File #2375: "2018_Book_MinorityYouthAndSocialIntegrat.pdf"
Testo
1|Acknowledgements|5
1|Contents|6
1|Contributors|8
1|About the Editors|10
1|About the Authors|11
1|Chapter 1: Introduction: How Relations to Institutions Shape Youth Integration—Ethno-Religious Minorities, National Contexts and Social Cohesion|14
2|Key Comparative Findings: Crime and Attitudes Towards Morality and Norm-Shaping Institutions|18
2|Integration of Society and Integration in Society|23
2|Societal Integration in Society and Migration Backgrounds: Morality and Socio-Economic Determinants of Offending|24
2|Integration: Schooling and Policing of Minorities and Majority Groups|27
3|Integration and Schools|28
3|Integration and Police|30
2|The New Frontier of Comparative Studies: How National Context, Institutions and Policies Affect Cohesion and Crime|33
2|References|37
1|Part I: Morality, Bonding and Families as Sources of Social Cohesion|40
2|Chapter 2: Shame and Wrong: Is There a Common Morality Among Young People in France, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, and the USA?|41
3|Introduction|41
3|Conceptual Framework|43
4|Who Teaches Morality: Family, Schools, Religion, and Friends?|46
3|Methodology|47
4|Dependent Variables: Pro-social Values and Level of Shame|47
4|Independent and Control Variables|48
4|Description of Sample|49
3|Findings|50
4|Cross-National Measurement Equivalence: Is Morality Measured in the Same Way Across the Five Samples?|50
4|Differences in Pro-social Values|51
4|Differences in Level of Shame|58
4|Results from Multivariate Analysis|60
3|Summary and Conclusions|66
3|Appendix|69
3|References|70
2|Chapter 3: ‘Less Social Bonding, More Problems?’: An International Perspective on the Behaviour of (Migrant) Youth|72
3|Introduction|72
3|Theories About Bonding and Deviant Behaviour|73
3|Research Methods|76
4|Data Collection and Sample|76
3|Description of Measures|77
4|Outcome Variable|77
4|Control Variables|77
4|Mediating Factors|77
4|Moderating Variables|78
4|Analysis|78
3|Findings|79
4|Bonding as a Mediating Factor Between Migrant Status and Versatility|79
5|Mediation Models for Individual Countries|79
4|Bonding as a Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Problem Behaviour|80
4|Cultural Identity and Feelings of Belonging as Moderators in the Relationship Between Migrant and Versatility|81
3|Risk Factors as Mediating Factors in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Problem Behaviour|82
4|Risk Factors as Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Versatility (Delinquency)|82
4|The Mediation Model for Individual Countries|83
4|Risk Factors as Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Other Problem Behaviour|86
3|Conclusion and Discussion|87
3|Appendix|88
3|References|89
2|Chapter 4: Parental Violence, Deprivation and Migrant Background|92
3|Introduction|92
3|Long-Term Effects of Parental Violence and Global Changes Over Time|93
3|Theoretically Expected Relationships Between Parental Violence, Deprivation and Migrant Background|94
3|Methods|95
3|Parental Violence and Deprivation at the Macro Level|96
3|Effects of Migrant Background and Deprivation on Parental Violence|103
3|Conclusions|107
3|References|109
1|Part II: Institutions and Social Cohesion: The Role of Policing Styles and Schools|113
2|Chapter 5: Religion and Attitudes Towards State Organizations: The Case of Schools. A Comparison Across Five Countries|114
3|Introduction|114
3|Research Question: Religious Diversity and Integration Through School|116
3|Hypotheses and Measurements|118
3|Descriptive Bivariate Findings: School Attachment and Religion in Five Countries|120
4|Religious Concentration|122
3|Findings: The Effects of Denomination and Religiosity on School Attachment in Five Countries|124
3|Findings: Structural Effects at School Levels|126
4|School Status|126
4|Minority Religion Concentration at School|128
3|Findings: A Multivariate and Multilevel Approach|129
3|Discussion and Conclusion: The Limited Effect of Religious Variables on School Attachment|130
3|Appendix 1|133
3|Appendix 2|135
3|References|143
2|Chapter 6: Direct and Indirect Influences of School System on Youth Delinquent Offending Among Migrant and Native-Born Students in Eight Countries|145
3|Introduction|145
3|Background|147
4|The School Environment in Different School Systems|147
4|Bonding to School and Youth Delinquent Development|148
4|Selection and Motivational Influences|148
4|The School Environment, School Bonding and Peer Influences|149
4|Different School Systems and Migrant Students|149
4|Model and Hypotheses|150
3|Methods|151
4|Selection of Countries and Related School Systems|151
4|Data Collection and Sample|151
4|Measures|152
4|Method of Analysis|152
3|Results|155
4|Distribution of Native and Migrant Students in the Stratified System|155
4|Last Year Offending in Different School Systems and Tracks|156
4|Direct and Indirect Effects of the School System and Mediating Factors|157
4|Relative Direct and Indirect Effects of School System for Native and Migrant Students|161
3|Discussion and Conclusion|163
3|Appendix|167
3|References|171
