File #2351: "2018_Book_CrimeAndJusticeInContemporaryJ.pdf"
Testo
1|Contents|6
1|Contributors|9
1|Chapter 1: Asian Criminology and Crime and Justice in Japan: An Introduction|11
2|References|18
1|Part I: Changing Crimes in Japan|20
2|Chapter 2: Changes in Crime and Reactions to Crime in Japan Becoming Stagnant with Aging|21
3|1 Demographic Analysis on Change into Japanese Stagnant Society|21
3|2 Change in Juvenile Delinquency After World War II|23
3|3 Juvenile Delinquency in Japanese Society with Declining Birth Rate|24
3|4 Decrease of Crimes in Conforming Society|25
3|5 Change in Population of Persons Confined in Criminal Facilities|26
3|6 Measures for Maintenance of Manpower|30
3|7 Visiting Foreigners and Their Crimes in 1980s|30
3|8 Preventive Measures of Crimes by Visiting Foreigners in 1990s|31
3|9 Promotion of Coexistence with Foreigners Since 2000|33
3|10 Conclusion|34
3|References|35
2|Chapter 3: Kin, Crime, and Criminal Justice in Contemporary Japan|36
3|1 Introduction|36
3|2 Review of the Literature|37
3|3 Gaps in the Literature|39
3|4 Methods|40
3|5 Findings and Discussion|42
4|5.1 Encounter with the Law|42
4|5.2 Interactions with the Courtroom Workgroup|45
4|5.3 Experiences at Correctional Facilities|48
4|5.4 Release and Reentry|51
3|6 Conclusion|53
3|References|54
2|Chapter 4: Incidents of Homicides or Murder–Suicides by Family Caregivers in Japan and Challenges for Prevention|58
3|1 Introduction|58
3|2 Current Situation of Murder by Caregivers|59
4|2.1 “Incidents of Death Due to Abuse” Survey by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare|59
4|2.2 Crime Statistics from the National Police Agency|59
4|2.3 Surveys Based on Newspaper Reports|61
4|2.4 Overseas Research|62
4|2.5 Conclusion: The Current Status of and Issues Related to Murder by Caregivers|64
3|3 Traits of Caregivers Who Become Perpetrators in Murder by Caregiver Cases|65
4|3.1 Analysis of Precedent Cases Related to Crimes Committed by Relatives Who Were Caregivers|65
5|3.1.1 Aim of the Survey|65
5|3.1.2 Objects of Study in the Survey|66
5|3.1.3 Ethical Considerations|66
5|3.1.4 Analysis Method|66
5|3.1.5 Results|66
3|4 Reasons the Incident Could Not Be Avoided|67
4|4.1 Characteristics of Defendants’ Mindsets|73
4|4.2 Reasons Defendants Did Not Seek Help from Those Around Them to Avoid the Incident|75
4|4.3 Analysis of Stories of People Who Stopped Themselves Before They Committed a Crime|77
5|4.3.1 Purpose of the Survey|77
5|4.3.2 Subject of the Study|77
5|4.3.3 Ethical Considerations|77
5|4.3.4 Analysis Method|77
5|4.3.5 Results|78
3|5 Discussion|81
4|5.1 Reasons Defendant Was Unable to Avoid an Incident|81
4|5.2 Characteristics of Defendants’ Mindsets|82
4|5.3 Reasons Defendants Did Not Seek Help from Those Around Them|84
4|5.4 Reasons Incidents Could Be Prevented at the Last Minute|85
3|6 Conclusion|86
3|References|87
2|Chapter 5: The Effect of Disaster Damage on the Occurrence of Crime: A Survey of Residents of Four Prefectures Affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake|89
3|1 Method|93
4|1.1 Survey Participants|93
4|1.2 Survey Details|93
3|2 Results|94
4|2.1 Confirming Variables|94
4|2.2 Investigation Per Prefecture|95
4|2.3 Investigation Using All Data|97
3|3 Discussion|101
3|References|103
2|Chapter 6: Revisiting Japan’s Postwar Homicide Trend: 1951–2014|105
3|1 Japanese Homicide Trends Between 1951 and 2014|106
