reasons for Existence|493
2|19.3 Punitive Damages and Mental Damages|494
3|19.3.1 General Questions of Mental Damages|494
3|19.3.2 The Comparison Between Punitive Damages and Mental Damages|495
4|19.3.2.1 Different Development History|495
4|19.3.2.2 Comparison in Functions|496
4|19.3.2.3 Different Adjustment Range|497
4|19.3.2.4 Different Requirement for Fault|498
2|19.4 Choice Between Passion and Reason|498
3|19.4.1 The Development Trend of the System of Mental Damages|498
4|19.4.1.1 Elevation of Status of Compensation for Infliction of Mental Distress in Two Legal Systems|498
4|19.4.1.2 Expansion of Compensatory Scope for Infliction of Mental Distress|499
3|19.4.2 Mental Damages as Primary Means and Punitive Damages as Exception|499
4|19.4.2.1 Scope of Application|501
4|19.4.2.2 Subjective Constitutive Elements|503
4|19.4.2.3 Limitation of Amount of Compensation|503
2|19.5 Conclusion|505
2|References|505
1|20 Assumption of Compensation Liability by the Motor Vehicle: On the Compensation Obligor in Road Traffic Accidents|507
2|20.1 Introduction|507
2|20.2 Confirmation Standard of the Compensation Obligor|508
3|20.2.1 Risk Liability and Its Theoretical Basis|508
3|20.2.2 Halter|509
2|20.3 Confirmation of the Compensation Obligor Under Certain Special Situations|510
3|20.3.1 The Compensation Obligor in Situations of Assignment Without Ownership Transfer Registration|510
3|20.3.2 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Borrowed Motor Vehicle|512
3|20.3.3 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Rented Motor Vehicle|513
3|20.3.4 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Stolen or Robbed Motor Vehicle|514
3|20.3.5 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Affiliation Operation|515
2|20.4 Compensation Obligation of the Commercial Insurer of the Third Party Liability Insurance|517
2|20.5 Conclusion|520
2|References|520
1|Controversial Issues|521
1|21 On Negative Theory of “News (Or Media) Infringements”|522
2|21.1 Introduction|522
2|21.2 Scholars’ Proposal Drafts of the Tort Liability Law: Introducing the Question|522
3|21.2.1 Two Different Views|522
4|21.2.1.1 Affirmative Theory|522
4|21.2.1.2 Negative Theory|523
3|21.2.2 Brief Review|523
2|21.3 Literal Analysis on “News Infringement” or “Media Infringement”|524
3|21.3.1 General Literal Analysis and Professional Definition|524
4|21.3.1.1 General Literal Analysis|524
4|21.3.1.2 Scholars’ Professional Definitions|526
3|21.3.2 Brief Comments|526
2|21.4 On Other Jurisdictions|527
3|21.4.1 Provisions in Civil Codes of Other Countries|527
3|21.4.2 Brief Review|528
4|21.4.2.1 Unity in Experience of Comparative Law|528
4|21.4.2.2 Reference from Experience of Comparative Law|529
2|21.5 From Legal Provisions to Judicial Interpretation: Official Attitude and Comments|529
3|21.5.1 Relevant Legal Provisions and Judicial Interpretations|529
3|21.5.2 Brief Review|531
4|21.5.2.1 Attitude of Legislatures and the Supreme People’s Court|531
4|21.5.2.2 Simple Comment|532
2|21.6 Conclusion|532
2|References|534
1|22 Inappropriateness of the Stipulation of Specific Tort Liability in Administrative Regulations|535
2|22.1 Introduction|535
2|22.2 Relevant Provisions in the Constitution, Laws and Administrative Regulations and Understanding|536
2|22.3 Situations of Stipulating Tort Liability in Administrative Regulations|538
2|22.4 Extension of the Problem|541
3|22.4.1 Judicial Difficulty for the Court and Damage of the Dignity of Legal System|542
3|22.4.2 Waste of Administrative Resources|543
3|22.4.3 Expansion of Administrative Power|543
3|22.4.4 Infringement on Interests of the Victim|543
2|22.5 Analysis on Reasons|544
3|22.5.1 Protection of Unfair Interests by Special Industries|544
3|22.5.2 Old Administrative Thinking Mode|544
3|22.5.3 Misunderstanding of the Theory of Sources of Civil Law|545
3|22.5.4 Absence of the Civil Code|545
3|22.5.5 Ineffective Supervision on Legislation|545
3|22.5.6 Insufficient Self-Supervision of Administrative Organs|546
2|22.6 Conclusion|546
2|References|548
1|23 Erratum to: Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China|549
2|Erratum to:X. B. Zhang, Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6961-1|549
1|Contents|9
1|1 Prolegomenon|25
2|1.1 Balancing the Interest of Enacting the Tort Liability Law|25
3|1.1.1 Introduction|25
3|1.1.2 Interest Balancing and Interest Balancing in Legislation|26
4|1.1.2.1 Interest Balancing|26
4|1.1.2.2 Balancing Legislative Interest and Judicial Interest|28
4|1.1.2.3 Main Path of Balancing Interest in Tort Liability Law|30
5|Balancing Special Interests and Balancing General Interests|30
5|Balancing Internal Interests and External Interests|31
3|1.1.3 Balancing General Interests in the Legislation of Tort Liability Law|32
4|1.1.3.1 Protection of Civil Rights and Interests v. Maintenance of Freedom to Action|32
5|The Evolution of Civil Rights and Interests and the Freedom to Action|33
5|The Protection Mechanism for Balancing Civil Rights and Interests and Freedom to Action|36
4|1.1.3.2 Property Interests of Victims and Infringers|42
5|The Balance Protection on Property Interests of Both Victims and Infringers|42
5|The Protection Mechanism of Balancing the Property Interests Between Victims and Infringers|43
3|1.1.4 Balancing Particular Interests in the Legislation of Tort Liability Law|44
4|1.1.4.1 Necessity of Measuring Special Interests|44
5|Two Basic Judgments and General Interest Measurement in Modern Civil Law|44
5|The Amendment to Two Judgments and the Special Interest Measurement in Contemporary Law|45
5|The Features of Special Interest Measurement in Legislation of Tort Liability Law|45
