File #2411: "2018_Book_CourtInterpretersAndFairTrials.pdf"
Testo
1|Dedication|5
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|9
1|1: Introduction|14
2|1 An Unchallenged Assumption|14
2|2 Objectives of the Book|15
2|3 Structure of the Study|17
2|4 Conclusion|18
2|Bibliography|19
1|2: The Right to an Interpreter|21
2|1 Introduction|21
2|2 The Source of a Right to an Interpreter Under International Law|22
2|3 The Purpose of the Right to an Interpreter|23
2|4 The Appointment of a Court Interpreter|26
3|4.1 Identity of Legitimate Claimants|26
3|4.2 The Timing of the Appointment|28
3|4.3 Language Competence|29
2|5 The Competence of the Interpreter|32
3|5.1 Defining the “Competence” of a Court Interpreter|33
3|5.2 The Difficulties in Enforcing Competency Standards|36
2|6 Practical Considerations|37
3|6.1 Multiple Interpreters|37
3|6.2 The Extent of the Interpretation|40
3|6.3 Translation|41
3|6.4 A “Free” Interpreter|44
2|7 Appellate Oversight of the Right to a Court Interpreter|45
3|7.1 Allegedly Inadequate Interpretation|46
3|7.2 Failure to Appoint a Court Interpreter|47
3|7.3 Practical Considerations in the Appellate Sphere|51
3|7.4 The End Outcome|54
2|8 Conclusion|54
2|Bibliography|56
3|Other Documents|61
3|List of Cases|62
1|3: Courtroom Interpreting|64
2|1 Introduction|64
2|2 General Overview of Courtroom Interpreting|66
3|2.1 Introduction|66
3|2.2 The Different Interpreting Techniques Used in the Courtroom|67
4|2.2.1 Simultaneous Interpreting|67
4|2.2.2 Consecutive Interpreting|68
4|2.2.3 Sight Translation|69
4|2.2.4 Summarization|70
3|2.3 How the Different Techniques Are Used in the Courtroom|70
4|2.3.1 Overview|70
4|2.3.2 Witness Interpreter|71
4|2.3.3 Proceedings Interpreter|72
4|2.3.4 Defense Interpreter|73
4|2.3.5 Document Interpreter|74
4|2.3.6 Conclusion|74
3|2.4 Basic Expectations of the Court Interpreter|75
4|2.4.1 Introduction|75
4|2.4.2 The Role of the Courtroom Interpreter and the Scope of Her Activities|76
5|The Invisible Machine|76
5|The Advocate|78
5|Facilitator of Communication|79
5|Language Barrier Remover|80
4|2.4.3 The Level of Accuracy Required: “True” Interpretation|82
5|The Verbatim Requirement|82
5|The Impossibility of the Standard|83
5|Pragmatic Meaning as a Substitute|84
4|2.4.4 The Ethical Standards Applicable to Court Interpreters|85
2|3 A Theoretical Overview of Courtroom Interpreting: The Effort Model|87
3|3.1 Introduction|87
3|3.2 Cognitive Capacity and the Tightrope Theory|88
3|3.3 The Efforts|90
4|3.3.1 The Listening and Analysis Effort (‘L’)|90
4|3.3.2 The Production Effort (‘P’)|91
4|3.3.3 The Memory Effort (‘M’)|93
4|3.3.4 The Note-Taking Effort (‘N’)|93
4|3.3.5 Other Efforts|94
3|3.4 The Effort Models of Interpreting|95
4|3.4.1 Introduction|95
4|3.4.2 Simultaneous Interpreting|95
4|3.4.3 Consecutive Interpreting|96
5|The Comprehension Phase|97
5|The Reformulation Phase|98
4|3.4.4 Sight Translation|99
4|3.4.5 Conclusion|99
3|3.5 Improving or Managing Cognitive Capacity|100
4|3.5.1 Introduction|100
4|3.5.2 Improving Efficiency|101
4|3.5.3 Coping Strategies|103
4|3.5.4 Conclusion|108
2|4 Conclusion|109
2|Bibliography|110
1|4: The Right to a Fair Trial|114
2|1 Introduction|114
2|2 General Overview of the Right to a Fair Trial Under International Law|116
2|3 Analysis of the Individual Rights|119