3|2 Structural-Level Explanations of Homicide Decline in Postwar Japan|108
4|2.1 Economic Stress in Postwar Japan|108
4|2.2 Aging Population and Disappearance of “Crime-Prone” Population|111
4|2.3 Informal Social Control, Social Change, and Modernization|112
4|2.4 Certainty of Punishment|114
3|3 Multivariate Analysis of National Time-Series Data: 1951–2014|116
3|4 Discussion and Conclusion|118
3|Descriptive Statistics|120
3|References|120
1|Part II: Testing and Developing Theories of Crime and Delinquency|123
2|Chapter 7: Potential Risk Factors for Serious Delinquency: Findings from Osaka Male Youths|124
3|1 Introduction|124
4|1.1 Prior Studies of Risk Factors for Japanese Youth Offending|125
3|2 Methods|126
4|2.1 Measures|127
5|2.1.1 Outcome: Delinquency (and Deviance)|127
4|2.2 Explanatory Variables|128
5|2.2.1 Prospective Risk Factors Related to Delinquency|128
4|2.3 Plan of Analysis|130
3|3 Results|131
4|3.1 Risk Factors for Delinquency|131
4|3.2 Interaction Effects|132
4|3.3 Cumulative Risk|133
3|4 Discussion|134
4|4.1 Policy Implications|136
3|5 Conclusions|137
3|References|137
2|Chapter 8: Laying the Groundwork for Testing Routine Activity Theory at the Microlevel Using Japanese Satellite Positioning Technology|141
3|1 Introduction|141
3|2 Reconsidering Routine Activity Theory and the “Crime Triangle”|142
3|3 Efforts Toward Empirical Examinations at the Microlevel|144
4|3.1 A Survey of Criminal and Crime-Related Incidents Against Elementary School Students|148
4|3.2 A Survey of the Routine Activities of Elementary School Students|150
4|3.3 Studies of Town-Watch Activities by Voluntary Crime Prevention Groups Using a GPS-Assisted Software Tool|151
3|4 Discussion|153
3|5 Conclusion|154
3|References|154
2|Chapter 9: Analysis of Current Criminals in Japan Based on Typology of Relationships with Others|156
3|1 Introduction|156
3|2 Degree of Influence by Others|157
3|3 Various Contexts where Crime Occurs|158
3|4 Trends of Isolated Delinquents and Criminals in Japan|160
3|5 Attachment to Others|162
3|6 Viewpoint of Reciprocal Relationship|165
3|7 Deterrence of Criminal Behavior by Shame and Guilt|166
3|8 Recent Attempts to Socially Reintegrate Criminals and Delinquents in Japan|168
3|9 Conclusion|169
3|References|171
4|Resources|172
1|Part III: Challenges and Trends in Criminal Justice Reform|173
2|Chapter 10: Considering Japanese Criminal Justice from an Original Position|174
3|1 Learning from Differences|174
3|2 Hoping and Waiting for Improvement in Japan|176
3|3 Race as a Policy Impetus for Progressive Criminal Justice Reform Efforts in the United States|178
3|4 Looking from an Original Position|180
3|5 Afterward: June 2017s Vantage Point|182
4|5.1 Looking at the United States: “More Dangerous than Trump”|182
4|5.2 Looking at Japan: Plus Ça Change, Plus C’est la Même Chose|184
4|5.3 Closing Thoughts: Two Steps Forward and Five Steps Backward|186
3|References|187
2|Chapter 11: Sentencing and Punishment in Japan and England: A Comparative Discussion|190
3|1 Introduction: Criminal Justice in England and Japan|190
3|2 Institutions: Sentencing Laws, Guidelines, and Precedents|193
3|3 Prevention: Sentencing Levels, Deterrence, and Crime Rates|194
3|4 Consistency: Sentencing Guidelines and Databases|197
3|5 Efficiency: Plea Bargaining and Conviction Rates|200
3|6 Participation: Juries, Lay Magistrates, and Lay Judges|203