4|1.1.4.2 The Balance of Tort Liability Law on Special Interest Protection|46
5|The Interest Measurement in Non-fault Liability|47
5|Interest Measurement in the Presumption of Fault and Causation|48
3|1.1.5 Conclusion|49
2|References|50
1|Suggestions on Amending the Draft of Tort Liability Law|52
1|2 The Suggestions on Amending the Second Draft of Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval|53
2|2.1 A Summary of Suggestions on Amending the Second Draft of the Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval|53
3|2.1.1 Introduction|53
4|2.1.1.1 The Reason|53
4|2.1.1.2 The Evaluation|54
4|2.1.1.3 The Purpose|54
4|2.1.1.4 The General Situation|55
3|2.1.2 The First Part: Chapter One of the Tort Liability Law (from Article 1 to Article 16)|55
3|2.1.3 The Second Part: Chapter Two of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 17 to Article 25)|58
3|2.1.4 The Third Part: Chapter Three of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 26 to Article 30)|60
3|2.1.5 The Fourth Part: Chapter Four of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 31 to Article 38)|61
3|2.1.6 The Fifth Part: Chapter Five of the Tort Liability Law (from Article 39 to Article 45)|62
3|2.1.7 The Sixth Part: Chapter Six of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 46 to Article 52)|63
3|2.1.8 The Seventh Part: Chapter Seven of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 52 to Article 66)|64
3|2.1.9 The Eighth Part: Chapter Eight of the Tort Liability Law (from Article 67 to Article 71)|66
3|2.1.10 The Ninth Part: Chapter Nine of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 72 to Article 77)|66
3|2.1.11 The Tenth Part: Chapter Ten of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 78 to Article 81)|68
3|2.1.12 The Eleventh Part: Chapter Eleven of the Tort Liability Law (From Article 82 to Article 87)|69
3|2.1.13 The Twelfth Part: Chapter Twelve of the Tort Liability Law (Article 88)|70
2|2.2 A Check List Between Articles of the Second Draft of Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval and Articles of Amending Suggestion|71
2|2.3 Suggested Articles for the Second Draft of the Tort Liability Law for Examination and Approval|113
1|3 The Several Suggestions on Enacting the Tort Liability Law|131
2|3.1 Introduction|131
2|3.2 General Provisions of the Tort Liability Law|132
3|3.2.1 Legal Name: The Tort Liability Law|132
3|3.2.2 Legal Function: Compensating Damages Is the Major Function of the Tort Liability Law|133
3|3.2.3 Legal Experiences of Foreign Jurisdictions|134
3|3.2.4 Legal Continuity: The Legislations After the General Principles of Civil Law|135
3|3.2.5 Legal Experiences: The Significance and Limitations of Judicial Interpretations and Cases|136
3|3.2.6 Legal Mode: The Mode of General Provisions|137
3|3.2.7 Legal Mode: The Exclusion of the Mode of Progressive Enumeration|137
3|3.2.8 General Provisions: General Provisions Should not Enumerate Rights and Interests Damaged by Infringement|138
3|3.2.9 Damage: The Core Status in the Tort Liability Law|139
3|3.2.10 Doctrine of Liability Fixation: A Dualistic Liability System of Fault Liability and No-Fault Liability|139
3|3.2.11 Doctrine of Three Elements and Doctrine of Four Elements: A Theoretical Issue or Legislative Issue|141
3|3.2.12 Constitutive Elements: The Constitutive Elements of Damages or the Constitutive Elements of All Methods of Assuming Liability|141
3|3.2.13 Causation: The Status and Definition in the Tort Liability Law|142
3|3.2.14 Legal Structure: Two Parts or Three Parts|143
3|3.2.15 Legal Periphery: The Relation Between Tort Liability and Other Legal Liabilities|144
3|3.2.16 Legal Periphery: The Relation with Contract Law|145
3|3.2.17 Legal Codification: The Relation Between a General Tort Liability Law and the Provisions of Special Tort Liability Law|146
2|3.3 Provisions of Fault Liability|147
3|3.3.1 Fault Liability: Enumeration or Non-enumeration|147
3|3.3.2 Criterion For Negligence|147
3|3.3.3 Professional Liability: The Necessity of General Provisions|148
3|3.3.4 Liability for Damage Caused by Medical Treatment|149
3|3.3.5 Liability of Violating Duty of Safety Protection|151
3|3.3.6 Liability of Network Operator|152
2|3.4 Provisions of Non-fault Liability|153
3|3.4.1 Road Traffic Accident: An Unsolved Issue|153
3|3.4.2 Legal Provisions of Liability for Harm Caused by Raising Animals|154
3|3.4.3 Liability for Environmental Pollution|155
3|3.4.4 Legal Provisions of Production Liability|156
2|3.5 The Relation of Special Tort Liability|157
3|3.5.1 Tort Liability of Guardian|157
3|3.5.2 Tort Liability of Legal Person and Employer (Vicarious Liability)|158
3|3.5.3 Joint and Several Liability of Joint Tort|159
3|3.5.4 Joint and Several Liability and Liability Exemption Condition of Infringers of Joint Danger|160
3|3.5.5 Tort Liability by Share|160
3|3.5.6 Supplementary Compensation Liability for Tort|161
3|3.5.7 Compensation Liability for High-Altitude Falling|162
2|3.6 Compensation|162
3|3.6.1 The Relation Between Compensating for Damage and Restoring to Original Condition or State|162
3|3.6.2 Gains Offset the Losses|163
3|3.6.3 Contributory Negligence|163
3|3.6.4 Compensation for Property Damage|164
3|3.6.5 Compensation for Pure Economic Loss|165
3|3.6.6 Compensation for Death|165
3|3.6.7 Mental Compensation|166
3|3.6.8 Punitive Compensation|166
2|3.7 Defense and Relevant Issues|167
3|3.7.1 General Issues of Defense|167
3|3.7.2 Self-help|167
3|3.7.3 Accident|168
1|Research on the Legislative System of the Tort Liability Law|169
1|4 On Several Technical Problems Concerning Enactment of Civil Code|170
2|4.1 Introduction|170
2|4.2 Titles of Articles|170
3|4.2.1 Overview|170
