File #2472: "2018_Book_HistoricAchievementOfACommonSt.pdf"
Testo
1|Foreword I|5
2|References|13
1|Foreword II|5
2|References|20
1|Preface|21
1|Acknowledgements|27
2|References|40
1|Contents|41
1|Abbreviations|48
1|Abstract|50
1|1 Introduction|54
2|1.1 Research Background|56
3|1.1.1 Pengchun Chang and His Colleagues|56
3|1.1.2 The Existing Research on P. C. Chang|62
2|1.2 Research Design|64
3|1.2.1 Research Question|64
3|1.2.2 Research Data|64
3|1.2.3 Research Methods|65
2|1.3 Significance of the Research|66
2|References|69
1|2 P. C. Chang as a World-Known Human Rights Activist|71
2|2.1 Social Origin and Educational Background|72
3|2.1.1 Social Origin: Family Background of P. C. Chang|72
3|2.1.2 Educational Background in Both Eastern and Western Cultures|73
2|2.2 Rich Experiences Honing P. C. Chang’s Talents|74
3|2.2.1 Teaching Experience as an Educator|74
3|2.2.2 Language Talents as an Artist|74
3|2.2.3 Outstanding Expertise as a Diplomat|76
2|2.3 P. C. Chang’s Works and Philosophy|79
3|2.3.1 Major Works as a Distinguished Scholar|79
3|2.3.2 A Pluralist as a Philosopher|80
2|2.4 A Giant in the Realm of Human Rights|81
3|2.4.1 From an Educator to a Diplomat|81
3|2.4.2 Drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|83
2|2.5 Concluding Remarks|86
2|References|87
1|3 The Relevant Literature on P. C. Chang by Scholars and Others|88
2|3.1 Studies by Chinese Scholars|89
3|3.1.1 Canghai Tian (1989)|90
3|3.1.2 Jianping Lu et al. (2003)|90
3|3.1.3 Jie Hou and Fang Qin (2004)|92
3|3.1.4 Chengwei Ju (2011, 2016)|93
3|3.1.5 Guoyu Hua (2014, 2015, 2016)|94
2|3.2 Studies by European Scholars|95
3|3.2.1 Studies by Nordic Scholars (1999)|95
3|3.2.2 The Study by Pierre-Étienne Will, a French Scholar (2007)|99
3|3.2.3 The Study by Frédéric Krumbein, a German Scholar (2015)|102
2|3.3 Studies by Scholars of the United States|104
3|3.3.1 The Study by Johannes Morsink at Drew University (1984, 2009)|104
3|3.3.2 The Study by Mary Glendon at Harvard University (2001)|107
3|3.3.3 The Study of Sumner Twiss at Florida State University (2007, 2009)|122
3|3.3.4 The Study of Lydia H. Liu at Columbia University (2014, 2016)|126
2|3.4 Comments Given by Other Major Drafters of the UDHR|132
3|3.4.1 P. C. Chang and Eleanor Roosevelt|133
3|3.4.2 P. C. Chang and Charles Malik|136
3|3.4.3 P. C. Chang and John Humphrey|140
2|3.5 Evaluation Given by the US Department of State (2008)|145
2|References|150
1|4 P. C. Chang’s Major English Works, Lectures, and Speeches|153
2|4.1 Education for Modernization in China (1923)|154
2|4.2 China at the Crossroads (1936)|161
3|4.2.1 Confucian Thoughts as Main Chinese Cultural Achievements|162
3|4.2.2 Influence of Chinese Philosophical Thought on Western Philosophers|164
3|4.2.3 Description of Civil Service Examinations|166
3|4.2.4 Other Scholars’ Comments|166
2|4.3 Two Lectures in Baghdad (1942)|168
3|4.3.1 Cultural Development of China|168
3|4.3.2 An Address to the Students of Baghdad|171
2|4.4 Three Speeches at the Economic and Social Council (1946)|173
3|4.4.1 A New Loyalty|174
3|4.4.2 War Against Microbes|175
3|4.4.3 World Significance of Economically “Low-Pressure” Areas|176
2|4.5 Associating P. C. Chang’s Ideas with His Social Practice|179
3|4.5.1 P. C. Chang Deserved to Be an Educator|180
3|4.5.2 P. C. Chang Deserved to Be a Philosopher|182
3|4.5.3 P. C. Chang Deserved to Be a Diplomat|183
2|References|184
1|5 Drafting Process of the UDHR with Non-Western Influence|187
2|5.1 Historical Background of the UDHR|187
3|5.1.1 Human Rights Disasters in the World Wars|188
3|5.1.2 Initial Motion and Legal Basis|190
2|5.2 Practical Drafting Process of the UDHR|194