3|3.1 Equality Before the Court (Article 14 [1])|119
4|3.1.1 Equal Access to the Courts|119
4|3.1.2 Equality of Arms|120
4|3.1.3 The Relationship Between Interpreters and Equality Before the Courts|121
3|3.2 Right to Adversarial Proceedings (Article 14 [1])|123
4|3.2.1 Defining the Right to Adversarial Proceedings|123
4|3.2.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Adversarial Proceedings|124
3|3.3 Right to an Oral Hearing (Article 14 Generally)|125
4|3.3.1 Defining the Right to an Oral Hearing|125
4|3.3.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to an Oral Hearing|126
3|3.4 Right to Be Informed of the Charge (Article 14 [3] [a])|127
4|3.4.1 Defining the Right to Be Informed of the Charge|127
5|Timing|127
5|Substance|128
5|Form|128
4|3.4.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Be Informed of the Charge|129
3|3.5 Right to Adequate Time and Facilities to Prepare a Defense (Article 14 [3] [b])|129
4|3.5.1 Defining the Right to Adequate Time and Facilities to Prepare a Defense|129
5|Adequate Time|130
5|Adequate Facilities|131
4|3.5.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Have Adequate Time and Facilities|133
3|3.6 Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay (Article 14 [3] [c])|134
4|3.6.1 Defining the Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay|134
5|Applicability|135
5|The Factors Concerning “Undue Delay”|137
4|3.6.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay|141
3|3.7 Right to Be Present at Trial (Article 14 [3] [d])|142
4|3.7.1 Defining the Right to Be Present at Trial|142
4|3.7.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Be Present at Trial|143
3|3.8 Right to Counsel (Article 14 [3] [d])|144
4|3.8.1 Defining the Right to Counsel|144
5|Applicability|145
5|Choice of Counsel and the Right to Defend Oneself|146
5|The Right to Communicate with Counsel|147
5|Effectiveness and Competence of Counsel|148
4|3.8.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Counsel|149
3|3.9 Right to Examine Witnesses (Article 14 [3] [e])|150
4|3.9.1 Defining the Right to Examine Witnesses|150
5|The Right to Call Witnesses|151
5|The Right to Confront Witnesses|152
5|The Right to Access Related Evidence|154
4|3.9.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Examine Witnesses|155
3|3.10 Right to Appeal (Article 14 [5])|156
4|3.10.1 Defining the Right to Appeal|156
5|Nature of the Tribunal|157
5|Extent of the Review|157
5|Effective Access to an Appeal|158
4|3.10.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Appeal|158
3|3.11 Right to Overall Fairness in the Proceedings (Article 14 Generally)|160
4|3.11.1 Defining the Right to Overall Fairness in the Proceedings|160
4|3.11.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Overall Fairness|161
2|4 Conclusion|162
2|Bibliography|164
3|Other Documents|165
3|List of Cases|166
1|5: Interpreter Error and Its Implications|170
2|1 Introduction|170
2|2 Interpreter-Based Problems|171
3|2.1 Introduction|171
3|2.2 Pragmatic Versus Verbatim Debate from the Legal Perspective|172
4|2.2.1 Introduction|172
4|2.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Each Standard|172
4|2.2.3 Possible Alternatives|176
4|2.2.4 Conclusion|177
3|2.3 Stepping Outside the Neutral Role|178
4|2.3.1 Introduction|178
4|2.3.2 Adaptation|178