3|4.2.2 Functions of Article Titles|172
3|4.2.3 Article Titles: Legal Scholars’ Attempt to Add Article Titles|173
2|4.3 Grounds for Legislation and Official Records of Discussions|173
3|4.3.1 Grounds for Legislation|173
3|4.3.2 Official Records of Discussions|175
2|4.4 Language and Writing Style of the Code|175
3|4.4.1 Three Undesirable Linguistic and Writing Styles|175
3|4.4.2 Linguistic Law and Social Attributes’ Requirements of Legal Language|176
3|4.4.3 Legal Attributes of Legal Language: Experts’ Civil Code or People’s Civil Code|177
2|4.5 Conclusion|178
2|References|178
1|5 The General Provision of the Tort Liability Law|179
2|5.1 Introduction|179
2|5.2 Development of General Provisions of Torts Law in Civil Lawmaking in China|180
3|5.2.1 The Draft Civil Code of Great Qing and the Civil Code of the Republic of China|180
3|5.2.2 The General Principles of Civil Law|180
3|5.2.3 Conclusive Opinions|181
2|5.3 The General Provisions of Tort Liability Law in China: The Draft and Its Instruction|182
3|5.3.1 The Design of the General Provisions|182
4|5.3.1.1 Two Preliminary Issues Shall Be Solved|182
4|5.3.1.2 Provisions Designed by the Author for the Proposed Tort Liability Law|183
3|5.3.2 Instructions and Reasons|184
4|5.3.2.1 Status and Function of This Article|184
4|5.3.2.2 Emphasis and Logic Structure of This Article|184
4|5.3.2.3 Quasi-Torts|185
4|5.3.2.4 Unlawfulness|185
4|5.3.2.5 “Attribution of Imputation” or “Matters of Imputation”|186
4|5.3.2.6 Rule of Concurrence|187
3|5.3.3 Development of the General Provision|187
4|5.3.3.1 Preliminary Development of the General Provision: General Principles of the Tort Liability Law|187
4|5.3.3.2 Comprehensive Development of the General Provision: System of the Tort Liability Law|188
2|5.4 Conclusion|189
2|References|190
1|6 The Legislation Pattern of Tort Law: General Provisions + Comprehensive Enumeration|191
2|6.1 Introduction|191
2|6.2 General Provisions Pattern|191
2|6.3 Enumeration Pattern|192
2|6.4 Overall General Provisions or Limited General Provisions|193
2|6.5 The Classification Standard of Enumeration: Go Back to the Roman Law|195
2|6.6 The Tort Civil Liability Pattern: The Indispensable Part of Tort Law System|197
2|6.7 Conclusion|197
2|References|198
1|7 On the Legislative System of the Tort Liability Law|199
2|7.1 Introduction|199
2|7.2 The Design of Proposed Drafts and the Tort Liability Law System in the Draft of Civil Code|200
3|7.2.1 Proposal of the Institution of Law of Chinese Academy of Social Science|200
3|7.2.2 Proposal of the Research Center on Civil and Commercial Law of Renmin University of China|202
3|7.2.3 The Tort Liability Law Outline of “Green Civil Code” of Prof. Xu Guodong and the Proposal of Tort Liability Law of Mr. Ma Changhua|204
3|7.2.4 The Volume of Tort Liability Law Contained in the Draft of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China Issued by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the National People’s Congress|207
3|7.2.5 Major Issues of System and Structure of the Tort Liability Law in China|209
2|7.3 Conceiving the Architecture of Tort Liability Law in China: Comprehensive Enumeration Under the General Provisions|210
3|7.3.1 Establishing a General Provision Includes Constitutive Elements for All Torts|210
3|7.3.2 Classification of Torts|211
3|7.3.3 Civil Liability for Torts: Implementing the General Provisions Finally|212
3|7.3.4 Boundary Between Codification and Non-Codification|212
2|7.4 Conclusion|214
2|References|214
1|8 On the Degree of Codification of the Tort Liability Law|216
2|8.1 Introduction|216
2|8.2 Observations from Other Jurisdictions|217
3|8.2.1 Torts Law in Common Law System|217
3|8.2.2 French Law System|218
3|8.2.3 German Law System|220
3|8.2.4 Experience of the Dutch Civil Code|222
3|8.2.5 New Trend of the Draft European United Civil Code|223
2|8.3 Attitude of Legislation Draft and Proposal of Scholars in China|226
3|8.3.1 Attitude of the Draft of the Law Committee|226
3|8.3.2 Attitude of the Proposal of the Research Center of Civil and Commercial Law of Renmin University of China|229
3|8.3.3 Attitude of the Proposal of the Institute of Law of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|230
2|8.4 Survey on the Existing Norms of Tort Liability Law in China|233
3|8.4.1 The “Common Law” Status of the General Principles of the Civil Law|233
3|8.4.2 Norms of Tort Law in Other Laws|234
3|8.4.3 Norms of Tort Law in Administrative Laws, Regulations, and Judicial Interpretations|236
2|8.5 Several Suggestions to the Degree of Codification of Tort Liability Law in China|238
3|8.5.1 On the Degree of Codification of Tort Law from the Particularity of Norms of Civil Law and Norms of Tort Law|238
4|8.5.1.1 Abstraction and Enumeration Method of Civil Legislation|238
4|8.5.1.2 Influence of the Abstraction and Enumeration Method on the Degree of Codification of Tort Law|238
4|8.5.1.3 Influence of the Dynamic Role of the Judge on the Degree of Codification|239
4|8.5.1.4 Inspection on the Significance of Legislative Period for the Settlement of the Issue of the Degree of Codification of Tort Law|239
3|8.5.2 Scope and Types of Enumeration|240
4|8.5.2.1 Enumeration of Special Tort Liability Relations|240
4|8.5.2.2 Enumeration of Special Tort Liabilities|241
4|8.5.2.3 Enumeration of Remediable Damage|244
4|8.5.2.4 Types of Torts Without the Necessity of Enumeration|245
3|8.5.3 Enumeration Method|246
4|8.5.3.1 Systematic Significance of Complete Enumeration|246
4|8.5.3.2 Refinement Degree of Enumeration|247
2|8.6 Conclusion|247
2|References|248
1|Institutional Construction|249
1|9 On the Causative Potency Theory in Tort Law|250
2|9.1 Introduction|250