3|5.2.1 Submission of the Initial International Bill of Rights|194
3|5.2.2 Establishment of the Commission on Human Rights|195
3|5.2.3 First Session of the Commission on Human Rights and First Session of the Drafting Committee|197
3|5.2.4 Second Session of the Commission on Human Rights and Second Session of the Drafting Committee|200
3|5.2.5 Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights and Seventh Session of Economic and Social Council|201
3|5.2.6 Consideration by the General Assembly at Its Third Session|203
3|5.2.7 Plenary Meetings of the General Assembly|206
2|5.3 Member States’ Attitudes Toward the Draft UDHR|209
3|5.3.1 Members’ Views in General Debate of the Third Committee|209
3|5.3.2 Member States’ Views at the Plenary Meetings of the General Assembly|212
3|5.3.3 Canada’s Change from Abstention to Voting in Favor|216
2|5.4 Influence on the UDHR by Non-Western Traditional Cultures|218
3|5.4.1 Universal Concept of Human Rights and Humanitarian Philosophy of Latin Americans|219
3|5.4.2 Human Rights Concepts with the Soviet Union as the Representative of the Socialist Countries|221
3|5.4.3 Confucianism and Human Rights Concepts in Traditional Chinese Culture|222
3|5.4.4 Cultural Traditions and Human Rights Concepts in Islamic Countries|225
3|5.4.5 Investigation on Human Rights Concepts by the UNESCO|226
2|References|228
1|6 P. C. Chang’s Main Ideas in Drafting the UDHR|230
2|6.1 First Session of the Commission on Human Rights|232
3|6.1.1 Elected as Vice Chairman of the UNCHR|232
3|6.1.2 Putting Forward the Work Schedule as Well as Working Procedures|233
3|6.1.3 Proposing Human Rights Principles and Emphasizing Human Dignity|234
3|6.1.4 Participating in the Drafting Work as a Main Drafter|235
3|6.1.5 P. C. Chang’s Advocacy of Competitive Examinations|236
3|6.1.6 Making Proposals Quick-Wittedly|237
2|6.2 First Session of the Drafting Committee|238
3|6.2.1 Clarifying Working Agenda and Emphasizing the Innovation of the Document|238
3|6.2.2 Proposing Article-by-Article Discussions and Clearly Defining the Nature of the Document|240
3|6.2.3 Promoting the Drafting Work by Scientific Arrangements of Working Groups|242
3|6.2.4 Highly Praising Confucianism and Including It in the Drafting Process|243
3|6.2.5 Insisting on the Principle of Briefness and Limiting the Number of Articles|245
3|6.2.6 Clarifying the Goal of the Bill and Thinking Highly of the Role of Education|248
3|6.2.7 Presenting Sufficient Proposals for the Wording Improvement of the Document|250
3|6.2.8 Evaluating China’s Contributions and Coordinating the Chinese Delegation|255
2|6.3 Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights|256
3|6.3.1 Submitting the Chinese Version of the Declaration and Adding Chinese Amendment|256
3|6.3.2 Advocating Brevity and Easiness and Emphasizing the Function of Education|258
3|6.3.3 Confirming the Principle of Non-discrimination and Dominating the Discussions|260
3|6.3.4 Confirming Innocent Presumption and No Arbitrary Interference of Freedom|262
3|6.3.5 Making Clear the Right to Seeking Asylum and Promoting to Reach a Consensus|263
3|6.3.6 Insisting on Freedom of Thought, Religion, and Belief by Cooperating with Other Delegates|265
3|6.3.7 Thinking Highly of the Will of the People and Emphasizing Freedom of Thoughts and Expressions|267
3|6.3.8 Emphasizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Contributing a Lot to the Right to Education|269
3|6.3.9 Explaining the Importance of the Preamble and Proposing Suggestions for Improvement|274
3|6.3.10 Revising the Wording and Order and Explaining the Human Rights Protection System|276