5|Simplification and Explanation|179
5|Elevation and Style Correction|181
5|Implications of Adaptation|182
4|2.3.3 Other Breaches of Interpreter Role|186
5|Editing Content|186
5|Assisting the Court|187
5|Implications of Other Violations|188
4|2.3.4 Conclusion|190
3|2.4 Issues of Control|191
4|2.4.1 Overview of the Issue|191
4|2.4.2 Implications of Issues of Control|192
3|2.5 Coping Strategies|195
4|2.5.1 Strategies for Simultaneous Interpretation|196
4|2.5.2 Strategies for Both Forms of Interpretation|197
4|2.5.3 Implications of Coping Strategies|199
3|2.6 Conclusion|201
2|3 Language-Based Problems|201
3|3.1 Introduction|201
3|3.2 Content Problems|202
4|3.2.1 Introduction|202
4|3.2.2 The Nature and Difficulty of Courtroom Language|202
5|Legal Language|203
5|Jargon, Argot and Slang|204
5|Geographical Variations and Dialects|205
5|Implications of the Nature and Difficulty of Language|206
4|3.2.3 Lack of Equivalents|208
5|Introduction|208
5|Linguistic Equivalence|208
5|Legal Equivalence|210
5|False Friends|211
5|Non-literal Language|212
5|Implications of the Lack of Equivalents|214
5|Conclusion|216
4|3.2.4 Other Content Issues|218
5|Simple Interpreting Error|218
5|Omissions of Content|219
5|Additions of Content|221
5|Structural Issues|222
5|Implications of These Other Issues|223
4|3.2.5 Conclusion as to Content Problems|225
3|3.3 Style Problems|226
4|3.3.1 Introduction|226
4|3.3.2 General Issues of Style|227
5|The Overall Concept of Speech Style|227
5|Implications of General Style Issues|229
4|3.3.3 Register|230
5|The Concept of Register|230
5|The Implications of Register|231
4|3.3.4 Active and Passive Voices|232
5|The Concept of Active and Passive|232
5|The Implications of the Active and Passive Voices|233
4|3.3.5 Question Forms|234
5|The Concept of Question Forms|234
5|The Implications of Question Form|236
4|3.3.6 Politeness|238
5|The Concept of Politeness|238
5|The Implications of Politeness|239
4|3.3.7 Discourse Markers|241
5|The Concept of Discourse Markers|241
5|The Implications of Discourse Markers|242
4|3.3.8 Hesitations, Hedges, and Fillers|243
5|The Concept of Hedges and Fillers|243
5|The Implications of Hesitations, Hedges and Fillers|245
4|3.3.9 Non-verbal Elements of Communication|247
5|The Concept of Non-verbal Communication|247
5|The Implications of Non-verbal Communication|248
4|3.3.10 Conclusion as to Style Problems|250
3|3.4 Conclusion|251
2|Bibliography|252
3|List of Cases|256
1|6: Systemic Issues|257
2|1 Introduction|257
2|2 Fatigue|257
3|2.1 Overview|257
3|2.2 Implications of Fatigue|259
2|3 Lack of Preparation Time and Documents|259
3|3.1 Overview|259
3|3.2 Implications of the Lack of Preparation Time and Documents|260
2|4 Poor Working Conditions|262
3|4.1 Overview|262
3|4.2 Implications of Poor Working Conditions|264
2|5 The Overall Level of Court Interpreters|265
3|5.1 Introduction|265
3|5.2 The Reality of the Interpreting Market|267
3|5.3 Implications of the Overall Level of Court Interpreters|271
3|5.4 Conclusion|273
2|6 Lack of Impartiality|274
3|6.1 Overview|274
3|6.2 Actual and Perceived Bias|274
3|6.3 Implications of Actual and Perceived Bias|276
2|7 Conclusion|278
2|Bibliography|279
1|7: Analysis|285
2|1 Introduction|285
2|2 Rights Related to the Production of Evidence|286
3|2.1 Introduction|286