2|9.2 On the Basic Issues of Causative Potency Theory|250
3|9.2.1 Multiple Causation in Tort Law|250
3|9.2.2 The Connotation of Causative Potency|253
4|9.2.2.1 The Definition of Causative Potency|253
4|9.2.2.2 The Strength of Causative Potency|253
2|9.3 Provisions of Causative Potency in Relevant Judicial Interpretations|254
3|9.3.1 The Definition and Scope of Joint Tort|254
3|9.3.2 The Application of Causative Potency Theory|255
3|9.3.3 The Distribution of Liability Among Joint Infringers|256
2|9.4 Comparative Causative Potency and Comparative Fault|256
3|9.4.1 Comparative Fault: As a Rule of Liability Distribution|256
4|9.4.1.1 The Definition of Fault of Injured Party and Related Legislation|256
4|9.4.1.2 Comparative Negligence as a Rule of Liability Distribution|257
3|9.4.2 The Efficiency and Limitation of Comparative Negligence|258
4|9.4.2.1 The Efficiency of Comparative Negligence|258
4|9.4.2.2 The Limitation of Comparative Negligence|258
3|9.4.3 A Comprehensive Consideration of the Strength of Causative Potency and the Degree of Fault|260
4|9.4.3.1 The Application of the Comprehensive Approach|260
4|9.4.3.2 Establishing the Rule of Causative Potency as a Priority and Degree of Fault as Supplement|260
2|9.5 The Specific Application of Causative Potency Theory in Tort Law of China|262
3|9.5.1 The Scope of Application of Causative Potency Theory|262
3|9.5.2 The Case of Same Injury Through Respective Conducts of Multiple Infringers|263
3|9.5.3 The Case of Contributory Fault of Injured Party|264
4|9.5.3.1 The Defense of Contributory Fault of Injured Party|264
4|9.5.3.2 The Effect of Contributory Negligence of Injured Party|264
4|9.5.3.3 Opinion of This Book|266
3|9.5.4 The Distribution of Responsibility Among Joint Infringers|266
2|9.6 Conclusion|269
2|References|270
1|10 Nine Treatises on the Liability for Joint Tort|271
2|10.1 Introduction|271
2|10.2 Joint Tort: Rethink on Joint and Several Liability|272
3|10.2.1 Three Major Theories Concerning Joint Tort|272
4|10.2.1.1 Subjective Theory|272
4|10.2.1.2 Objective Theory|273
4|10.2.1.3 Compromise Theory|273
3|10.2.2 Traditional Form of Assuming the Joint Tort Liability: Joint and Several Liability|274
4|10.2.2.1 General Theory and Constitutive Elements of Joint and Several Liability|274
4|10.2.2.2 The Common Orientation Among Three Major Theories: Infringers of Joint Torts Shall Bear Joint and Several Liability|274
3|10.2.3 Comments|275
4|10.2.3.1 Overlooking the Multiple Forms of Multi-Person Debt|275
4|10.2.3.2 Bias in Subjective and Objective Theory|275
4|10.2.3.3 Rationalities and Limitations of Compromise Theory|276
2|10.3 The Classic Form of Liability for Joint Tort: Joint and Several Liability|276
3|10.3.1 Attitude of Modern Civil Law Towards Joint and Several Liability|276
4|10.3.1.1 Essential Difference Between Feudal Law and Modern Law|276
4|10.3.1.2 Criminal Factors of Legal Liability|277
4|10.3.1.3 Updated Concept of Modern Tort Law: From Purely Rationalistic Liability Basis to Rationalistic and Humanistic Liability Basis|277
3|10.3.2 Reflecting from the Function of Civil Liability|278
4|10.3.2.1 Taking Compensation for Losses as Priority|278
4|10.3.2.2 Balance of Interests Between Both Parties|278
4|10.3.2.3 Requirements of Substantial Fairness Concept|278
3|10.3.3 Rationalities of Enlarging Joint and Several Liability|279
4|10.3.3.1 Predictability of Injury|279
4|10.3.3.2 Control of Danger|279
4|10.3.3.3 Equality Between Benefit and Risk|279
2|10.4 Diversity of Liability for Joint Tort|280
3|10.4.1 Several Liability|280
4|10.4.1.1 Definition and Constitutive Elements of Several Liability|280
4|10.4.1.2 Several Liability as the Form of Joint Tort Liability|280
3|10.4.2 Supplementary Liability|280
4|10.4.2.1 Definition and Constitutive Elements of Supplementary Liability|280
4|10.4.2.2 Application Scope of Supplementary Liability|281
4|10.4.2.3 Full Liability of the First Responsible Person|281
4|10.4.2.4 Supplementary Liability of Supplementary Liability Holders|281
4|10.4.2.5 Structural Arrangement for the Right Similar to Beneficium Ordinis and the Right of Indemnity|282
2|10.5 Liability for Joint Tort with Intention Liaison|282
3|10.5.1 Intent and Negligence Within Intention Liaison|282
4|10.5.1.1 Overview of Joint Tort with Intention Liaison|282
4|10.5.1.2 Joint Intent|283
4|10.5.1.3 Joint Negligence|283
3|10.5.2 Legitimacy of Joint and Several Liability|283
4|10.5.2.1 Fault Includes the Injury Caused by Other Joint Infringers|283
4|10.5.2.2 Social Justness of Increasing Punishment on Intentional Infringers|284
2|10.6 Liability for Joint Tort Without Intention Liaison|284
3|10.6.1 Theories of Divisible Debt and Indivisible Debt|284
3|10.6.2 Distinguishing Standard in Judicial Interpretation|284
3|10.6.3 Author’s Suggestions on Distinguishing Standard|285
3|10.6.4 Indivisible Causative Potency: Joint and Several Liability|285
3|10.6.5 Divisible Causative Potency: Several Liability|286
2|10.7 Joint and Several Liability for Joint Danger Doers|286
3|10.7.1 Liability for Joint Dangerous Acts|286
3|10.7.2 Application of Joint and Several Liability|287
3|10.7.3 Distribution of the Burden of Proof for Defense|287
3|10.7.4 Liability for the Injury Caused by Throwing Things off High Buildings|287
2|10.8 Statutory Liability for Joint Tort|288
3|10.8.1 Overview|288
3|10.8.2 Instigation|288
4|10.8.2.1 General Rules|288
4|10.8.2.2 Special Problems|289
3|10.8.3 Assistance|289
4|10.8.3.1 General Rules|289
4|10.8.3.2 Special Problems|289
3|10.8.4 Other Statutory Joint and Several Liabilities|290
4|10.8.4.1 Joint Tort of Advertiser and Advertising Agents|290
4|10.8.4.2 Liability for Joint Tort of Company Directors in the Securities Law|290