2|6.4 Meetings Held by the Third Committee of the General Assembly|282
3|6.4.1 Promoting the Achievement of the Goal by Active Proposals and Coordination|283
3|6.4.2 Emphasizing China’s Influence on the West and the Value of Ethics and Morality|284
3|6.4.3 Explaining the Philosophical Foundation to Achieve a Common Standard|285
3|6.4.4 Clarifying Basic Principles of Human Rights and Analyzing the Logic Structure of the UDHR|288
3|6.4.5 Using Chinese Proverbs Flexibly, Mediating Disputes and Resolving Conflicts Happily|290
3|6.4.6 Stating Chinese Concepts of Human Rights and Emphasizing Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion|294
3|6.4.7 Discussing Freedom of Assembly and Association and Revising the Right to Public Service|295
3|6.4.8 Emphasizing the Right to a Standard of Living and Providing Chinese Amendment|298
3|6.4.9 Thinking Highly of the Right to Rest and Leisure and Emphasizing Practical Enjoyment of Cultural Right|301
3|6.4.10 Explaining the Right to Education in Detail and Proposing a General Order of the UDHR|305
2|6.5 The 182nd Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly|308
3|6.5.1 P. C. Chang’s Final Statement|308
3|6.5.2 Contemporary Significance|310
2|References|311
1|7 P. C. Chang’s Outstanding Contributions to the UDHR|313
2|7.1 Introduction|313
2|7.2 Defining the Legal Status of the UDHR and Integrating Confucianism|315
3|7.2.1 Putting Forth the Overall Drafting Plan and Defining the Legal Status of the UDHR Accurately|315
3|7.2.2 Adherence to Traditional Chinese Culture and Successful Integration of Confucianism|317
2|7.3 Resolving Disputes and Conflicts with Chinese Wisdom|320
3|7.3.1 Insisting on the Universality of Human Rights and Solving the Disputes About the Origin of Human Rights|321
3|7.3.2 Creatively Breaking Deadlocks and Resolving Conflicts with Extraordinary Wisdom|322
2|7.4 Dominating the Right to Speak and Illustrating Chinese Human Rights Concepts|324
3|7.4.1 Dominating the Right to Speak in the Drafting Process with Profound Knowledge|324
3|7.4.2 Thinking from a Philosophical Perspective and Expounding Chinese Views on Human Rights to the World|327
2|7.5 Advocating Simplicity and Highlighting the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|329
3|7.5.1 Advocating the Principle to Be Brief and Readily Understandable with Rigorous Structure|330
3|7.5.2 Emphasizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Proposing the Concept of Mutual Tolerance and Harmonious Society|333
2|7.6 Concluding Remarks|336
2|References|337
1|8 P. C. Chang’s Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|339
2|8.1 Introduction to Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|339
2|8.2 Theoretical Foundation of Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|340
3|8.2.1 The Influence of Confucianism and Traditional Chinese Culture|341
3|8.2.2 Impact of John Dewey’s Philosophy of Pragmatism|346
3|8.2.3 Views on Islamic Culture and the Western Philosophy|348
2|8.3 Rich Connotation of Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|350
3|8.3.1 Adhering to the People-Oriented Principle and Carrying Forward the Spirit of Humanism|351
3|8.3.2 Praising Traditional Chinese Culture and Advocating Chinese Civilization and Wisdom|353
3|8.3.3 Upholding the Confucian Philosophy and Abandoning the Western Centralism|355
3|8.3.4 Restricting “Reason” by “Conscience” and Basing on the Principle of Equality and Freedom|358
3|8.3.5 Advocating the Universality of Human Rights and Respecting for Pluralism|359
3|8.3.6 Emphasizing Reciprocal Equivalence of Rights and Obligations and Paying Attention to Collective Human Rights|361