3|7 Human Rights: Death Penalty and Life Sentence|205
3|8 Retribution: Public Demands for Punishment|208
3|9 Conclusions: Converging Trends in Sentencing and Penal Policy|210
3|References|211
2|Chapter 12: Fire, Coerced Confession, and Wrongful Conviction: A Tale of Two Countries|216
3|1 The Higashi-Sumiyoshi Case (Osaka)|216
4|1.1 An Accidental Fire|216
5|1.1.1 The Interrogation|217
5|1.1.2 Creating Evidence: The Reenactment|217
5|1.1.3 How Then Did the Fire Begin?|218
5|1.1.4 Building a Defense|219
3|2 The Mark Kirk Case (Delaware)|220
4|2.1 Junk Science|220
4|2.2 Further Evidence: Grease and Fire|221
4|2.3 Death Aware in Delaware|221
3|3 The Appeals|222
4|3.1 The Higashi-Sumiyoshi Case|222
5|3.1.1 Enter the Expert|223
5|3.1.2 Decisions|224
4|3.2 The Mark Kirk Case: A Study in Dysfunction|224
5|3.2.1 Poetic Justice?|225
5|3.2.2 Would Death Be Better?|225
4|3.3 Why? An Attempt as Explanation|226
5|3.3.1 The Higashi-Sumiyoshi Case|226
5|3.3.2 Why? The Mark Kirk Case|226
5|3.3.3 An Unusual Friendship|227
3|4 The Retrial|228
4|4.1 Osaka High Court: Decision|228
3|5 Then and Now: If the Fires Had Occurred Today?|229
4|5.1 Confessions|229
4|5.2 Fire Science-Growing Developments|229
4|5.3 Wrongfully Executed?|230
4|5.4 Japan|230
4|5.5 Shibushi: A Case in Point|230
4|5.6 Increasing Media Coverage|231
4|5.7 A Mea Culpa Whistleblower|231
4|5.8 US Scholarship|232
3|6 Saiban-in Seido: A Mixed Jury System|233
4|6.1 A Double Homicide|233
4|6.2 Mark Kirk: Light on the Horizon?|234
4|6.3 A Shimmer of Hope|234
3|7 Summary|234
3|8 The End|235
3|References|235
2|Chapter 13: From Measuring Support for the Death Penalty to Justifying Its Retention: Japanese Public Opinion Surveys on Crime and Punishment, 1956–2014|237
3|1 Introduction|237
3|2 Public Judgement of a Secret System|237
3|3 Japanese Attitudes Towards the Death Penalty|239
3|4 From Measuring Support for the Death Penalty to Justifying Its Retention|241
3|5 Secondary Analysis of the 1967 Survey|243
4|5.1 Varying Degrees of Support|243
4|5.2 Crimes Punishable by Death Under the Penal Code|244
4|5.3 Factors Differentiating Retentionists and Abolitionists|245
3|6 Differences Between the 1967 and 2014 Surveys|248
3|7 Conclusion|250
3|References|251
2|Chapter 14: Crime Victims’ Protection Under the Free Speech Law in Japan|253
3|1 Defamation and Privacy Infringement in Japan|254
3|2 The Juvenile Act and Defamation and Privacy Rights|257
3|3 Zekka Case|258
3|4 New Legislation for the Internet Era|260
4|4.1 Defamation or Privacy Infringement|260
4|4.2 Cost and Benefit of Publication in the Zekka and Nagaragawa Cases|261
4|4.3 Injunction and Free Speech in the Internet Era|262
4|4.4 Son of Sam Law in Japan|263
4|4.5 Consent of the Convicted|265
4|4.6 Revenge Porn Act in Japan|266
4|4.7 Victims Suffering from Publication by the Convicted|267
3|5 Conclusion|267
3|References|269
4|Statutes|270
4|Judicial Decision|270
4|Japan|270
4|U.S.|271
1|Part IV: Lay Judges’ System|272
2|Chapter 15: The Impact of Previous Sentencing Trends on Lay Judges’ Sentencing Decisions|273
3|1 Introduction|273
3|2 Practices and Issues of Sentencing in Japan|274
4|2.1 Sentencing Practices by Professional Judges in Japan|274
4|2.2 Issues Regarding Sentencing Practices Under the Lay Judge System in Japan|275
4|2.3 Research Question|277
3|3 The Experimental Study|278
4|3.1 Procedure|278
4|3.2 Data|280
4|3.3 Results|281
