File #2395: "2018_Book_ShiftingHorizonsOfPublicIntern.pdf"
Testo
1|Foreword I|6
1|Foreword II|6
1|Acknowledgements|14
1|Contents|16
1|Editors and Contributors|18
1|Abbreviations|20
1|1 Changing Horizons of International Law: A South Asian Perspective|22
2|1 Introduction|22
2|2 Rationale|24
2|3 Objectives of the Book|27
2|4 The Contributors’ Perspectives and Topics|28
2|References|34
1|2 UN Security Council: South Asian Perspective and Challenges Ahead|35
2|1 Introduction|35
2|2 Veto Power and Permanent Membership: Need for Reforms|36
2|3 Security Council and Peacekeeping|41
3|3.1 Principles of UN Peacekeeping|45
4|3.1.1 Consent of the Parties|45
4|3.1.2 Impartiality|45
4|3.1.3 Non-use of Force Except in Self-defence and Defence of the Mandate|46
3|3.2 Financing Peacekeeping|46
3|3.3 Views on Security Council Peacekeeping Operations|46
2|4 Security Council and Management of Interstate Conflicts in South Asia|47
3|4.1 Kashmir Dispute|47
3|4.2 Indo-Pak War 1965|49
3|4.3 Pakistan’s Intrusion in Kargil Area of Kashmir (April–May 1999)|49
3|4.4 Terrorists Attack on Indian Parliament (13 December 2001)|49
3|4.5 Mumbai Attack, 2008|50
3|4.6 Uri Attack, 2016|50
3|4.7 Liberation of Bangladesh|51
3|4.8 Afghanistan Issue and Security Council|52
3|4.9 Role in Sri Lanka|52
2|5 Conclusion|54
2|References|54
1|3 Socio-Economic Rights in South Asia|57
2|1 Introduction|57
2|2 Implementation Mechanism of Social and Economic Rights in International Arena|58
3|2.1 International Labour Organization|59
3|2.2 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|59
2|3 India’s Position|61
3|3.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of India|61
3|3.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in India|63
3|3.3 Submission Under ICESCR|64
3|3.4 National Human Rights Commission, India|65
2|4 Bhutan’s Position|65
3|4.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Bhutan|66
3|4.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Bhutan|67
3|4.3 Submission Under ICESCR|68
3|4.4 Human Rights Committee, Bhutan|68
2|5 Sri Lanka’s Position|68
3|5.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Sri Lanka|69
3|5.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Sri Lanka|69
3|5.3 Submission Under ICESCR|70
3|5.4 National Human Rights Commission, Sri Lanka|70
2|6 Nepal’s Position|71
3|6.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Nepal|71
3|6.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Nepal|72
3|6.3 Submission Under ICESCR|73
3|6.4 National Human Rights Commission of Nepal|74
2|7 Bangladesh’s Position|75
3|7.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Bangladesh|76
3|7.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Bangladesh|76
3|7.3 Submission Under ICESCR|77
3|7.4 National Human Rights Commission, Bangladesh|77
2|8 Conclusion|78
2|References|78
1|4 Indigenous People in South Asia and International Law|80
2|1 Introduction|80
2|2 Indigenous People: Meaning and Definitional Debates|81
2|3 Indigenous People and International Law|84
2|4 Situation of Indigenous Peoples in South Asia|86
3|4.1 Afghanistan|87
3|4.2 Bangladesh|88
3|4.3 Nepal|90
3|4.4 Pakistan|91
3|4.5 India|93
3|4.6 Sri Lanka|97
2|5 Conclusion|98
2|References|100
1|5 Regional Trade in South Asia: An International Legal Analysis|103
2|1 Introduction|103
2|2 Regional Trade Agreements Across the Globe|105
2|3 Role of RTAs in the Multilateral Trading System|106
3|3.1 RTAs as Stumbling Blocks|106
4|3.1.1 RTA Violation of MFN|107
4|3.1.2 Domination of Smaller Nations by Bigger Partners|107
4|3.1.3 Indirect Impact on Multilateral Negotiations|107
4|3.1.4 Formation of Trade Blocs|108
4|3.1.5 Diversion of Attention and Energy from Multilateral Trade|108