3|2.2 The Common Occurrence of Interpreter Error|286
3|2.3 The Legal Implications of Interpreter Error on the Production of Evidence|290
3|2.4 Conclusion|294
2|3 Rights Related to the Understanding of Evidence|294
3|3.1 Introduction|294
3|3.2 The Common Occurrence of Interpreter Error|295
3|3.3 The Legal Implications of Interpreter Error on the Understanding of Evidence|296
3|3.4 Conclusion|298
2|4 Rights Unrelated to Evidence|299
3|4.1 Introduction|299
3|4.2 Equality Before the Court|299
3|4.3 Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay|302
3|4.4 Right to Counsel|304
3|4.5 Right to an Interpreter|306
3|4.6 Right to Appeal|307
3|4.7 Conclusion|309
2|5 Conclusion and Reflections on Overall Fairness|309
3|5.1 The Individual Fair Trial Rights|309
3|5.2 The Right to Overall Fairness|312
3|5.3 Conclusion|313
2|Bibliography|314
3|Other Documents|316
3|List of Cases|316
1|8: Conclusions and Proposals|318
2|1 Introduction|318
2|2 Better Informed Courtroom Actors|320
3|2.1 Overview|320
3|2.2 Better Working Conditions|320
3|2.3 Reduction in Problematic Actions|321
3|2.4 Revised Judicial Control Over Problematic Actions|321
3|2.5 Combating Fatigue|323
3|2.6 Better Appointment Procedures|324
3|2.7 Conclusion|324
2|3 Better Court Interpreters|324
3|3.1 Increased Quantity and Quality of Court Interpreter Training|325
3|3.2 Increase in the Remuneration of Court Interpreters|326
3|3.3 Mandatory Certification Standards|328
3|3.4 Remote Video Interpreting|329
3|3.5 Conclusion|331
2|4 Better Oversight|332
3|4.1 Team Interpreting|332
3|4.2 Foreign Language Record|333
3|4.3 Conclusion|335
2|5 Final Thoughts|335
2|Bibliography|337
3|Other Documents|340
1|Index|341
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|9
1|1: Introduction|14
2|1 An Unchallenged Assumption|14
2|2 Objectives of the Book|15
2|3 Structure of the Study|17
2|4 Conclusion|18
2|Bibliography|19
1|2: The Right to an Interpreter|21
2|1 Introduction|21
2|2 The Source of a Right to an Interpreter Under International Law|22
2|3 The Purpose of the Right to an Interpreter|23
2|4 The Appointment of a Court Interpreter|26
3|4.1 Identity of Legitimate Claimants|26
3|4.2 The Timing of the Appointment|28
3|4.3 Language Competence|29
2|5 The Competence of the Interpreter|32
3|5.1 Defining the “Competence” of a Court Interpreter|33
3|5.2 The Difficulties in Enforcing Competency Standards|36
2|6 Practical Considerations|37
3|6.1 Multiple Interpreters|37
3|6.2 The Extent of the Interpretation|40
3|6.3 Translation|41
3|6.4 A “Free” Interpreter|44
2|7 Appellate Oversight of the Right to a Court Interpreter|45
3|7.1 Allegedly Inadequate Interpretation|46
3|7.2 Failure to Appoint a Court Interpreter|47
3|7.3 Practical Considerations in the Appellate Sphere|51
3|7.4 The End Outcome|54
2|8 Conclusion|54
2|Bibliography|56
3|Other Documents|61
3|List of Cases|62
1|3: Courtroom Interpreting|64
2|1 Introduction|64
2|2 General Overview of Courtroom Interpreting|66
3|2.1 Introduction|66
3|2.2 The Different Interpreting Techniques Used in the Courtroom|67
4|2.2.1 Simultaneous Interpreting|67
4|2.2.2 Consecutive Interpreting|68
4|2.2.3 Sight Translation|69
4|2.2.4 Summarization|70
3|2.3 How the Different Techniques Are Used in the Courtroom|70
4|2.3.1 Overview|70
4|2.3.2 Witness Interpreter|71