5|3.3.1 Subjective Impressions on the Frequency Distribution Graph|281
5|3.3.2 Sentencing Decisions|282
3|4 Discussion|285
3|References|288
2|Chapter 16: To Be Suspended or Not to Be?: The Effects of Emotions and Personality Variables on Lay People’s Judgment of Suspension of Punishment|289
3|1 Background|289
3|2 Deciding Punishments|290
3|3 Method|291
4|3.1 Participants and Procedure|291
4|3.2 The Questionnaire|292
5|3.2.1 The Instruction|292
5|3.2.2 The Scenario|292
5|3.2.3 Judgments of Punishment|292
5|3.2.4 Emotions on the Murder Case|293
5|3.2.5 Attitudes Toward Social Rules|293
5|3.2.6 Davis’s (1980) Four-Faceted Emotional Scale|293
5|3.2.7 Demographic Variables|293
3|4 Results|294
4|4.1 Analyses|294
4|4.2 Factors That Affect Suspension|294
4|4.3 Factors That Affect Definite Term or Life Imprisonment|295
4|4.4 Factors That Affect Years of Imprisonment|295
3|5 Discussion|296
4|5.1 Decision-Making for Suspension|296
5|5.1.1 Disgust|296
5|5.1.2 Outrage|297
5|5.1.3 Feeling of Importance of Social Rule|297
5|5.1.4 Empathy|297
4|5.2 Limitation|298
5|5.2.1 External Validity|298
5|5.2.2 Measurement|298
4|5.3 Implications and Future Direction|299
5|5.3.1 Emotions and Punishment|299
5|5.3.2 Future Directions|299
3|References|300
2|Chapter 17: A Future Prospect of Criminal Justice Policy for Sex Crimes in Japan- the Roles of the Lay Judge System There|301
3|1 Introduction|301
3|2 Sex Crimes Tried in Lay Judge Trials|303
4|2.1 Why Focusing on Sex Crime Cases?|303
4|2.2 Impact on Sentencing for Sex Crime Cases|303
4|2.3 Impact on Sentencing-the Ratio of Sentence/Sentence Asked|307
3|3 Why There HasBeen a Gap, Especially in Sex Crime Cases?|308
3|4 The Impacts of the Lay Judge System on Law Reform|310
4|4.1 The Birth of the Special Commission of Ministry of Justice to Discuss Punishment for Sex Crime|310
4|4.2 The Launch of Amended Penal Code Regarding Sex Crime|310
5|4.2.1 Crime of Rape Changed into “Crime of Coerced Intercourse”|311
5|4.2.2 Increased Punishment for Some of Sex Crime|312
5|4.2.3 Sex Crime Against Children by Their Custodians|312
5|4.2.4 Complaints from Victims Are Not Required for Prosecutors to Indict the Sex Crime|313
3|5 Conclusion|314
3|References|314
1|Part V: Juvenile Justice and Support System in Japan|316
2|Chapter 18: The Juvenile Justice System of Japan: An Overview|317
3|1 Profile of Japan|317
3|2 Policies and Legislations|318
3|3 Trends and Patterns in Juvenile Delinquency|320
3|4 The Japanese Juvenile Justice System|322
3|5 The Family Court Procedures|323
3|6 Family Court Hearings|324
3|7 Conclusion|326
3|References|326
2|Chapter 19: Empirical Research on Sociocultural Transition in Children in a Children’s Self-Reliance Support Facility and the Effect of Support|328
3|1 Introduction|328
3|2 History and Challenges of Children’s Self-Reliance Support Facilities|329
4|2.1 Historical Changes in Children’s Self-Reliance Support Facilities|329
4|2.2 Challenges|330
3|3 Objectives|331
3|4 Methods|331
4|4.1 Subject and Period|331
4|4.2 Extraction Items|331
4|4.3 Input Method, Analysis Method, and Perspectives|332
4|4.4 Ethical Considerations|332
3|5 Results|332
4|5.1 Basic Attributes|332
4|5.2 Types of Delinquency (Before Admission)|333
4|5.3 Parental Factors (Before Admission)|335
3|6 Discussion|335
4|6.1 Basic Attributes|336
4|6.2 Types of Delinquency and Parental Factors|337
3|7 Summary and Future Challenges|338