4|3.1.6 Bhagwati’s Exceptions|109
3|3.2 RTAs as Helping the Multilateral Trade Regime|109
4|3.2.1 The View Taken by Lary Summers|110
4|3.2.2 Baldwin’s Juggernaut Theory|110
4|3.2.3 Exceptions to the Baldwin Juggernaut Theory|112
4|3.2.4 Other Proponents of This School|112
2|4 Overview of Regional Trade Agreements Entered into by India|113
2|5 Understanding the South Asia Free Trade Agreement—SAFTA—Mechanism|116
3|5.1 Formation of SAARC|117
3|5.2 Formation of SAPTA|118
3|5.3 Formation of SAFTA|119
3|5.4 Working of SAFTA|119
4|5.4.1 Trade Liberalization Program|120
4|5.4.2 Rules of Origin|120
4|5.4.3 Non-Tariff Barriers Comprises of|120
4|5.4.4 Institutional Arrangements|120
4|5.4.5 Consultations and Dispute Settlement Procedures|121
4|5.4.6 Safeguard Measures|121
3|5.5 Shortcomings of SAFTA|121
2|6 Conclusion and Suggestions|122
2|References|124
1|6 The Conundrums of Trade Barriers in Preferential Trading: Prospects from SAARC|126
2|1 Introduction|126
2|2 Perspective on Trade and Liberalization|127
3|2.1 Free Trade and Tariffs Interconnection|127
3|2.2 Preferential Trade Agreements and Trade Liberalization|129
2|3 SAARC’s Path to Increasing Trade and Reducing Barriers|130
3|3.1 SAARC’s Institutional Mechanisms on Trade Liberalization and Cooperation in Trade|130
4|3.1.1 South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA)|130
4|3.1.2 Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)|131
4|3.1.3 SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS)|132
3|3.2 Challenges in South Asian Regional Integration|134
2|4 A South Asian Case of Ambitious PTAs?|136
3|4.1 Discourses on “Regional” Global Governance and Reduction of Trade Barriers|136
4|4.1.1 Global Trade Governance—Elements and Factors to Consider|136
4|4.1.2 Furthering Global Trade Governance Through PTAs|138
3|4.2 SAARC’s Milestones and Challenges in Expanding Trade Through PTA and Liberalization|141
3|4.3 Future Path of SAARC’s Trade Liberalization with Respect to Global Trends|144
2|5 Conclusion|147
2|References|148
1|7 A Legal Analysis of Linking Human Right Approach to Access to Water and Sharing of Trans-Boundary Rivers in South Asia|151
2|1 Introduction|151
2|2 The Human Right to Water|152
2|3 Water as Public Trust|159
2|4 Sharing of Trans-Boundary Water Sources in South Asia from a Human Right Perspective|162
2|5 Conclusion|168
2|References|169
1|8 UNCLOS Dispute Settlement System and India|174
2|1 Introduction|174
2|2 Background and Forums of Dispute Settlement under the UNCLOS|175
2|3 Analysis of Advantages and Disadvantages of Forums Prescribed under the UNCLOS and State Practice|178
3|3.1 Option 1: Arbitration Under Annex. VII|178
3|3.2 Option 2: The International Court of Justice|185
3|3.3 Option 3: The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)|187
3|3.4 Option 4: Special Arbitration Under Annex. VIII|189
2|4 Maritime Delimitation|190
3|4.1 UNCLOS and Continental Shelf|192
3|4.2 India and the Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf|193
3|4.3 Conciliation Commission Under Annex. V of the UNCLOS and Overlapping Continental Shelf|194
3|4.4 Maritime Delimitation and Choice of Forums: India|194
2|5 Declarations of States Parties Relating to Settlement of Disputes in Accordance with Article 298 (Optional Exceptions to the Applicability of Part XV, Section II of the Convention)|199
3|5.1 State Practice|199
4|5.1.1 Baselines and Delimitation|207
2|6 Conclusion|207
2|References|210
1|9 Accountability for Conflict-Era Human Rights Violations in Nepal: An Appraisal of Strategic Human Rights Litigation|212
2|1 Context and Background|212
2|2 Commitments for Accountability|214
3|2.1 Comprehensive Peace Accord|214