2|Chapter 7: Trust in the Police and Police Legitimacy Through the Eyes of Teenagers|174
3|Introduction|174
3|Methods|177
4|The Procedural Justice (PJ) Module|177
4|The Stop and Search (S&S) Module|180
4|Scales Measuring Trust and Legitimacy|181
4|Control Variables|182
4|Measures of Compliance|183
4|Statistical Analyses|184
3|Results|184
4|Validity of the Procedural Justice Theory for Young People|184
4|Effect of Dimensions of Trust on Legitimacy Amongst the Six UPYC Countries|187
4|The Impact of Stop and Search on Trust and Legitimacy in England and Scotland|191
3|Conclusions|193
3|References|195
2|Chapter 8: Perception of Police Unfairness Amongst Stigmatized Groups: The Impact of Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood|200
3|Introduction|200
4|Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood as Sources of Group Belonging Affecting ATP|201
4|Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discriminations as Mediating Factors|204
3|Methods|205
3|The Connections Between Ethnicity, Place and Islamic Affiliation and How They Affect Perceived Police Unfairness|208
4|Interrelationships Between Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood|208
4|Group Belonging and Perceived Police Unfairness|210
3|Exploring the Effect of Mediating Factors: Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discrimination|214
4|Group Belonging, Frequency of Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discrimination|214
4|Frequency of Contacts and Attitudes Towards Discriminations as Mediating Variable|217
3|Discussion|219
3|References|222
2|Chapter 9: Teenagers’ Perceptions of Legitimacy and Preparedness to Break the Law: The Impact of Migrant and Ethnic Minority Status|225
3|Introduction|225
4|PJ Theory and Differences Between Social Groups|226
4|The Role of Social Identity in PJ Theory|227
4|PJ as an Indicator of Group Conflict|228
4|The Aims of This Chapter|230
3|Methods|231
4|Measuring Migration Status|231
4|Measuring Ethnic Minority Status|232
4|Self-Reported Crime|233
4|Measuring Procedural Justice Concepts|233
4|Controls|234
4|Measures of Social and Economic Integration|234
4|Statistical Analyses|235
3|Findings|236
4|Section 1: Predictive Effects of Migration Status on Assessments of Police and Self-Reported Violence|236
4|Section 2: Explaining Migrants’ Orientation to the Police and Violent Offending|237
4|Section 3: Disentangling Migrant and Minority Ethnic Status|239
3|Discussion and Conclusions|242
3|Appendix: Variables Measuring Migrant and Ethnic Minority Status|245
4|Migrant Status|245
4|Ethnic Minority Status|245
3|References|247
1|Index|250
1|Contents|6
1|Contributors|8
1|About the Editors|10
1|About the Authors|11
1|Chapter 1: Introduction: How Relations to Institutions Shape Youth Integration—Ethno-Religious Minorities, National Contexts and Social Cohesion|14
2|Key Comparative Findings: Crime and Attitudes Towards Morality and Norm-Shaping Institutions|18
2|Integration of Society and Integration in Society|23
2|Societal Integration in Society and Migration Backgrounds: Morality and Socio-Economic Determinants of Offending|24
2|Integration: Schooling and Policing of Minorities and Majority Groups|27
3|Integration and Schools|28
3|Integration and Police|30
2|The New Frontier of Comparative Studies: How National Context, Institutions and Policies Affect Cohesion and Crime|33
2|References|37
1|Part I: Morality, Bonding and Families as Sources of Social Cohesion|40
2|Chapter 2: Shame and Wrong: Is There a Common Morality Among Young People in France, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, and the USA?|41
3|Introduction|41
3|Conceptual Framework|43
4|Who Teaches Morality: Family, Schools, Religion, and Friends?|46
3|Methodology|47
4|Dependent Variables: Pro-social Values and Level of Shame|47
4|Independent and Control Variables|48
4|Description of Sample|49
3|Findings|50
4|Cross-National Measurement Equivalence: Is Morality Measured in the Same Way Across the Five Samples?|50
4|Differences in Pro-social Values|51
4|Differences in Level of Shame|58
4|Results from Multivariate Analysis|60
3|Summary and Conclusions|66
3|Appendix|69
3|References|70
2|Chapter 3: ‘Less Social Bonding, More Problems?’: An International Perspective on the Behaviour of (Migrant) Youth|72
3|Introduction|72
3|Theories About Bonding and Deviant Behaviour|73
3|Research Methods|76
4|Data Collection and Sample|76
3|Description of Measures|77
4|Outcome Variable|77
4|Control Variables|77
4|Mediating Factors|77
4|Moderating Variables|78
4|Analysis|78
3|Findings|79
4|Bonding as a Mediating Factor Between Migrant Status and Versatility|79
5|Mediation Models for Individual Countries|79
4|Bonding as a Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Problem Behaviour|80
4|Cultural Identity and Feelings of Belonging as Moderators in the Relationship Between Migrant and Versatility|81
3|Risk Factors as Mediating Factors in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Problem Behaviour|82
4|Risk Factors as Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Versatility (Delinquency)|82
4|The Mediation Model for Individual Countries|83