4|2.3.3 Proceedings Interpreter|72
4|2.3.4 Defense Interpreter|73
4|2.3.5 Document Interpreter|74
4|2.3.6 Conclusion|74
3|2.4 Basic Expectations of the Court Interpreter|75
4|2.4.1 Introduction|75
4|2.4.2 The Role of the Courtroom Interpreter and the Scope of Her Activities|76
5|The Invisible Machine|76
5|The Advocate|78
5|Facilitator of Communication|79
5|Language Barrier Remover|80
4|2.4.3 The Level of Accuracy Required: “True” Interpretation|82
5|The Verbatim Requirement|82
5|The Impossibility of the Standard|83
5|Pragmatic Meaning as a Substitute|84
4|2.4.4 The Ethical Standards Applicable to Court Interpreters|85
2|3 A Theoretical Overview of Courtroom Interpreting: The Effort Model|87
3|3.1 Introduction|87
3|3.2 Cognitive Capacity and the Tightrope Theory|88
3|3.3 The Efforts|90
4|3.3.1 The Listening and Analysis Effort (‘L’)|90
4|3.3.2 The Production Effort (‘P’)|91
4|3.3.3 The Memory Effort (‘M’)|93
4|3.3.4 The Note-Taking Effort (‘N’)|93
4|3.3.5 Other Efforts|94
3|3.4 The Effort Models of Interpreting|95
4|3.4.1 Introduction|95
4|3.4.2 Simultaneous Interpreting|95
4|3.4.3 Consecutive Interpreting|96
5|The Comprehension Phase|97
5|The Reformulation Phase|98
4|3.4.4 Sight Translation|99
4|3.4.5 Conclusion|99
3|3.5 Improving or Managing Cognitive Capacity|100
4|3.5.1 Introduction|100
4|3.5.2 Improving Efficiency|101
4|3.5.3 Coping Strategies|103
4|3.5.4 Conclusion|108
2|4 Conclusion|109
2|Bibliography|110
1|4: The Right to a Fair Trial|114
2|1 Introduction|114
2|2 General Overview of the Right to a Fair Trial Under International Law|116
2|3 Analysis of the Individual Rights|119
3|3.1 Equality Before the Court (Article 14 [1])|119
4|3.1.1 Equal Access to the Courts|119
4|3.1.2 Equality of Arms|120
4|3.1.3 The Relationship Between Interpreters and Equality Before the Courts|121
3|3.2 Right to Adversarial Proceedings (Article 14 [1])|123
4|3.2.1 Defining the Right to Adversarial Proceedings|123
4|3.2.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Adversarial Proceedings|124
3|3.3 Right to an Oral Hearing (Article 14 Generally)|125
4|3.3.1 Defining the Right to an Oral Hearing|125
4|3.3.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to an Oral Hearing|126
3|3.4 Right to Be Informed of the Charge (Article 14 [3] [a])|127
4|3.4.1 Defining the Right to Be Informed of the Charge|127
5|Timing|127
5|Substance|128
5|Form|128
4|3.4.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Be Informed of the Charge|129
3|3.5 Right to Adequate Time and Facilities to Prepare a Defense (Article 14 [3] [b])|129
4|3.5.1 Defining the Right to Adequate Time and Facilities to Prepare a Defense|129
5|Adequate Time|130
5|Adequate Facilities|131
4|3.5.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Have Adequate Time and Facilities|133
3|3.6 Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay (Article 14 [3] [c])|134
4|3.6.1 Defining the Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay|134
5|Applicability|135
5|The Factors Concerning “Undue Delay”|137
4|3.6.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay|141
3|3.7 Right to Be Present at Trial (Article 14 [3] [d])|142
4|3.7.1 Defining the Right to Be Present at Trial|142
4|3.7.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Be Present at Trial|143