3|2.2 Interim Constitution|214
3|2.3 Prevailing Constitution|215
3|2.4 International Human Rights Law (IHRL)|216
3|2.5 International Humanitarian Law (IHL)|216
3|2.6 Duty to Investigate and Prosecute Serious Crimes|217
3|2.7 Interface of National and International Law|217
3|2.8 Scope of the Strategic Litigation|218
2|3 Review of the Supreme Court Jurisprudence Established Through Strategic Litigation|219
3|3.1 Preventing Arbitrary Withdrawal of Criminal Prosecutions|219
3|3.2 Securing Criminalization of Serious Human Rights Violation Including Disappearance and Torture|221
3|3.3 Ordering the Government to Make Arrangement for Interim Relief and Reparations for the Victims|222
3|3.4 Holding Government of Nepal Accountable to Develop a System of Vetting|224
3|3.5 Outlawing Amnesty for Serious Crimes|225
3|3.6 Recognizing the Complementary Between Criminal Justice System and Transitional Justice Mechanisms|227
3|3.7 Holding Government Accountable for Investigation and Prosecution of Violations|228
3|3.8 Promoting Independence and Impartiality of Transitional Justice Mechanisms|229
2|4 Concluding Observations|230
2|References|233
1|10 Contribution to Peace and Security in the World: Sri Lankan Perspective|235
2|1 Introduction|235
2|2 Peace and Security Versus Terrorism: Theoretical Definitions Under International Treaty Law|236
3|2.1 Peace|236
3|2.2 Security|236
3|2.3 Terrorism|237
2|3 Sri Lanka as Member State to International Treaty Law on Peace, Security and Counterterrorism|239
2|4 National Laws for Peace, Security and Counterterrorism|240
3|4.1 The Public Security Ordinance No. 25 of 1947|241
3|4.2 Emergency Regulations|243
3|4.3 Prevention of Terrorism Act No. 48 of 1979|247
2|5 Conclusion|249
2|References|249
1|11 International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) (Bangladesh): The Issues of Fairness and Transparency|251
2|1 Introduction|251
2|2 Historical Overview|252
3|2.1 Emergence of Bangladesh|253
4|2.1.1 Would There Be Any Trials? Who Would Be Tried?|255
2|3 War Crimes Tribunal: Issues of Fairness and Transparency|257
3|3.1 The Controversies, Elaborated|260
2|4 Trial Under the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunal) Order 1972|262
2|5 Trials Under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973|264
3|5.1 Controversies with Regard to Trial Process Under ICT Act 1973|270
3|5.2 Future of the ICT Bangladesh|275
2|6 Conclusion|278
2|References|279
1|12 Rules of State Responsibility: A South Asian Perspective|283
2|1 Introduction|283
2|2 Responsibility Defined in International Law|284
2|3 Codification of the Rules|285
3|3.1 Draft Articles on State Responsibility|286
3|3.2 Framework of the Draft Articles|286
3|3.3 Scope of ‘Internationally Wrongful Acts’|287
2|4 Theory of Attribution/Imputation|287
3|4.1 Notion of ‘Imputation’|288
3|4.2 The Territorial Test|288
3|4.3 Private Individual’s Responsibility Distinguished from Liability|289
3|4.4 Concept of Injury|290
3|4.5 Availability of ‘Defences’|290
2|5 Resulting Consequences of Breach|290
3|5.1 Form of Reparations|291
2|6 Analysis of Important Judgements (ICJ)|291
3|6.1 Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. the USA) 2003|291
3|6.2 The Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. the USA) 1985|293
3|6.3 The Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company Limited Case (1970)|294
2|7 Position of South Asian States|295
2|8 Latest Debate|298
2|9 Conclusion|299
2|References|301
1|13 International Criminal Court: Baby Steps in South Asia|303
2|1 Introduction|303
2|2 States Parties to the Rome Statute|304
2|3 Assembly of States Parties|305
3|3.1 Subject-Matter Jurisdiction of the Court|305