3|References|339
1|Index|340
1|Contributors|9
1|Chapter 1: Asian Criminology and Crime and Justice in Japan: An Introduction|11
2|References|18
1|Part I: Changing Crimes in Japan|20
2|Chapter 2: Changes in Crime and Reactions to Crime in Japan Becoming Stagnant with Aging|21
3|1 Demographic Analysis on Change into Japanese Stagnant Society|21
3|2 Change in Juvenile Delinquency After World War II|23
3|3 Juvenile Delinquency in Japanese Society with Declining Birth Rate|24
3|4 Decrease of Crimes in Conforming Society|25
3|5 Change in Population of Persons Confined in Criminal Facilities|26
3|6 Measures for Maintenance of Manpower|30
3|7 Visiting Foreigners and Their Crimes in 1980s|30
3|8 Preventive Measures of Crimes by Visiting Foreigners in 1990s|31
3|9 Promotion of Coexistence with Foreigners Since 2000|33
3|10 Conclusion|34
3|References|35
2|Chapter 3: Kin, Crime, and Criminal Justice in Contemporary Japan|36
3|1 Introduction|36
3|2 Review of the Literature|37
3|3 Gaps in the Literature|39
3|4 Methods|40
3|5 Findings and Discussion|42
4|5.1 Encounter with the Law|42
4|5.2 Interactions with the Courtroom Workgroup|45
4|5.3 Experiences at Correctional Facilities|48
4|5.4 Release and Reentry|51
3|6 Conclusion|53
3|References|54
2|Chapter 4: Incidents of Homicides or Murder–Suicides by Family Caregivers in Japan and Challenges for Prevention|58
3|1 Introduction|58
3|2 Current Situation of Murder by Caregivers|59
4|2.1 “Incidents of Death Due to Abuse” Survey by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare|59
4|2.2 Crime Statistics from the National Police Agency|59
4|2.3 Surveys Based on Newspaper Reports|61
4|2.4 Overseas Research|62
4|2.5 Conclusion: The Current Status of and Issues Related to Murder by Caregivers|64
3|3 Traits of Caregivers Who Become Perpetrators in Murder by Caregiver Cases|65
4|3.1 Analysis of Precedent Cases Related to Crimes Committed by Relatives Who Were Caregivers|65
5|3.1.1 Aim of the Survey|65
5|3.1.2 Objects of Study in the Survey|66
5|3.1.3 Ethical Considerations|66
5|3.1.4 Analysis Method|66
5|3.1.5 Results|66
3|4 Reasons the Incident Could Not Be Avoided|67
4|4.1 Characteristics of Defendants’ Mindsets|73
4|4.2 Reasons Defendants Did Not Seek Help from Those Around Them to Avoid the Incident|75
4|4.3 Analysis of Stories of People Who Stopped Themselves Before They Committed a Crime|77
5|4.3.1 Purpose of the Survey|77
5|4.3.2 Subject of the Study|77
5|4.3.3 Ethical Considerations|77
5|4.3.4 Analysis Method|77
5|4.3.5 Results|78
3|5 Discussion|81
4|5.1 Reasons Defendant Was Unable to Avoid an Incident|81
4|5.2 Characteristics of Defendants’ Mindsets|82
4|5.3 Reasons Defendants Did Not Seek Help from Those Around Them|84
4|5.4 Reasons Incidents Could Be Prevented at the Last Minute|85
3|6 Conclusion|86
3|References|87
2|Chapter 5: The Effect of Disaster Damage on the Occurrence of Crime: A Survey of Residents of Four Prefectures Affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake|89
3|1 Method|93
4|1.1 Survey Participants|93
4|1.2 Survey Details|93
3|2 Results|94
4|2.1 Confirming Variables|94
4|2.2 Investigation Per Prefecture|95
4|2.3 Investigation Using All Data|97
3|3 Discussion|101
3|References|103
2|Chapter 6: Revisiting Japan’s Postwar Homicide Trend: 1951–2014|105
3|1 Japanese Homicide Trends Between 1951 and 2014|106