3|8.3.7 Insisting on the Philosophy of Pragmatism and Paying Attention to the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|363
3|8.3.8 Proposing the Implementation of Human Rights Education, and Promoting National Human Rights Protection|365
2|8.4 Contemporary Evaluation of Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|367
2|References|372
1|9 Specific Content and Legal Status of the UDHR|374
2|9.1 Specific Content of the Preamble of the UDHR|374
3|9.1.1 Formulating Causes and Tenets of the UDHR|374
3|9.1.2 Specific Requirements of the UDHR|379
2|9.2 Substantive Content of Thirty Articles of the UDHR|380
3|9.2.1 Philosophical Bases of Human Rights for the UDHR|381
3|9.2.2 General Principles of Human Rights in the UDHR|384
3|9.2.3 Rights System of the UDHR|386
2|9.3 Legal Status of the UDHR|393
3|9.3.1 An Authoritative Interpretation for Human Rights Clauses in the UN Charter|393
3|9.3.2 An Important Part of the Customary International Law|395
3|9.3.3 A Common Standard of Achievement for All Peoples and All Nations|397
3|9.3.4 An Important Basis for International Human Rights Legislation|399
3|9.3.5 A Moral Regulation of Conduct for the States and Individuals|400
2|9.4 Contemporary Evaluation of the Rights System of the UDHR|402
2|References|404
1|Appendix A: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|406
1|Appendix B: P. C. Chang’s English Lectures, Speeches and Articles|412
2|Part I. P. C. Chang’s Two Lectures in Baghdad|412
2|Part II. P. C. Chang’s Three Speeches at the Economic and Social Council|426
2|Part III. P. C. Chang’s Two Articles Published in England in 1939.|432
1|Appendix C: P. C. Chang Introduced by Different Media|457
1|Appendix D: Further Reading|464
1|Appendix E: Scholars’ Comments|470
1|Appendix F: About the Author|479
1|Index|484
2|References|13
1|Foreword II|5
2|References|20
1|Preface|21
1|Acknowledgements|27
2|References|40
1|Contents|41
1|Abbreviations|48
1|Abstract|50
1|1 Introduction|54
2|1.1 Research Background|56
3|1.1.1 Pengchun Chang and His Colleagues|56
3|1.1.2 The Existing Research on P. C. Chang|62
2|1.2 Research Design|64
3|1.2.1 Research Question|64
3|1.2.2 Research Data|64
3|1.2.3 Research Methods|65
2|1.3 Significance of the Research|66
2|References|69
1|2 P. C. Chang as a World-Known Human Rights Activist|71
2|2.1 Social Origin and Educational Background|72
3|2.1.1 Social Origin: Family Background of P. C. Chang|72
3|2.1.2 Educational Background in Both Eastern and Western Cultures|73
2|2.2 Rich Experiences Honing P. C. Chang’s Talents|74
3|2.2.1 Teaching Experience as an Educator|74
3|2.2.2 Language Talents as an Artist|74
3|2.2.3 Outstanding Expertise as a Diplomat|76
2|2.3 P. C. Chang’s Works and Philosophy|79
3|2.3.1 Major Works as a Distinguished Scholar|79
3|2.3.2 A Pluralist as a Philosopher|80
2|2.4 A Giant in the Realm of Human Rights|81
3|2.4.1 From an Educator to a Diplomat|81
3|2.4.2 Drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|83
2|2.5 Concluding Remarks|86
2|References|87
1|3 The Relevant Literature on P. C. Chang by Scholars and Others|88
2|3.1 Studies by Chinese Scholars|89
3|3.1.1 Canghai Tian (1989)|90
3|3.1.2 Jianping Lu et al. (2003)|90
3|3.1.3 Jie Hou and Fang Qin (2004)|92
3|3.1.4 Chengwei Ju (2011, 2016)|93
3|3.1.5 Guoyu Hua (2014, 2015, 2016)|94
2|3.2 Studies by European Scholars|95
3|3.2.1 Studies by Nordic Scholars (1999)|95
3|3.2.2 The Study by Pierre-Étienne Will, a French Scholar (2007)|99
3|3.2.3 The Study by Frédéric Krumbein, a German Scholar (2015)|102
2|3.3 Studies by Scholars of the United States|104