3|3.2 Territorial, Personal, and Temporal Jurisdiction|311
2|4 Rule on Individual Criminal Responsibility|312
2|5 The Concept of Complementarity|313
2|6 Trigger Mechanisms|314
2|7 Position of South Asian Countries|315
2|8 Major Situations Referred to the ICC|320
2|9 Conclusion|323
2|References|323
1|14 Privileges and Immunities of Diplomats and Consuls: South Asian Perspective|326
2|1 Evolution of Diplomatic and Consular Immunity in South Asia|326
2|2 Modern Theories on Diplomatic Immunity and Codification of Law|330
2|3 Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities|332
2|4 Position of South Asian States on VCDR|334
2|5 Law on Consular Relations|335
2|6 Internationally Protected Persons|338
2|7 Cases|338
2|8 Conclusion|344
2|References|345
1|15 Changing Horizons of Modern Weaponry in South Asia: A Legal Survey|347
2|1 Introduction|347
2|2 Historical Legal Background|348
3|2.1 General Principles of International Humanitarian Law|348
4|2.1.1 Distinction|349
4|2.1.2 Proportionality|349
4|2.1.3 Unnecessary Suffering|349
4|2.1.4 Military Necessity|350
2|3 Review Mechanism Established under Treaties and Conventions|350
3|3.1 What Must Be Reviewed?|351
3|3.2 Types of Weapons Subject to Review|351
4|3.2.1 Conventional Weapons|352
4|3.2.2 Fragmentation Weapons|352
4|3.2.3 Antipersonnel Mines|352
4|3.2.4 Booby Traps|353
4|3.2.5 Incendiaries|354
4|3.2.6 Blinding Laser Weapons|354
4|3.2.7 Explosive Remnants of War|355
4|3.2.8 Cluster Munitions|356
4|3.2.9 Small Arms Projectiles|357
4|3.2.10 Ballistic Missiles|359
4|3.2.11 Chemical Weapons|360
4|3.2.12 Biological Weapons|361
2|4 Nuclear Weapons|362
2|5 Modern Technology|363
3|5.1 Autonomous Weapon Systems|363
3|5.2 Drones or UAVs|364
2|6 Weapons Race Between India and Pakistan|366
3|6.1 Challenge of Keeping Weapons Out of the Reach of Terrorists|366
2|7 Conclusion|368
2|References|369
1|Foreword II|6
1|Acknowledgements|14
1|Contents|16
1|Editors and Contributors|18
1|Abbreviations|20
1|1 Changing Horizons of International Law: A South Asian Perspective|22
2|1 Introduction|22
2|2 Rationale|24
2|3 Objectives of the Book|27
2|4 The Contributors’ Perspectives and Topics|28
2|References|34
1|2 UN Security Council: South Asian Perspective and Challenges Ahead|35
2|1 Introduction|35
2|2 Veto Power and Permanent Membership: Need for Reforms|36
2|3 Security Council and Peacekeeping|41
3|3.1 Principles of UN Peacekeeping|45
4|3.1.1 Consent of the Parties|45
4|3.1.2 Impartiality|45
4|3.1.3 Non-use of Force Except in Self-defence and Defence of the Mandate|46
3|3.2 Financing Peacekeeping|46
3|3.3 Views on Security Council Peacekeeping Operations|46
2|4 Security Council and Management of Interstate Conflicts in South Asia|47
3|4.1 Kashmir Dispute|47
3|4.2 Indo-Pak War 1965|49
3|4.3 Pakistan’s Intrusion in Kargil Area of Kashmir (April–May 1999)|49
3|4.4 Terrorists Attack on Indian Parliament (13 December 2001)|49
3|4.5 Mumbai Attack, 2008|50
3|4.6 Uri Attack, 2016|50
3|4.7 Liberation of Bangladesh|51
3|4.8 Afghanistan Issue and Security Council|52
3|4.9 Role in Sri Lanka|52
2|5 Conclusion|54
2|References|54
1|3 Socio-Economic Rights in South Asia|57
2|1 Introduction|57
2|2 Implementation Mechanism of Social and Economic Rights in International Arena|58
3|2.1 International Labour Organization|59
3|2.2 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|59
2|3 India’s Position|61
3|3.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of India|61
3|3.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in India|63
3|3.3 Submission Under ICESCR|64
3|3.4 National Human Rights Commission, India|65
2|4 Bhutan’s Position|65
3|4.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Bhutan|66