4|Risk Factors as Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Migrant Status and Other Problem Behaviour|86
3|Conclusion and Discussion|87
3|Appendix|88
3|References|89
2|Chapter 4: Parental Violence, Deprivation and Migrant Background|92
3|Introduction|92
3|Long-Term Effects of Parental Violence and Global Changes Over Time|93
3|Theoretically Expected Relationships Between Parental Violence, Deprivation and Migrant Background|94
3|Methods|95
3|Parental Violence and Deprivation at the Macro Level|96
3|Effects of Migrant Background and Deprivation on Parental Violence|103
3|Conclusions|107
3|References|109
1|Part II: Institutions and Social Cohesion: The Role of Policing Styles and Schools|113
2|Chapter 5: Religion and Attitudes Towards State Organizations: The Case of Schools. A Comparison Across Five Countries|114
3|Introduction|114
3|Research Question: Religious Diversity and Integration Through School|116
3|Hypotheses and Measurements|118
3|Descriptive Bivariate Findings: School Attachment and Religion in Five Countries|120
4|Religious Concentration|122
3|Findings: The Effects of Denomination and Religiosity on School Attachment in Five Countries|124
3|Findings: Structural Effects at School Levels|126
4|School Status|126
4|Minority Religion Concentration at School|128
3|Findings: A Multivariate and Multilevel Approach|129
3|Discussion and Conclusion: The Limited Effect of Religious Variables on School Attachment|130
3|Appendix 1|133
3|Appendix 2|135
3|References|143
2|Chapter 6: Direct and Indirect Influences of School System on Youth Delinquent Offending Among Migrant and Native-Born Students in Eight Countries|145
3|Introduction|145
3|Background|147
4|The School Environment in Different School Systems|147
4|Bonding to School and Youth Delinquent Development|148
4|Selection and Motivational Influences|148
4|The School Environment, School Bonding and Peer Influences|149
4|Different School Systems and Migrant Students|149
4|Model and Hypotheses|150
3|Methods|151
4|Selection of Countries and Related School Systems|151
4|Data Collection and Sample|151
4|Measures|152
4|Method of Analysis|152
3|Results|155
4|Distribution of Native and Migrant Students in the Stratified System|155
4|Last Year Offending in Different School Systems and Tracks|156
4|Direct and Indirect Effects of the School System and Mediating Factors|157
4|Relative Direct and Indirect Effects of School System for Native and Migrant Students|161
3|Discussion and Conclusion|163
3|Appendix|167
3|References|171
2|Chapter 7: Trust in the Police and Police Legitimacy Through the Eyes of Teenagers|174
3|Introduction|174
3|Methods|177
4|The Procedural Justice (PJ) Module|177
4|The Stop and Search (S&S) Module|180
4|Scales Measuring Trust and Legitimacy|181
4|Control Variables|182
4|Measures of Compliance|183
4|Statistical Analyses|184
3|Results|184
4|Validity of the Procedural Justice Theory for Young People|184
4|Effect of Dimensions of Trust on Legitimacy Amongst the Six UPYC Countries|187
4|The Impact of Stop and Search on Trust and Legitimacy in England and Scotland|191
3|Conclusions|193
3|References|195
2|Chapter 8: Perception of Police Unfairness Amongst Stigmatized Groups: The Impact of Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood|200
3|Introduction|200
4|Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood as Sources of Group Belonging Affecting ATP|201
4|Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discriminations as Mediating Factors|204
3|Methods|205
3|The Connections Between Ethnicity, Place and Islamic Affiliation and How They Affect Perceived Police Unfairness|208
4|Interrelationships Between Ethnicity, Islamic Affiliation and Neighbourhood|208
4|Group Belonging and Perceived Police Unfairness|210
3|Exploring the Effect of Mediating Factors: Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discrimination|214
4|Group Belonging, Frequency of Contacts with the Police and Attitudes Towards Discrimination|214
4|Frequency of Contacts and Attitudes Towards Discriminations as Mediating Variable|217
3|Discussion|219
3|References|222
2|Chapter 9: Teenagers’ Perceptions of Legitimacy and Preparedness to Break the Law: The Impact of Migrant and Ethnic Minority Status|225
3|Introduction|225
4|PJ Theory and Differences Between Social Groups|226
4|The Role of Social Identity in PJ Theory|227
4|PJ as an Indicator of Group Conflict|228
4|The Aims of This Chapter|230
3|Methods|231
4|Measuring Migration Status|231
4|Measuring Ethnic Minority Status|232
4|Self-Reported Crime|233
4|Measuring Procedural Justice Concepts|233
4|Controls|234
4|Measures of Social and Economic Integration|234
4|Statistical Analyses|235
3|Findings|236
4|Section 1: Predictive Effects of Migration Status on Assessments of Police and Self-Reported Violence|236
4|Section 2: Explaining Migrants’ Orientation to the Police and Violent Offending|237
4|Section 3: Disentangling Migrant and Minority Ethnic Status|239
3|Discussion and Conclusions|242
3|Appendix: Variables Measuring Migrant and Ethnic Minority Status|245
4|Migrant Status|245
4|Ethnic Minority Status|245
3|References|247
1|Index|250