4|10.8.4.3 Statutory Liability for Joint Tort of False Statement in Securities Market|291
4|10.8.4.4 Liability for Joint Tort Stipulated in Product Quality Law|292
2|10.9 Joint and Several Liability of Gang Members|292
3|10.9.1 Gangs and Gang Acts|292
3|10.9.2 Legal Basis of Joint and Several Liability of Gangs|293
3|10.9.3 Legislative Practices and Comments|293
4|10.9.3.1 Draft Proposal by Scholars|293
4|10.9.3.2 Comments|294
2|10.10 Internal Relationship Among Multiple Obligors to Compensation of Joint Tort Liability|294
3|10.10.1 Internal Relationship of Joint and Several Liability|294
4|10.10.1.1 Internal Apportionment of Liabilities|294
4|10.10.1.2 Indemnity Among Joint Infringers|295
3|10.10.2 Internal Relationship of Several Liability|296
3|10.10.3 Indemnity Problems of Supplementary Liability|296
2|10.11 Conclusion|296
2|References|297
1|11 Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|298
2|11.1 Introduction|298
2|11.2 Conception and Legal Basis of Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|299
3|11.2.1 Conceptions of Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|299
3|11.2.2 Legal Basis of Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|299
2|11.3 Legal Nature of Operators’ Safety Protection Duty on Business Premises|302
3|11.3.1 Provisions Concerning Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|302
4|11.3.1.1 Provisions in Laws and Administrative Regulations with Characteristics of Tort Law|302
4|11.3.1.2 Provisions in Terms of Duty of Safety Protection in the Contract Law|303
3|11.3.2 Further Discussion on Operators’ Duty of Safety Protection on Business Premises|303
4|11.3.2.1 Legal Duty as Principle and Agreed Duty as Exception|303
4|11.3.2.2 Basic Duty as Principle and Collateral Duty as Exception|304
4|11.3.2.3 Duty of Act as Principle and Duty of Omission as Exception|305
2|11.4 On Major Details of Duty of Safety Protection|305
3|11.4.1 Duty of Safety Protection in Terms of Tangible Elements|305
4|11.4.1.1 Safety Protection in Terms of Material Elements|305
4|11.4.1.2 Safety Protection in Terms of Personnel|306
3|11.4.2 Duty of Safety Protection in Terms of Intangible Elements|306
4|11.4.2.1 Removing Invisible Unsafety Matters and Creating Safe Environment for Consumers|306
4|11.4.2.2 Prohibiting External Unsafety Matters and Preventing Hazards from the Third Party to Consumers|307
4|11.4.2.3 Fulfilling Duties of Warning, Explanation, Advice and Assistance of Unsafety Matters|307
2|11.5 Types of Operator Liabilities in Case of Violation Against Duties of Safety Protection|308
3|11.5.1 Tort Liability|308
3|11.5.2 Liability for Omission and Breach of Contract|309
2|11.6 Tort Liability in Case of Violation Agaisnt Duty of Safety Protection: Fault Liability and Causation|310
3|11.6.1 Fault Liability and Criterion for Fault|310
4|11.6.1.1 Operators’ Assumption of Fault Liability|310
4|11.6.1.2 Criterion for Operators’ Fault|310
3|11.6.2 Causation in Case of Omission|311
2|11.7 The Third Party’s Intervention and Operators’ Liability|314
3|11.7.1 Non-Application of Joint Tort or the Theory of Causative Potency|314
4|11.7.1.1 Non-application of the Joint Tort Under the Third Party’s Intervention|314
4|11.7.1.2 Non-application of Causative Potency Under the Third Party’s Intervention|315
3|11.7.2 Conceptions of Complementary Liability|315
4|11.7.2.1 Definition of Complementary Liability|315
4|11.7.2.2 Reasons for Designing Complementary Liability|316
2|11.8 Conclusion|317
2|References|317
1|12 On Burden of Proof in Medical Negligence|318
2|12.1 Introduction|318
2|12.2 General Thoeries of Medical Negligence and the Burden of Proof|319
3|12.2.1 Connotations and Characteristics of Medical Negligence|319
3|12.2.2 General Theories of Burden of Proof|321
4|12.2.2.1 Connotations and Distribution of Burden of Proof|321
4|12.2.2.2 Distribution of the Burden of Proof in China’s Civil Procedures|322
4|12.2.2.3 Difficulties of Proving Medical Malpractice|323
2|12.3 Experience of Other Jurisdictions|325
3|12.3.1 American Law|325
4|12.3.1.1 The Principle of “Facts Themselves Speak for Negligence”|325
4|12.3.1.2 Important Elements of Establishment|325
4|12.3.1.3 Application of Principle Thereon to Proceedings of Compensation for Medical Damages|326
3|12.3.2 German Law|327
4|12.3.2.1 Anscheinsbeweis|327
4|12.3.2.2 Conversion of Burden of Proof in Gross Medical Negligence|328
4|12.3.2.3 Obstruction of Proving|329
3|12.3.3 French Law|331
3|12.3.4 Japanese Law|332
2|12.4 The Legislative Prospects on the Burden of Proof of Medical Negligence|333
3|12.4.1 Practices in China|333
4|12.4.1.1 Conversion of the Burden of Proof of Medical Negligence|333
4|12.4.1.2 Understanding and Application of Rules of Evidence|334
4|12.4.1.3 Technical Identification of Medical Malpractice|336
3|12.4.2 Relevant Provisions of the Civil Law Draft and Experts Proposal Drafts|337
2|12.5 Conclusion|338
2|References|339
1|13 The Relation Between the Right to Claim for Compensation from Work-Related Injury Insurance and the Right to Claim Compensation for Personal Injury|340
2|13.1 Introduction|340
2|13.2 Observation on Tort Law in the Developmental Progress of Law and the Substitutional Function of Work-Related Injury Insurance|341
3|13.2.1 The Process of the Separation of Accidents Liability from Tort Liability and Its Significance|341
3|13.2.2 The Supplement Function of Tort Liability and the Exemption and Subsidy Function in the Work-Related Injury Insurance Institution|344
2|13.3 Review on Several Legislation Modes and Legislative Suggestion|345
3|13.3.1 Four Modes in Foreign Law and Relevant Evaluation|345
4|13.3.1.1 Alternative Mode (Non-real Concurrence Mode)|346