3|4.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Bhutan|67
3|4.3 Submission Under ICESCR|68
3|4.4 Human Rights Committee, Bhutan|68
2|5 Sri Lanka’s Position|68
3|5.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Sri Lanka|69
3|5.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Sri Lanka|69
3|5.3 Submission Under ICESCR|70
3|5.4 National Human Rights Commission, Sri Lanka|70
2|6 Nepal’s Position|71
3|6.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Nepal|71
3|6.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Nepal|72
3|6.3 Submission Under ICESCR|73
3|6.4 National Human Rights Commission of Nepal|74
2|7 Bangladesh’s Position|75
3|7.1 Socio-Economic Rights in the Constitution of Bangladesh|76
3|7.2 Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights in Bangladesh|76
3|7.3 Submission Under ICESCR|77
3|7.4 National Human Rights Commission, Bangladesh|77
2|8 Conclusion|78
2|References|78
1|4 Indigenous People in South Asia and International Law|80
2|1 Introduction|80
2|2 Indigenous People: Meaning and Definitional Debates|81
2|3 Indigenous People and International Law|84
2|4 Situation of Indigenous Peoples in South Asia|86
3|4.1 Afghanistan|87
3|4.2 Bangladesh|88
3|4.3 Nepal|90
3|4.4 Pakistan|91
3|4.5 India|93
3|4.6 Sri Lanka|97
2|5 Conclusion|98
2|References|100
1|5 Regional Trade in South Asia: An International Legal Analysis|103
2|1 Introduction|103
2|2 Regional Trade Agreements Across the Globe|105
2|3 Role of RTAs in the Multilateral Trading System|106
3|3.1 RTAs as Stumbling Blocks|106
4|3.1.1 RTA Violation of MFN|107
4|3.1.2 Domination of Smaller Nations by Bigger Partners|107
4|3.1.3 Indirect Impact on Multilateral Negotiations|107
4|3.1.4 Formation of Trade Blocs|108
4|3.1.5 Diversion of Attention and Energy from Multilateral Trade|108
4|3.1.6 Bhagwati’s Exceptions|109
3|3.2 RTAs as Helping the Multilateral Trade Regime|109
4|3.2.1 The View Taken by Lary Summers|110
4|3.2.2 Baldwin’s Juggernaut Theory|110
4|3.2.3 Exceptions to the Baldwin Juggernaut Theory|112
4|3.2.4 Other Proponents of This School|112
2|4 Overview of Regional Trade Agreements Entered into by India|113
2|5 Understanding the South Asia Free Trade Agreement—SAFTA—Mechanism|116
3|5.1 Formation of SAARC|117
3|5.2 Formation of SAPTA|118
3|5.3 Formation of SAFTA|119
3|5.4 Working of SAFTA|119
4|5.4.1 Trade Liberalization Program|120
4|5.4.2 Rules of Origin|120
4|5.4.3 Non-Tariff Barriers Comprises of|120
4|5.4.4 Institutional Arrangements|120
4|5.4.5 Consultations and Dispute Settlement Procedures|121
4|5.4.6 Safeguard Measures|121
3|5.5 Shortcomings of SAFTA|121
2|6 Conclusion and Suggestions|122
2|References|124
1|6 The Conundrums of Trade Barriers in Preferential Trading: Prospects from SAARC|126
2|1 Introduction|126
2|2 Perspective on Trade and Liberalization|127
3|2.1 Free Trade and Tariffs Interconnection|127
3|2.2 Preferential Trade Agreements and Trade Liberalization|129
2|3 SAARC’s Path to Increasing Trade and Reducing Barriers|130
3|3.1 SAARC’s Institutional Mechanisms on Trade Liberalization and Cooperation in Trade|130
4|3.1.1 South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA)|130
4|3.1.2 Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)|131
4|3.1.3 SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS)|132
3|3.2 Challenges in South Asian Regional Integration|134
2|4 A South Asian Case of Ambitious PTAs?|136
3|4.1 Discourses on “Regional” Global Governance and Reduction of Trade Barriers|136
4|4.1.1 Global Trade Governance—Elements and Factors to Consider|136
4|4.1.2 Furthering Global Trade Governance Through PTAs|138
3|4.2 SAARC’s Milestones and Challenges in Expanding Trade Through PTA and Liberalization|141