3|3.8 Right to Counsel (Article 14 [3] [d])|144
4|3.8.1 Defining the Right to Counsel|144
5|Applicability|145
5|Choice of Counsel and the Right to Defend Oneself|146
5|The Right to Communicate with Counsel|147
5|Effectiveness and Competence of Counsel|148
4|3.8.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Counsel|149
3|3.9 Right to Examine Witnesses (Article 14 [3] [e])|150
4|3.9.1 Defining the Right to Examine Witnesses|150
5|The Right to Call Witnesses|151
5|The Right to Confront Witnesses|152
5|The Right to Access Related Evidence|154
4|3.9.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Examine Witnesses|155
3|3.10 Right to Appeal (Article 14 [5])|156
4|3.10.1 Defining the Right to Appeal|156
5|Nature of the Tribunal|157
5|Extent of the Review|157
5|Effective Access to an Appeal|158
4|3.10.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Appeal|158
3|3.11 Right to Overall Fairness in the Proceedings (Article 14 Generally)|160
4|3.11.1 Defining the Right to Overall Fairness in the Proceedings|160
4|3.11.2 The Relationship Between Interpreters and the Right to Overall Fairness|161
2|4 Conclusion|162
2|Bibliography|164
3|Other Documents|165
3|List of Cases|166
1|5: Interpreter Error and Its Implications|170
2|1 Introduction|170
2|2 Interpreter-Based Problems|171
3|2.1 Introduction|171
3|2.2 Pragmatic Versus Verbatim Debate from the Legal Perspective|172
4|2.2.1 Introduction|172
4|2.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Each Standard|172
4|2.2.3 Possible Alternatives|176
4|2.2.4 Conclusion|177
3|2.3 Stepping Outside the Neutral Role|178
4|2.3.1 Introduction|178
4|2.3.2 Adaptation|178
5|Simplification and Explanation|179
5|Elevation and Style Correction|181
5|Implications of Adaptation|182
4|2.3.3 Other Breaches of Interpreter Role|186
5|Editing Content|186
5|Assisting the Court|187
5|Implications of Other Violations|188
4|2.3.4 Conclusion|190
3|2.4 Issues of Control|191
4|2.4.1 Overview of the Issue|191
4|2.4.2 Implications of Issues of Control|192
3|2.5 Coping Strategies|195
4|2.5.1 Strategies for Simultaneous Interpretation|196
4|2.5.2 Strategies for Both Forms of Interpretation|197
4|2.5.3 Implications of Coping Strategies|199
3|2.6 Conclusion|201
2|3 Language-Based Problems|201
3|3.1 Introduction|201
3|3.2 Content Problems|202
4|3.2.1 Introduction|202
4|3.2.2 The Nature and Difficulty of Courtroom Language|202
5|Legal Language|203
5|Jargon, Argot and Slang|204
5|Geographical Variations and Dialects|205
5|Implications of the Nature and Difficulty of Language|206
4|3.2.3 Lack of Equivalents|208
5|Introduction|208
5|Linguistic Equivalence|208
5|Legal Equivalence|210
5|False Friends|211
5|Non-literal Language|212
5|Implications of the Lack of Equivalents|214
5|Conclusion|216
4|3.2.4 Other Content Issues|218
5|Simple Interpreting Error|218
5|Omissions of Content|219
5|Additions of Content|221
5|Structural Issues|222
5|Implications of These Other Issues|223
4|3.2.5 Conclusion as to Content Problems|225
3|3.3 Style Problems|226
4|3.3.1 Introduction|226
4|3.3.2 General Issues of Style|227
5|The Overall Concept of Speech Style|227
5|Implications of General Style Issues|229
4|3.3.3 Register|230
5|The Concept of Register|230
5|The Implications of Register|231
4|3.3.4 Active and Passive Voices|232
5|The Concept of Active and Passive|232