4|13.3.1.2 Exemption Mode (Non-concurrence Mode)|347
4|13.3.1.3 Double-Recovery Mode (Aggregation Mode)|348
4|13.3.1.4 Supplement Mode|348
3|13.3.2 The Perspectives in the Proposed Manuscript for Legislation from Scholars|350
2|13.4 An Empirical Analysis on the Current Provisions in China|351
3|13.4.1 The Substantial Differences in the Scope of Compensation and in the Standard for Compensation|351
3|13.4.2 The Choice of Mode: The Interpretation of Relevant Stipulations in China|358
4|13.4.2.1 The Once Existing Supplement Mode|358
4|13.4.2.2 Interpretation About Relevant Regulations in Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases and Work Safety Law|359
4|13.4.2.3 Understanding on Article 11 and 12 of the Judicial Interpretation no.20 [2003]|360
2|13.5 The Principles of Legal Remedies and the Conception of Institution Construction|362
3|13.5.1 The Principles of Legal Remedies|362
4|13.5.1.1 The Principle of Equity|362
4|13.5.1.2 The Principle of Efficiency|363
4|13.5.1.3 The View of Positive Rights and the Protection of the Weak|363
3|13.5.2 The Conception of Institution Construction|364
4|13.5.2.1 Substitution Mode Adopted in Principle, Alternative Mode as Supplement|365
4|13.5.2.2 The Right to Indemnity of Work-Related Injury Insurance Fund Against the Third Person|366
4|13.5.2.3 About the Remedy for Psychological Injuries|366
4|13.5.2.4 The Relationship Between Work-Related Injury Insurance and Commercial Life Insurance|366
4|13.5.2.5 Improve Supporting Institutions in Two Aspects|367
2|13.6 Conclusion|367
2|References|369
1|14 The Relation Between Right to Request Tort Liability and Right to Request Property Rights|370
2|14.1 Introduction|370
2|14.2 The Nature of Right to Request Property Rights: A Preventive Liability|371
3|14.2.1 Civil Liability: Whether It Is Limited to Property Liability Only|371
4|14.2.1.1 The Original Meaning of Civil Liability Was Property Liability from the Perspective of the Origin of Category|371
4|14.2.1.2 Civil Liability Shall Not Limited to Property Liability from the Perspective of the Development of Category|372
3|14.2.2 Right to Request Property Rights and Preventive Liability|374
2|14.3 The Relation Between Right to Request Tort Liability and Right to Request Property Rights: Comparison Between Three Trains of Thought|375
3|14.3.1 The Coexisting Mode of Rights to Request Tort Compensation and Property Rights: Rationality and Limitations|376
4|14.3.1.1 Rationality|377
4|14.3.1.2 Limitations|381
3|14.3.2 “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts”: Current Legislation, Issues and Outlet|384
4|14.3.2.1 The “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts”: Current Legislation and Understanding|384
4|14.3.2.2 The “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts”: Issues and Outlet|385
3|14.3.3 The Concurrent Mode Between Rights to Request Tort Compensation and Property Rights: Introspection and Abandonment|386
2|14.4 Demonstration Expansion: Justification on Unified Remedy Mode for Torts|388
3|14.4.1 Advantages of “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts” in the Aspect of Civil Law System|388
4|14.4.1.1 The Unified Remedy Mode for Torts Accords with Legislative and Judicial Tradition Formed in China Already|389
4|14.4.1.2 The Unified Remedy Mode for Torts Will Be Conducive for the Tort Liability Law to Become an Independent Volume Under the Civil Code|389
3|14.4.2 Advantages of “Unified Remedy Mode for Torts” in the Aspect of Systematic Practicability|390
4|14.4.2.1 It Is Not Necessary to Establishing a Trivial System of Right to Request Under the Unified Remedy Mode for Torts|390
4|14.4.2.2 The Unified Remedy Mode for Torts May Achieve a Powerful Remedy for Legal Rights and Interests|390
2|14.5 Conclusion|391
2|References|392
1|15 The Relation Between Right to Claim for Tort and Right to Claim for Restitution of Unjust Enrichment|394
2|15.1 Introduction|394
2|15.2 The Concept of “Obligation”: Logic Start of Research on the Relationship of the Two|395
2|15.3 Relationship of the Two in Other Jurisdictions|397
3|15.3.1 France|398
3|15.3.2 Germany|399
3|15.3.3 Comments|400
2|15.4 Theories, Lawmaking and Practices Concerning the Relationship of the Two in China|402
3|15.4.1 Relationship Between the Two: Theoretical Perspectives|402
4|15.4.1.1 The Negative Theory of Concurrence|402
4|15.4.1.2 The Positive Theory of Concurrence|403
4|15.4.1.3 The Theory of Limited Concurrence|403
3|15.4.2 Relationship Between the Two: Legislative Regulation and Judiciary Practice|404
4|15.4.2.1 The Relevant Provisions, Drafts and Expert Proposal Drafts|404
4|15.4.2.2 Judicial Practice of China|405
3|15.4.3 Relationship Between the Two: Summary and Concluding Opinions|406
2|15.5 Constitutive Elements and Situations of the Concurrence of the Two|408
3|15.5.1 Constitutive Elements of the Concurrence of the Two|409
4|15.5.1.1 The Benefited Person Conducts Tortious Act Causing Damage to Another Person|410
4|15.5.1.2 The Benefited Person Gains Profits Through Performing Tortious Act|411
4|15.5.1.3 The Benefited Person Obtains Profits Without a Lawful Basis|412
3|15.5.2 Situations of the Concurrent of the Two|413
4|15.5.2.1 Unauthorized Disposal|413
4|15.5.2.2 Illegal Lease of Other’s Property|414
4|15.5.2.3 Obtaining Profits Through Illegal Use of Other’s Property|414
4|15.5.2.4 Obtaining Profits Through Infringement on Intellectual Property Right|415
4|15.5.2.5 Damage to Personal Right|415
2|15.6 The Concurrence of the Two and “Border-Crossing of Rights of Claim”|416
2|15.7 Conclusion|420
2|References|421
1|16 On the Compensation for Death Caused by Torts|422
2|16.1 Current Provisions and Relevent Comments in China|423