3|3.3.1 The Study by Johannes Morsink at Drew University (1984, 2009)|104
3|3.3.2 The Study by Mary Glendon at Harvard University (2001)|107
3|3.3.3 The Study of Sumner Twiss at Florida State University (2007, 2009)|122
3|3.3.4 The Study of Lydia H. Liu at Columbia University (2014, 2016)|126
2|3.4 Comments Given by Other Major Drafters of the UDHR|132
3|3.4.1 P. C. Chang and Eleanor Roosevelt|133
3|3.4.2 P. C. Chang and Charles Malik|136
3|3.4.3 P. C. Chang and John Humphrey|140
2|3.5 Evaluation Given by the US Department of State (2008)|145
2|References|150
1|4 P. C. Chang’s Major English Works, Lectures, and Speeches|153
2|4.1 Education for Modernization in China (1923)|154
2|4.2 China at the Crossroads (1936)|161
3|4.2.1 Confucian Thoughts as Main Chinese Cultural Achievements|162
3|4.2.2 Influence of Chinese Philosophical Thought on Western Philosophers|164
3|4.2.3 Description of Civil Service Examinations|166
3|4.2.4 Other Scholars’ Comments|166
2|4.3 Two Lectures in Baghdad (1942)|168
3|4.3.1 Cultural Development of China|168
3|4.3.2 An Address to the Students of Baghdad|171
2|4.4 Three Speeches at the Economic and Social Council (1946)|173
3|4.4.1 A New Loyalty|174
3|4.4.2 War Against Microbes|175
3|4.4.3 World Significance of Economically “Low-Pressure” Areas|176
2|4.5 Associating P. C. Chang’s Ideas with His Social Practice|179
3|4.5.1 P. C. Chang Deserved to Be an Educator|180
3|4.5.2 P. C. Chang Deserved to Be a Philosopher|182
3|4.5.3 P. C. Chang Deserved to Be a Diplomat|183
2|References|184
1|5 Drafting Process of the UDHR with Non-Western Influence|187
2|5.1 Historical Background of the UDHR|187
3|5.1.1 Human Rights Disasters in the World Wars|188
3|5.1.2 Initial Motion and Legal Basis|190
2|5.2 Practical Drafting Process of the UDHR|194
3|5.2.1 Submission of the Initial International Bill of Rights|194
3|5.2.2 Establishment of the Commission on Human Rights|195
3|5.2.3 First Session of the Commission on Human Rights and First Session of the Drafting Committee|197
3|5.2.4 Second Session of the Commission on Human Rights and Second Session of the Drafting Committee|200
3|5.2.5 Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights and Seventh Session of Economic and Social Council|201
3|5.2.6 Consideration by the General Assembly at Its Third Session|203
3|5.2.7 Plenary Meetings of the General Assembly|206
2|5.3 Member States’ Attitudes Toward the Draft UDHR|209
3|5.3.1 Members’ Views in General Debate of the Third Committee|209
3|5.3.2 Member States’ Views at the Plenary Meetings of the General Assembly|212
3|5.3.3 Canada’s Change from Abstention to Voting in Favor|216
2|5.4 Influence on the UDHR by Non-Western Traditional Cultures|218
3|5.4.1 Universal Concept of Human Rights and Humanitarian Philosophy of Latin Americans|219
3|5.4.2 Human Rights Concepts with the Soviet Union as the Representative of the Socialist Countries|221
3|5.4.3 Confucianism and Human Rights Concepts in Traditional Chinese Culture|222
3|5.4.4 Cultural Traditions and Human Rights Concepts in Islamic Countries|225
3|5.4.5 Investigation on Human Rights Concepts by the UNESCO|226
2|References|228
1|6 P. C. Chang’s Main Ideas in Drafting the UDHR|230
2|6.1 First Session of the Commission on Human Rights|232
3|6.1.1 Elected as Vice Chairman of the UNCHR|232
3|6.1.2 Putting Forward the Work Schedule as Well as Working Procedures|233
3|6.1.3 Proposing Human Rights Principles and Emphasizing Human Dignity|234
3|6.1.4 Participating in the Drafting Work as a Main Drafter|235
3|6.1.5 P. C. Chang’s Advocacy of Competitive Examinations|236
3|6.1.6 Making Proposals Quick-Wittedly|237