3|2 Structural-Level Explanations of Homicide Decline in Postwar Japan|108
4|2.1 Economic Stress in Postwar Japan|108
4|2.2 Aging Population and Disappearance of “Crime-Prone” Population|111
4|2.3 Informal Social Control, Social Change, and Modernization|112
4|2.4 Certainty of Punishment|114
3|3 Multivariate Analysis of National Time-Series Data: 1951–2014|116
3|4 Discussion and Conclusion|118
3|Descriptive Statistics|120
3|References|120
1|Part II: Testing and Developing Theories of Crime and Delinquency|123
2|Chapter 7: Potential Risk Factors for Serious Delinquency: Findings from Osaka Male Youths|124
3|1 Introduction|124
4|1.1 Prior Studies of Risk Factors for Japanese Youth Offending|125
3|2 Methods|126
4|2.1 Measures|127
5|2.1.1 Outcome: Delinquency (and Deviance)|127
4|2.2 Explanatory Variables|128
5|2.2.1 Prospective Risk Factors Related to Delinquency|128
4|2.3 Plan of Analysis|130
3|3 Results|131
4|3.1 Risk Factors for Delinquency|131
4|3.2 Interaction Effects|132
4|3.3 Cumulative Risk|133
3|4 Discussion|134
4|4.1 Policy Implications|136
3|5 Conclusions|137
3|References|137
2|Chapter 8: Laying the Groundwork for Testing Routine Activity Theory at the Microlevel Using Japanese Satellite Positioning Technology|141
3|1 Introduction|141
3|2 Reconsidering Routine Activity Theory and the “Crime Triangle”|142
3|3 Efforts Toward Empirical Examinations at the Microlevel|144
4|3.1 A Survey of Criminal and Crime-Related Incidents Against Elementary School Students|148
4|3.2 A Survey of the Routine Activities of Elementary School Students|150
4|3.3 Studies of Town-Watch Activities by Voluntary Crime Prevention Groups Using a GPS-Assisted Software Tool|151
3|4 Discussion|153
3|5 Conclusion|154
3|References|154
2|Chapter 9: Analysis of Current Criminals in Japan Based on Typology of Relationships with Others|156
3|1 Introduction|156
3|2 Degree of Influence by Others|157
3|3 Various Contexts where Crime Occurs|158
3|4 Trends of Isolated Delinquents and Criminals in Japan|160
3|5 Attachment to Others|162
3|6 Viewpoint of Reciprocal Relationship|165
3|7 Deterrence of Criminal Behavior by Shame and Guilt|166
3|8 Recent Attempts to Socially Reintegrate Criminals and Delinquents in Japan|168
3|9 Conclusion|169
3|References|171
4|Resources|172
1|Part III: Challenges and Trends in Criminal Justice Reform|173
2|Chapter 10: Considering Japanese Criminal Justice from an Original Position|174
3|1 Learning from Differences|174
3|2 Hoping and Waiting for Improvement in Japan|176
3|3 Race as a Policy Impetus for Progressive Criminal Justice Reform Efforts in the United States|178
3|4 Looking from an Original Position|180
3|5 Afterward: June 2017s Vantage Point|182
4|5.1 Looking at the United States: “More Dangerous than Trump”|182
4|5.2 Looking at Japan: Plus Ça Change, Plus C’est la Même Chose|184
4|5.3 Closing Thoughts: Two Steps Forward and Five Steps Backward|186
3|References|187
2|Chapter 11: Sentencing and Punishment in Japan and England: A Comparative Discussion|190
3|1 Introduction: Criminal Justice in England and Japan|190
3|2 Institutions: Sentencing Laws, Guidelines, and Precedents|193
3|3 Prevention: Sentencing Levels, Deterrence, and Crime Rates|194
3|4 Consistency: Sentencing Guidelines and Databases|197
3|5 Efficiency: Plea Bargaining and Conviction Rates|200
3|6 Participation: Juries, Lay Magistrates, and Lay Judges|203
3|7 Human Rights: Death Penalty and Life Sentence|205