3|16.1.1 Current Provisions|423
3|16.1.2 The Developing Track, Stable Trends and Problems of the Current Provisions|423
4|16.1.2.1 The System Develops Through Three Different Ways at the Same Time, and These Ways Are Not Totally Compatible with Each Other|423
4|16.1.2.2 Several Stable Trends Have Been Formed|432
4|16.1.2.3 The Problems in the Current Provisions|433
2|16.2 On Tort Compensation for Death|436
3|16.2.1 Evolution and Trend of Compensation System for Death Caused by Tort|436
4|16.2.1.1 The Combined Model of “Criminal Fine and Civil Compensation” in Ancient Laws|436
4|16.2.1.2 The Model of “Loss of Support” and “Loss of Inheritance” in Modern Legal System|436
4|16.2.1.3 The Development Trend of Modern Legal System|437
3|16.2.2 The Nature of Right to Life and the Limitations of Private Laws on Death Compensation|437
3|16.2.3 The Subject of Right to Claim Compensation for Death Caused by Tort and Compensation Coverage|438
4|16.2.3.1 The Claimant of the Compensation for Death Caused by Tort|439
4|16.2.3.2 The Converge of Compensation for Death Caused by Tort|439
2|16.3 Compensation for the Loss of Relevant Property of Victim|440
3|16.3.1 Concept and Content of the Loss of Relevant Property of Victim|440
3|16.3.2 The Necessity of Constructing a Statutory Right to Claim Directly|441
2|16.4 Compensation for the Mental Damage of Deceased’s Close Relatives (Mental Damage Solatium)|443
3|16.4.1 The Foundation for Deceased’s Close Relatives to Receive Mental Damage|443
4|16.4.1.1 The Right of Deceased’s Close Relatives to Claim Mental Compensation|443
4|16.4.1.2 Shared Claiming Rights for Relatives|444
4|16.4.1.3 The Distribution of Compensation for Mental Damage Among Close Relatives|444
3|16.4.2 Establishing a Generally Considerable Compensation for the Whole People|445
2|16.5 The Living Expenses of the Dependants Victim’s Dependents and Compensation for Death|446
3|16.5.1 The Living Expenses of the Victim’s Dependents|446
3|16.5.2 Compensation for Death|446
4|16.5.2.1 The Purpose and Characteristics of Establishing Death Compensation|446
4|16.5.2.2 Calculation Standard of Compensation for Death|447
3|16.5.3 The Relationship Between the Living Expenses of the Dependent and Death for Compensation|449
3|16.5.4 The Claiming Right Basis for the Death Compensation of the Close Relatives|450
2|16.6 Conclusion|450
2|References|452
1|17 On the Compensation for Mental Damage Due to Death by Infringement|454
2|17.1 Introduction|454
2|17.2 Review on the Current Provisions|454
3|17.2.1 From the General Principles of Civil Law to the Judicial Interpretation [2001] No. 7|454
4|17.2.1.1 The Relevant Provisions in the General Principles of Civil Law and Relevant Judicial Interpretation|454
4|17.2.1.2 The Judicial Interpretation [2001] No. 7|455
3|17.2.2 From the Regulation on the Handling of Medical Accidents to the Judicial Interpretation [2003] No. 20|455
4|17.2.2.1 The Solatia for Spiritual Injury Stipulated in the Regulation on the Handling of Medical Accidents|455
4|17.2.2.2 Judicial Interpretation [2002] No. 17|456
4|17.2.2.3 Judicial Interpretation [2003] No. 20|456
2|17.3 The Victim and Claimant in China’s Cases Concerning Death by Infringement|457
3|17.3.1 Status of the Deceased in the Case of Death by Infringement|457
3|17.3.2 Close Relatives as Claimants|457
4|17.3.2.1 Legal Basis for Close Relatives’ Compensation Claims for Mental Damage|457
4|17.3.2.2 Claims Shared by Close Relatives|458
4|17.3.2.3 Distribution of Damages for Mental Damage Among Close Relatives|458
3|17.3.3 People Beyond Close Relatives|459
4|17.3.3.1 “Family Members” Living Together|459
4|17.3.3.2 Friends|459
2|17.4 The Application of Mental Damage Compensation in Cases of Death by Infringement|460
3|17.4.1 The Application of Civil Compensation for Mental Damage in the Cases of Death by Infringement and Special Provisions|460
4|17.4.1.1 The Universal Application of Civil Liability for Mental Damage in the Cases of Death by Infringement|460
4|17.4.1.2 Cases of Death by Infringement in Which Laws, Administrative Rules and Regulations Expressly Provide Specific and Special Rules|460
3|17.4.2 Cases of Death Caused by Criminal Behavior|461
3|17.4.3 Cases Concerning General Compensation|461
3|17.4.4 Cases Applied to the Principle of Non-Fault Liability: Positive and Negative Positions on the Compensation for Mental Damage Caused by Death|462
4|17.4.4.1 Two Different Views|462
4|17.4.4.2 Discussions on the Current Provisions|463
4|17.4.4.3 Several Suggestions|463
2|17.5 Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Before Death|464
3|17.5.1 Conception and Constitutive Elements|464
4|17.5.1.1 Conception|464
4|17.5.1.2 Constitutive Elements|465
3|17.5.2 Remedy for Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Before Death|465
4|17.5.2.1 The Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Suffered Before Death: The Fact|465
4|17.5.2.2 The Mental Damage Suffered by Victims Suffered Before Death: Legal Remedy|465
4|17.5.2.3 Review and Suggestion|466
2|17.6 Compensation Standard of Mental Damage in Cases Concerning Death Caused by Infringement|467
3|17.6.1 Establishing the Same Compensation for People|468
3|17.6.2 Factors for Reference: Application and Exclusiveness|468
4|17.6.2.1 Application|468
4|17.6.2.2 Exclusiveness|469
2|17.7 Conclusion|470
2|References|471
1|18 Pure Economic Loss and Its Compensation Rules|473
2|18.1 Introduction|473
2|18.2 Definition and Features of Pure Economic Loss|473
3|18.2.1 Definition of Pure Economic Loss|473
3|18.2.2 Features of Pure Economic Loss|474
3|18.2.3 The Relationship Between Pure Economic Loss and Related Losses|476
4|18.2.3.1 Pure Economic Loss and Consequential Loss|476