2|6.2 First Session of the Drafting Committee|238
3|6.2.1 Clarifying Working Agenda and Emphasizing the Innovation of the Document|238
3|6.2.2 Proposing Article-by-Article Discussions and Clearly Defining the Nature of the Document|240
3|6.2.3 Promoting the Drafting Work by Scientific Arrangements of Working Groups|242
3|6.2.4 Highly Praising Confucianism and Including It in the Drafting Process|243
3|6.2.5 Insisting on the Principle of Briefness and Limiting the Number of Articles|245
3|6.2.6 Clarifying the Goal of the Bill and Thinking Highly of the Role of Education|248
3|6.2.7 Presenting Sufficient Proposals for the Wording Improvement of the Document|250
3|6.2.8 Evaluating China’s Contributions and Coordinating the Chinese Delegation|255
2|6.3 Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights|256
3|6.3.1 Submitting the Chinese Version of the Declaration and Adding Chinese Amendment|256
3|6.3.2 Advocating Brevity and Easiness and Emphasizing the Function of Education|258
3|6.3.3 Confirming the Principle of Non-discrimination and Dominating the Discussions|260
3|6.3.4 Confirming Innocent Presumption and No Arbitrary Interference of Freedom|262
3|6.3.5 Making Clear the Right to Seeking Asylum and Promoting to Reach a Consensus|263
3|6.3.6 Insisting on Freedom of Thought, Religion, and Belief by Cooperating with Other Delegates|265
3|6.3.7 Thinking Highly of the Will of the People and Emphasizing Freedom of Thoughts and Expressions|267
3|6.3.8 Emphasizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Contributing a Lot to the Right to Education|269
3|6.3.9 Explaining the Importance of the Preamble and Proposing Suggestions for Improvement|274
3|6.3.10 Revising the Wording and Order and Explaining the Human Rights Protection System|276
2|6.4 Meetings Held by the Third Committee of the General Assembly|282
3|6.4.1 Promoting the Achievement of the Goal by Active Proposals and Coordination|283
3|6.4.2 Emphasizing China’s Influence on the West and the Value of Ethics and Morality|284
3|6.4.3 Explaining the Philosophical Foundation to Achieve a Common Standard|285
3|6.4.4 Clarifying Basic Principles of Human Rights and Analyzing the Logic Structure of the UDHR|288
3|6.4.5 Using Chinese Proverbs Flexibly, Mediating Disputes and Resolving Conflicts Happily|290
3|6.4.6 Stating Chinese Concepts of Human Rights and Emphasizing Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion|294
3|6.4.7 Discussing Freedom of Assembly and Association and Revising the Right to Public Service|295
3|6.4.8 Emphasizing the Right to a Standard of Living and Providing Chinese Amendment|298
3|6.4.9 Thinking Highly of the Right to Rest and Leisure and Emphasizing Practical Enjoyment of Cultural Right|301
3|6.4.10 Explaining the Right to Education in Detail and Proposing a General Order of the UDHR|305
2|6.5 The 182nd Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly|308
3|6.5.1 P. C. Chang’s Final Statement|308
3|6.5.2 Contemporary Significance|310
2|References|311
1|7 P. C. Chang’s Outstanding Contributions to the UDHR|313
2|7.1 Introduction|313
2|7.2 Defining the Legal Status of the UDHR and Integrating Confucianism|315
3|7.2.1 Putting Forth the Overall Drafting Plan and Defining the Legal Status of the UDHR Accurately|315
3|7.2.2 Adherence to Traditional Chinese Culture and Successful Integration of Confucianism|317
2|7.3 Resolving Disputes and Conflicts with Chinese Wisdom|320
3|7.3.1 Insisting on the Universality of Human Rights and Solving the Disputes About the Origin of Human Rights|321
3|7.3.2 Creatively Breaking Deadlocks and Resolving Conflicts with Extraordinary Wisdom|322