3|4.3 Future Path of SAARC’s Trade Liberalization with Respect to Global Trends|144
2|5 Conclusion|147
2|References|148
1|7 A Legal Analysis of Linking Human Right Approach to Access to Water and Sharing of Trans-Boundary Rivers in South Asia|151
2|1 Introduction|151
2|2 The Human Right to Water|152
2|3 Water as Public Trust|159
2|4 Sharing of Trans-Boundary Water Sources in South Asia from a Human Right Perspective|162
2|5 Conclusion|168
2|References|169
1|8 UNCLOS Dispute Settlement System and India|174
2|1 Introduction|174
2|2 Background and Forums of Dispute Settlement under the UNCLOS|175
2|3 Analysis of Advantages and Disadvantages of Forums Prescribed under the UNCLOS and State Practice|178
3|3.1 Option 1: Arbitration Under Annex. VII|178
3|3.2 Option 2: The International Court of Justice|185
3|3.3 Option 3: The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)|187
3|3.4 Option 4: Special Arbitration Under Annex. VIII|189
2|4 Maritime Delimitation|190
3|4.1 UNCLOS and Continental Shelf|192
3|4.2 India and the Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf|193
3|4.3 Conciliation Commission Under Annex. V of the UNCLOS and Overlapping Continental Shelf|194
3|4.4 Maritime Delimitation and Choice of Forums: India|194
2|5 Declarations of States Parties Relating to Settlement of Disputes in Accordance with Article 298 (Optional Exceptions to the Applicability of Part XV, Section II of the Convention)|199
3|5.1 State Practice|199
4|5.1.1 Baselines and Delimitation|207
2|6 Conclusion|207
2|References|210
1|9 Accountability for Conflict-Era Human Rights Violations in Nepal: An Appraisal of Strategic Human Rights Litigation|212
2|1 Context and Background|212
2|2 Commitments for Accountability|214
3|2.1 Comprehensive Peace Accord|214
3|2.2 Interim Constitution|214
3|2.3 Prevailing Constitution|215
3|2.4 International Human Rights Law (IHRL)|216
3|2.5 International Humanitarian Law (IHL)|216
3|2.6 Duty to Investigate and Prosecute Serious Crimes|217
3|2.7 Interface of National and International Law|217
3|2.8 Scope of the Strategic Litigation|218
2|3 Review of the Supreme Court Jurisprudence Established Through Strategic Litigation|219
3|3.1 Preventing Arbitrary Withdrawal of Criminal Prosecutions|219
3|3.2 Securing Criminalization of Serious Human Rights Violation Including Disappearance and Torture|221
3|3.3 Ordering the Government to Make Arrangement for Interim Relief and Reparations for the Victims|222
3|3.4 Holding Government of Nepal Accountable to Develop a System of Vetting|224
3|3.5 Outlawing Amnesty for Serious Crimes|225
3|3.6 Recognizing the Complementary Between Criminal Justice System and Transitional Justice Mechanisms|227
3|3.7 Holding Government Accountable for Investigation and Prosecution of Violations|228
3|3.8 Promoting Independence and Impartiality of Transitional Justice Mechanisms|229
2|4 Concluding Observations|230
2|References|233
1|10 Contribution to Peace and Security in the World: Sri Lankan Perspective|235
2|1 Introduction|235
2|2 Peace and Security Versus Terrorism: Theoretical Definitions Under International Treaty Law|236
3|2.1 Peace|236
3|2.2 Security|236
3|2.3 Terrorism|237
2|3 Sri Lanka as Member State to International Treaty Law on Peace, Security and Counterterrorism|239
2|4 National Laws for Peace, Security and Counterterrorism|240
3|4.1 The Public Security Ordinance No. 25 of 1947|241
3|4.2 Emergency Regulations|243
3|4.3 Prevention of Terrorism Act No. 48 of 1979|247
2|5 Conclusion|249
2|References|249
1|11 International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) (Bangladesh): The Issues of Fairness and Transparency|251