4|18.2.3.2 Pure Economic Loss and Expected Loss|476
2|18.3 Categories of Pure Economic Loss|477
3|18.3.1 Reflection Loss|477
3|18.3.2 Transferred Loss|477
3|18.3.3 Loss for the Closure of Public Infrastructure|478
3|18.3.4 Loss for Reliance on Negligent Misrepresentation|478
3|18.3.5 Loss for Reliance on Negligent Performance of a Service|478
2|18.4 The Theoretical Foundation for the Rule of No-Compensation for Pure Economic Loss and Its Technical Significance|479
3|18.4.1 Theoretical Foundation|479
3|18.4.2 Technical Tool|480
2|18.5 Exceptive Remedy for Pure Economic Loss|481
3|18.5.1 Intentional Infringements|481
3|18.5.2 The Situation is not Related to Uncertain Liability|481
3|18.5.3 The Loss Caused by Relying on the Contents Disclosed by Special Information|482
2|18.6 Problems Concerning Related Institutional Construction|482
3|18.6.1 Article 106(2) of the General Principles of Civil Law|482
3|18.6.2 Relevant Provisions in Administrative Regulations|483
3|18.6.3 Relevant Provisions in Judicial Interpretations|484
3|18.6.4 Relevant Provisions in the Securities Law|485
2|18.7 Conclusion|486
2|References|487
1|19 On Legislation of Punitive Damages|488
2|19.1 Introduction|488
2|19.2 Basic Theories and Practices of Punitve Damages|489
3|19.2.1 Concepts and Characteristics of Punitive Damages|489
3|19.2.2 Controversies About Existence or Abolishment of Punitive Damages and Corresponding Reasons|492
4|19.2.2.1 Reasons for Abolishment|492
4|19.2.2.2 Reasons for Existence|493
2|19.3 Punitive Damages and Mental Damages|494
3|19.3.1 General Questions of Mental Damages|494
3|19.3.2 The Comparison Between Punitive Damages and Mental Damages|495
4|19.3.2.1 Different Development History|495
4|19.3.2.2 Comparison in Functions|496
4|19.3.2.3 Different Adjustment Range|497
4|19.3.2.4 Different Requirement for Fault|498
2|19.4 Choice Between Passion and Reason|498
3|19.4.1 The Development Trend of the System of Mental Damages|498
4|19.4.1.1 Elevation of Status of Compensation for Infliction of Mental Distress in Two Legal Systems|498
4|19.4.1.2 Expansion of Compensatory Scope for Infliction of Mental Distress|499
3|19.4.2 Mental Damages as Primary Means and Punitive Damages as Exception|499
4|19.4.2.1 Scope of Application|501
4|19.4.2.2 Subjective Constitutive Elements|503
4|19.4.2.3 Limitation of Amount of Compensation|503
2|19.5 Conclusion|505
2|References|505
1|20 Assumption of Compensation Liability by the Motor Vehicle: On the Compensation Obligor in Road Traffic Accidents|507
2|20.1 Introduction|507
2|20.2 Confirmation Standard of the Compensation Obligor|508
3|20.2.1 Risk Liability and Its Theoretical Basis|508
3|20.2.2 Halter|509
2|20.3 Confirmation of the Compensation Obligor Under Certain Special Situations|510
3|20.3.1 The Compensation Obligor in Situations of Assignment Without Ownership Transfer Registration|510
3|20.3.2 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Borrowed Motor Vehicle|512
3|20.3.3 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Rented Motor Vehicle|513
3|20.3.4 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Stolen or Robbed Motor Vehicle|514
3|20.3.5 The Compensation Obligor in Situations Concerning Affiliation Operation|515
2|20.4 Compensation Obligation of the Commercial Insurer of the Third Party Liability Insurance|517
2|20.5 Conclusion|520
2|References|520
1|Controversial Issues|521
1|21 On Negative Theory of “News (Or Media) Infringements”|522
2|21.1 Introduction|522
2|21.2 Scholars’ Proposal Drafts of the Tort Liability Law: Introducing the Question|522
3|21.2.1 Two Different Views|522
4|21.2.1.1 Affirmative Theory|522
4|21.2.1.2 Negative Theory|523
3|21.2.2 Brief Review|523
2|21.3 Literal Analysis on “News Infringement” or “Media Infringement”|524
3|21.3.1 General Literal Analysis and Professional Definition|524
4|21.3.1.1 General Literal Analysis|524
4|21.3.1.2 Scholars’ Professional Definitions|526
3|21.3.2 Brief Comments|526
2|21.4 On Other Jurisdictions|527
3|21.4.1 Provisions in Civil Codes of Other Countries|527
3|21.4.2 Brief Review|528
4|21.4.2.1 Unity in Experience of Comparative Law|528
4|21.4.2.2 Reference from Experience of Comparative Law|529
2|21.5 From Legal Provisions to Judicial Interpretation: Official Attitude and Comments|529
3|21.5.1 Relevant Legal Provisions and Judicial Interpretations|529
3|21.5.2 Brief Review|531
4|21.5.2.1 Attitude of Legislatures and the Supreme People’s Court|531
4|21.5.2.2 Simple Comment|532
2|21.6 Conclusion|532
2|References|534
1|22 Inappropriateness of the Stipulation of Specific Tort Liability in Administrative Regulations|535
2|22.1 Introduction|535
2|22.2 Relevant Provisions in the Constitution, Laws and Administrative Regulations and Understanding|536
2|22.3 Situations of Stipulating Tort Liability in Administrative Regulations|538
2|22.4 Extension of the Problem|541
3|22.4.1 Judicial Difficulty for the Court and Damage of the Dignity of Legal System|542
3|22.4.2 Waste of Administrative Resources|543
3|22.4.3 Expansion of Administrative Power|543
3|22.4.4 Infringement on Interests of the Victim|543
2|22.5 Analysis on Reasons|544
3|22.5.1 Protection of Unfair Interests by Special Industries|544
3|22.5.2 Old Administrative Thinking Mode|544
3|22.5.3 Misunderstanding of the Theory of Sources of Civil Law|545
3|22.5.4 Absence of the Civil Code|545
3|22.5.5 Ineffective Supervision on Legislation|545
3|22.5.6 Insufficient Self-Supervision of Administrative Organs|546
2|22.6 Conclusion|546
2|References|548
1|23 Erratum to: Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China|549
2|Erratum to:X. B. Zhang, Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6961-1|549