2|7.4 Dominating the Right to Speak and Illustrating Chinese Human Rights Concepts|324
3|7.4.1 Dominating the Right to Speak in the Drafting Process with Profound Knowledge|324
3|7.4.2 Thinking from a Philosophical Perspective and Expounding Chinese Views on Human Rights to the World|327
2|7.5 Advocating Simplicity and Highlighting the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|329
3|7.5.1 Advocating the Principle to Be Brief and Readily Understandable with Rigorous Structure|330
3|7.5.2 Emphasizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Proposing the Concept of Mutual Tolerance and Harmonious Society|333
2|7.6 Concluding Remarks|336
2|References|337
1|8 P. C. Chang’s Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|339
2|8.1 Introduction to Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|339
2|8.2 Theoretical Foundation of Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|340
3|8.2.1 The Influence of Confucianism and Traditional Chinese Culture|341
3|8.2.2 Impact of John Dewey’s Philosophy of Pragmatism|346
3|8.2.3 Views on Islamic Culture and the Western Philosophy|348
2|8.3 Rich Connotation of Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|350
3|8.3.1 Adhering to the People-Oriented Principle and Carrying Forward the Spirit of Humanism|351
3|8.3.2 Praising Traditional Chinese Culture and Advocating Chinese Civilization and Wisdom|353
3|8.3.3 Upholding the Confucian Philosophy and Abandoning the Western Centralism|355
3|8.3.4 Restricting “Reason” by “Conscience” and Basing on the Principle of Equality and Freedom|358
3|8.3.5 Advocating the Universality of Human Rights and Respecting for Pluralism|359
3|8.3.6 Emphasizing Reciprocal Equivalence of Rights and Obligations and Paying Attention to Collective Human Rights|361
3|8.3.7 Insisting on the Philosophy of Pragmatism and Paying Attention to the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|363
3|8.3.8 Proposing the Implementation of Human Rights Education, and Promoting National Human Rights Protection|365
2|8.4 Contemporary Evaluation of Human Rights Philosophy of Pluralism|367
2|References|372
1|9 Specific Content and Legal Status of the UDHR|374
2|9.1 Specific Content of the Preamble of the UDHR|374
3|9.1.1 Formulating Causes and Tenets of the UDHR|374
3|9.1.2 Specific Requirements of the UDHR|379
2|9.2 Substantive Content of Thirty Articles of the UDHR|380
3|9.2.1 Philosophical Bases of Human Rights for the UDHR|381
3|9.2.2 General Principles of Human Rights in the UDHR|384
3|9.2.3 Rights System of the UDHR|386
2|9.3 Legal Status of the UDHR|393
3|9.3.1 An Authoritative Interpretation for Human Rights Clauses in the UN Charter|393
3|9.3.2 An Important Part of the Customary International Law|395
3|9.3.3 A Common Standard of Achievement for All Peoples and All Nations|397
3|9.3.4 An Important Basis for International Human Rights Legislation|399
3|9.3.5 A Moral Regulation of Conduct for the States and Individuals|400
2|9.4 Contemporary Evaluation of the Rights System of the UDHR|402
2|References|404
1|Appendix A: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|406
1|Appendix B: P. C. Chang’s English Lectures, Speeches and Articles|412
2|Part I. P. C. Chang’s Two Lectures in Baghdad|412
2|Part II. P. C. Chang’s Three Speeches at the Economic and Social Council|426
2|Part III. P. C. Chang’s Two Articles Published in England in 1939.|432
1|Appendix C: P. C. Chang Introduced by Different Media|457
1|Appendix D: Further Reading|464
1|Appendix E: Scholars’ Comments|470
1|Appendix F: About the Author|479
1|Index|484