2|1 Introduction|251
2|2 Historical Overview|252
3|2.1 Emergence of Bangladesh|253
4|2.1.1 Would There Be Any Trials? Who Would Be Tried?|255
2|3 War Crimes Tribunal: Issues of Fairness and Transparency|257
3|3.1 The Controversies, Elaborated|260
2|4 Trial Under the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunal) Order 1972|262
2|5 Trials Under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973|264
3|5.1 Controversies with Regard to Trial Process Under ICT Act 1973|270
3|5.2 Future of the ICT Bangladesh|275
2|6 Conclusion|278
2|References|279
1|12 Rules of State Responsibility: A South Asian Perspective|283
2|1 Introduction|283
2|2 Responsibility Defined in International Law|284
2|3 Codification of the Rules|285
3|3.1 Draft Articles on State Responsibility|286
3|3.2 Framework of the Draft Articles|286
3|3.3 Scope of ‘Internationally Wrongful Acts’|287
2|4 Theory of Attribution/Imputation|287
3|4.1 Notion of ‘Imputation’|288
3|4.2 The Territorial Test|288
3|4.3 Private Individual’s Responsibility Distinguished from Liability|289
3|4.4 Concept of Injury|290
3|4.5 Availability of ‘Defences’|290
2|5 Resulting Consequences of Breach|290
3|5.1 Form of Reparations|291
2|6 Analysis of Important Judgements (ICJ)|291
3|6.1 Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. the USA) 2003|291
3|6.2 The Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. the USA) 1985|293
3|6.3 The Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company Limited Case (1970)|294
2|7 Position of South Asian States|295
2|8 Latest Debate|298
2|9 Conclusion|299
2|References|301
1|13 International Criminal Court: Baby Steps in South Asia|303
2|1 Introduction|303
2|2 States Parties to the Rome Statute|304
2|3 Assembly of States Parties|305
3|3.1 Subject-Matter Jurisdiction of the Court|305
3|3.2 Territorial, Personal, and Temporal Jurisdiction|311
2|4 Rule on Individual Criminal Responsibility|312
2|5 The Concept of Complementarity|313
2|6 Trigger Mechanisms|314
2|7 Position of South Asian Countries|315
2|8 Major Situations Referred to the ICC|320
2|9 Conclusion|323
2|References|323
1|14 Privileges and Immunities of Diplomats and Consuls: South Asian Perspective|326
2|1 Evolution of Diplomatic and Consular Immunity in South Asia|326
2|2 Modern Theories on Diplomatic Immunity and Codification of Law|330
2|3 Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities|332
2|4 Position of South Asian States on VCDR|334
2|5 Law on Consular Relations|335
2|6 Internationally Protected Persons|338
2|7 Cases|338
2|8 Conclusion|344
2|References|345
1|15 Changing Horizons of Modern Weaponry in South Asia: A Legal Survey|347
2|1 Introduction|347
2|2 Historical Legal Background|348
3|2.1 General Principles of International Humanitarian Law|348
4|2.1.1 Distinction|349
4|2.1.2 Proportionality|349
4|2.1.3 Unnecessary Suffering|349
4|2.1.4 Military Necessity|350
2|3 Review Mechanism Established under Treaties and Conventions|350
3|3.1 What Must Be Reviewed?|351
3|3.2 Types of Weapons Subject to Review|351
4|3.2.1 Conventional Weapons|352
4|3.2.2 Fragmentation Weapons|352
4|3.2.3 Antipersonnel Mines|352
4|3.2.4 Booby Traps|353
4|3.2.5 Incendiaries|354
4|3.2.6 Blinding Laser Weapons|354
4|3.2.7 Explosive Remnants of War|355
4|3.2.8 Cluster Munitions|356
4|3.2.9 Small Arms Projectiles|357
4|3.2.10 Ballistic Missiles|359
4|3.2.11 Chemical Weapons|360
4|3.2.12 Biological Weapons|361
2|4 Nuclear Weapons|362
2|5 Modern Technology|363
3|5.1 Autonomous Weapon Systems|363
3|5.2 Drones or UAVs|364
2|6 Weapons Race Between India and Pakistan|366
3|6.1 Challenge of Keeping Weapons Out of the Reach of Terrorists|366
2|7 Conclusion|368
2|References|369