3|8 Retribution: Public Demands for Punishment|208
3|9 Conclusions: Converging Trends in Sentencing and Penal Policy|210
3|References|211
2|Chapter 12: Fire, Coerced Confession, and Wrongful Conviction: A Tale of Two Countries|216
3|1 The Higashi-Sumiyoshi Case (Osaka)|216
4|1.1 An Accidental Fire|216
5|1.1.1 The Interrogation|217
5|1.1.2 Creating Evidence: The Reenactment|217
5|1.1.3 How Then Did the Fire Begin?|218
5|1.1.4 Building a Defense|219
3|2 The Mark Kirk Case (Delaware)|220
4|2.1 Junk Science|220
4|2.2 Further Evidence: Grease and Fire|221
4|2.3 Death Aware in Delaware|221
3|3 The Appeals|222
4|3.1 The Higashi-Sumiyoshi Case|222
5|3.1.1 Enter the Expert|223
5|3.1.2 Decisions|224
4|3.2 The Mark Kirk Case: A Study in Dysfunction|224
5|3.2.1 Poetic Justice?|225
5|3.2.2 Would Death Be Better?|225
4|3.3 Why? An Attempt as Explanation|226
5|3.3.1 The Higashi-Sumiyoshi Case|226
5|3.3.2 Why? The Mark Kirk Case|226
5|3.3.3 An Unusual Friendship|227
3|4 The Retrial|228
4|4.1 Osaka High Court: Decision|228
3|5 Then and Now: If the Fires Had Occurred Today?|229
4|5.1 Confessions|229
4|5.2 Fire Science-Growing Developments|229
4|5.3 Wrongfully Executed?|230
4|5.4 Japan|230
4|5.5 Shibushi: A Case in Point|230
4|5.6 Increasing Media Coverage|231
4|5.7 A Mea Culpa Whistleblower|231
4|5.8 US Scholarship|232
3|6 Saiban-in Seido: A Mixed Jury System|233
4|6.1 A Double Homicide|233
4|6.2 Mark Kirk: Light on the Horizon?|234
4|6.3 A Shimmer of Hope|234
3|7 Summary|234
3|8 The End|235
3|References|235
2|Chapter 13: From Measuring Support for the Death Penalty to Justifying Its Retention: Japanese Public Opinion Surveys on Crime and Punishment, 1956–2014|237
3|1 Introduction|237
3|2 Public Judgement of a Secret System|237
3|3 Japanese Attitudes Towards the Death Penalty|239
3|4 From Measuring Support for the Death Penalty to Justifying Its Retention|241
3|5 Secondary Analysis of the 1967 Survey|243
4|5.1 Varying Degrees of Support|243
4|5.2 Crimes Punishable by Death Under the Penal Code|244
4|5.3 Factors Differentiating Retentionists and Abolitionists|245
3|6 Differences Between the 1967 and 2014 Surveys|248
3|7 Conclusion|250
3|References|251
2|Chapter 14: Crime Victims’ Protection Under the Free Speech Law in Japan|253
3|1 Defamation and Privacy Infringement in Japan|254
3|2 The Juvenile Act and Defamation and Privacy Rights|257
3|3 Zekka Case|258
3|4 New Legislation for the Internet Era|260
4|4.1 Defamation or Privacy Infringement|260
4|4.2 Cost and Benefit of Publication in the Zekka and Nagaragawa Cases|261
4|4.3 Injunction and Free Speech in the Internet Era|262
4|4.4 Son of Sam Law in Japan|263
4|4.5 Consent of the Convicted|265
4|4.6 Revenge Porn Act in Japan|266
4|4.7 Victims Suffering from Publication by the Convicted|267
3|5 Conclusion|267
3|References|269
4|Statutes|270
4|Judicial Decision|270
4|Japan|270
4|U.S.|271
1|Part IV: Lay Judges’ System|272
2|Chapter 15: The Impact of Previous Sentencing Trends on Lay Judges’ Sentencing Decisions|273
3|1 Introduction|273
3|2 Practices and Issues of Sentencing in Japan|274
4|2.1 Sentencing Practices by Professional Judges in Japan|274
4|2.2 Issues Regarding Sentencing Practices Under the Lay Judge System in Japan|275
4|2.3 Research Question|277
3|3 The Experimental Study|278
4|3.1 Procedure|278
4|3.2 Data|280
4|3.3 Results|281
5|3.3.1 Subjective Impressions on the Frequency Distribution Graph|281