5|The Implications of the Active and Passive Voices|233
4|3.3.5 Question Forms|234
5|The Concept of Question Forms|234
5|The Implications of Question Form|236
4|3.3.6 Politeness|238
5|The Concept of Politeness|238
5|The Implications of Politeness|239
4|3.3.7 Discourse Markers|241
5|The Concept of Discourse Markers|241
5|The Implications of Discourse Markers|242
4|3.3.8 Hesitations, Hedges, and Fillers|243
5|The Concept of Hedges and Fillers|243
5|The Implications of Hesitations, Hedges and Fillers|245
4|3.3.9 Non-verbal Elements of Communication|247
5|The Concept of Non-verbal Communication|247
5|The Implications of Non-verbal Communication|248
4|3.3.10 Conclusion as to Style Problems|250
3|3.4 Conclusion|251
2|Bibliography|252
3|List of Cases|256
1|6: Systemic Issues|257
2|1 Introduction|257
2|2 Fatigue|257
3|2.1 Overview|257
3|2.2 Implications of Fatigue|259
2|3 Lack of Preparation Time and Documents|259
3|3.1 Overview|259
3|3.2 Implications of the Lack of Preparation Time and Documents|260
2|4 Poor Working Conditions|262
3|4.1 Overview|262
3|4.2 Implications of Poor Working Conditions|264
2|5 The Overall Level of Court Interpreters|265
3|5.1 Introduction|265
3|5.2 The Reality of the Interpreting Market|267
3|5.3 Implications of the Overall Level of Court Interpreters|271
3|5.4 Conclusion|273
2|6 Lack of Impartiality|274
3|6.1 Overview|274
3|6.2 Actual and Perceived Bias|274
3|6.3 Implications of Actual and Perceived Bias|276
2|7 Conclusion|278
2|Bibliography|279
1|7: Analysis|285
2|1 Introduction|285
2|2 Rights Related to the Production of Evidence|286
3|2.1 Introduction|286
3|2.2 The Common Occurrence of Interpreter Error|286
3|2.3 The Legal Implications of Interpreter Error on the Production of Evidence|290
3|2.4 Conclusion|294
2|3 Rights Related to the Understanding of Evidence|294
3|3.1 Introduction|294
3|3.2 The Common Occurrence of Interpreter Error|295
3|3.3 The Legal Implications of Interpreter Error on the Understanding of Evidence|296
3|3.4 Conclusion|298
2|4 Rights Unrelated to Evidence|299
3|4.1 Introduction|299
3|4.2 Equality Before the Court|299
3|4.3 Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay|302
3|4.4 Right to Counsel|304
3|4.5 Right to an Interpreter|306
3|4.6 Right to Appeal|307
3|4.7 Conclusion|309
2|5 Conclusion and Reflections on Overall Fairness|309
3|5.1 The Individual Fair Trial Rights|309
3|5.2 The Right to Overall Fairness|312
3|5.3 Conclusion|313
2|Bibliography|314
3|Other Documents|316
3|List of Cases|316
1|8: Conclusions and Proposals|318
2|1 Introduction|318
2|2 Better Informed Courtroom Actors|320
3|2.1 Overview|320
3|2.2 Better Working Conditions|320
3|2.3 Reduction in Problematic Actions|321
3|2.4 Revised Judicial Control Over Problematic Actions|321
3|2.5 Combating Fatigue|323
3|2.6 Better Appointment Procedures|324
3|2.7 Conclusion|324
2|3 Better Court Interpreters|324
3|3.1 Increased Quantity and Quality of Court Interpreter Training|325
3|3.2 Increase in the Remuneration of Court Interpreters|326
3|3.3 Mandatory Certification Standards|328
3|3.4 Remote Video Interpreting|329
3|3.5 Conclusion|331
2|4 Better Oversight|332
3|4.1 Team Interpreting|332
3|4.2 Foreign Language Record|333
3|4.3 Conclusion|335
2|5 Final Thoughts|335
2|Bibliography|337
3|Other Documents|340
1|Index|341