5|3.3.2 Sentencing Decisions|282
3|4 Discussion|285
3|References|288
2|Chapter 16: To Be Suspended or Not to Be?: The Effects of Emotions and Personality Variables on Lay People’s Judgment of Suspension of Punishment|289
3|1 Background|289
3|2 Deciding Punishments|290
3|3 Method|291
4|3.1 Participants and Procedure|291
4|3.2 The Questionnaire|292
5|3.2.1 The Instruction|292
5|3.2.2 The Scenario|292
5|3.2.3 Judgments of Punishment|292
5|3.2.4 Emotions on the Murder Case|293
5|3.2.5 Attitudes Toward Social Rules|293
5|3.2.6 Davis’s (1980) Four-Faceted Emotional Scale|293
5|3.2.7 Demographic Variables|293
3|4 Results|294
4|4.1 Analyses|294
4|4.2 Factors That Affect Suspension|294
4|4.3 Factors That Affect Definite Term or Life Imprisonment|295
4|4.4 Factors That Affect Years of Imprisonment|295
3|5 Discussion|296
4|5.1 Decision-Making for Suspension|296
5|5.1.1 Disgust|296
5|5.1.2 Outrage|297
5|5.1.3 Feeling of Importance of Social Rule|297
5|5.1.4 Empathy|297
4|5.2 Limitation|298
5|5.2.1 External Validity|298
5|5.2.2 Measurement|298
4|5.3 Implications and Future Direction|299
5|5.3.1 Emotions and Punishment|299
5|5.3.2 Future Directions|299
3|References|300
2|Chapter 17: A Future Prospect of Criminal Justice Policy for Sex Crimes in Japan- the Roles of the Lay Judge System There|301
3|1 Introduction|301
3|2 Sex Crimes Tried in Lay Judge Trials|303
4|2.1 Why Focusing on Sex Crime Cases?|303
4|2.2 Impact on Sentencing for Sex Crime Cases|303
4|2.3 Impact on Sentencing-the Ratio of Sentence/Sentence Asked|307
3|3 Why There HasBeen a Gap, Especially in Sex Crime Cases?|308
3|4 The Impacts of the Lay Judge System on Law Reform|310
4|4.1 The Birth of the Special Commission of Ministry of Justice to Discuss Punishment for Sex Crime|310
4|4.2 The Launch of Amended Penal Code Regarding Sex Crime|310
5|4.2.1 Crime of Rape Changed into “Crime of Coerced Intercourse”|311
5|4.2.2 Increased Punishment for Some of Sex Crime|312
5|4.2.3 Sex Crime Against Children by Their Custodians|312
5|4.2.4 Complaints from Victims Are Not Required for Prosecutors to Indict the Sex Crime|313
3|5 Conclusion|314
3|References|314
1|Part V: Juvenile Justice and Support System in Japan|316
2|Chapter 18: The Juvenile Justice System of Japan: An Overview|317
3|1 Profile of Japan|317
3|2 Policies and Legislations|318
3|3 Trends and Patterns in Juvenile Delinquency|320
3|4 The Japanese Juvenile Justice System|322
3|5 The Family Court Procedures|323
3|6 Family Court Hearings|324
3|7 Conclusion|326
3|References|326
2|Chapter 19: Empirical Research on Sociocultural Transition in Children in a Children’s Self-Reliance Support Facility and the Effect of Support|328
3|1 Introduction|328
3|2 History and Challenges of Children’s Self-Reliance Support Facilities|329
4|2.1 Historical Changes in Children’s Self-Reliance Support Facilities|329
4|2.2 Challenges|330
3|3 Objectives|331
3|4 Methods|331
4|4.1 Subject and Period|331
4|4.2 Extraction Items|331
4|4.3 Input Method, Analysis Method, and Perspectives|332
4|4.4 Ethical Considerations|332
3|5 Results|332
4|5.1 Basic Attributes|332
4|5.2 Types of Delinquency (Before Admission)|333
4|5.3 Parental Factors (Before Admission)|335
3|6 Discussion|335
4|6.1 Basic Attributes|336
4|6.2 Types of Delinquency and Parental Factors|337
3|7 Summary and Future Challenges|338
3|References|339
1|Index|340