File #2523: "2018_Book_OutsourcingLegalAidInTheNordic.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|8
1|List of Figures|10
1|List of Tables|11
1|1: Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries|12
2|Nordic Legal Aid Research|14
2|Purpose of the Book|18
2|Outline|19
2|References|21
1|2: Legal Aid in Norway|25
2|Brief Overview and Introduction|25
2|Research on Legal Aid in Norway|26
2|The Public Legal Aid Judicare Scheme|27
3|History|28
3|Eligibility|28
4|Financial Eligibility|29
4|Material Criteria|29
4|Other Criteria|31
3|Grants and Providers of Legal Aid|32
3|Administration of the Legal Aid Scheme for Civil Matters|34
3|Use of Public Legal Aid Schemes|35
4|Use of the Judicare Scheme for Legal Assistance Outside Court|35
4|Use of the Judicare Scheme for Legal Aid in Court Proceedings|36
3|Legal Aid Expenditure|37
4|Expenditure on Legal Assistance Outside Courts|37
4|Legal Representation Under the Judicare Scheme|38
4|Expenditure on Alternative Legal Aid Schemes|39
2|Public Legal Aid Offices|39
2|Legal Expenses Insurance|40
2|Alternative Legal Aid Schemes|41
3|Pro Bono Work|41
3|Student-Run Legal Aid Clinics|42
3|Gatejuristen|44
3|Norwegian Association for Asylum Seekers: NOAS|45
2|Legal Aid Policy and Legal Aid Reform|45
2|Conclusions|46
2|Bibliography|48
1|3: Legal Aid in Sweden|52
2|Introduction|52
2|Historical Background|54
2|Previous Research on Legal Aid in Sweden|56
2|Legal Expenses Insurance|57
2|The Public Legal Aid Scheme|60
3|Entitlement Criteria|60
3|General Restrictions|64
3|Procedural Issues|65
3|Conclusions on Entitlement to Public Legal Aid|67
3|Providers Under the Scheme|68
3|Use of Legal Aid4|69
3|Spending on the Scheme|73
2|Legal Aid Through Trade Unions|74
2|Alternative Legal Aid Initiatives|75
3|Pro Bono Legal Assistance|75
3|Voluntary Student Legal Clinics|76
2|Concluding Discussion|79
2|References|81
1|4: Legal Aid in Finland|86
2|Introduction|86
2|Details and Function of the Finnish Legal Aid System|89
3|Entitlement and Eligibility|89
3|Legal Aid in PLA Offices|92
3|Legal Aid Cases Handled by Private Attorneys|95
3|Expenditure9|97
2|Alternative Legal Aid Initiatives|98
3|Legal Expenses Insurance|98
3|Other Legal Aid Initiatives|99
2|Recent Policy Developments and Strategies for Publicly-funded Legal Aid|100
2|The Debate on the Mixed Legal Aid Model in the Twenty-first Century|101
2|Conclusion|102
2|References|104
1|5: Legal Aid in Denmark|107
2|Introduction and Historical Background|107
2|Legal Aid Research|110
2|Different Legal Aid Schemes2|112
3|Pre-trial Legal Aid|113
3|Legal Aid Providers|114
3|The Use of Pre-trial Legal Aid|117
3|Free Legal Aid (Fri Proces): Legal Aid in Regard to Lawsuits and Legal Proceedings|120
3|The Use of Free Legal Aid in Lawsuits|124
3|The Administration of, and Expenditure on, Legal Aid|124
2|Concluding Remarks|127
2|References|130
1|6: Legal Aid in Iceland|133
2|Introduction|133
2|Historical Background to the Development of the Law on Legal Aid|134
2|The Current Legislation on Legal Aid in Civil Cases and its Administration|136
2|Backlash During the Boom Years|140
2|In the Eye of the Economic Storm|143
2|Legal Aid Applicants and Recipients|145
3|Gender Analysis|147
2|Legal Expenses Insurance|147
2|Access to Free Legal Counselling|148
2|Conclusion|149
2|References|152
1|7: Juss-Buss [Law Bus]: A Student-run Legal Aid Clinic|155
2|Introduction|155
2|Staff, Funding, and Case Types|157
3|Case Types Mirroring Flaws in the Welfare State|158
2|Workplace Organisation and Standardisation of Workflow|161
3|Training|161
3|Translating the Law into Everyday Language|162
3|Referral Service for Clients|163
2|Outreach Initiatives: With the Aim to Empower and Influence the Political Agenda|165
3|‘Troubles-Talks’|166
2|Help to Self-Help|168
2|Legal Policy Work|169
2|Concluding Remarks|170
2|References|171
1|8: Gadejuristen [The Street Lawyers]: Offering Legal Aid to Socially Marginalised People|176
2|Introduction|176
3|The Organisation of Gadejuristen|179
4|Staff, Funding, and Type of Cases|179
4|Gadejuristen Cases|181
3|The Work of Gadejuristen|182
4|Navigating in the Welfare State: Gadejuristen as Mediators|185
4|Working on a Societal Level|190
3|The Street Lawyer Method|192
3|Conclusion|195
2|Bibliography|197
1|9: Ex-prisoners’ Need for Legal Aid in Denmark|199
2|Introduction|199
2|Material and Methods|202
2|Lack of Legal Support for Ex-prisoners|203
2|Ex-prisoners’ Multifaceted Problems|205
3|Need for an Income Combined with Complex Legal and Non-legal Problems Post-prison|206
3|Housing Need Combined with Complex Post-prison Legal and Non-legal Problems|207
3|Debt and Criminal History Challenge Income and Housing|210
2|Intertwined Legal Aid Approach|212
2|Difficulties in Transforming Multifaceted Needs into Legal Issues, and Applying for Help|213
3|Trust and Seeking Comfort Amid Distrust and Discomfort|218
2|New Legal Aid Initiative: Cross-functional Mentors Pre- and Post-release|220
2|Concluding Remarks|223
2|References|225
1|10: Nordic Legal Aid and ‘Access to Justice’ in Human Rights. A European Perspective|232
2|Introduction|232
2|Legal Aid Ideology in the Nordic Schemes|233
2|Nordic Delivery Models|235
2|Main Entitlement Criteria|237
3|Problem Criteria|237
3|Poverty Criteria|239
3|Welfare Ideology Behind the Finnish and Norwegian Schemes|240
2|The European Court of Human Rights’ Case Law on ‘Access to Justice’|243
3|Main Features of the ‘Access to Justice’ Perspective|243
3|The Obligation to Provide Legal Aid|244
3|Comparisons to Nordic Legal Aid|248
2|The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ): A New Instrument for Improving Legal Aid?|252
3|The CoE’s Soft Law on Legal Aid|252
3|The CEPEJ’s Main Challenges Concerning Legal Aid|254
2|What Does the European Judicial Survey Tell Us About the Performance of European Legal Aid?|255
3|The Overall Picture|256
3|Nordic Legal Aid in the European Setting|257
3|The CEPEJ’s Evaluation of European Legal Aid Schemes|259
2|Conclusion|260
2|References|264
3|Legislation and Other Legislative Documents|265
3|Finland:|265
3|Norway:|266
3|Council of Europe/CEPEJ:|266
1|11: Legal Aid and Clinical Legal Education in Europe and the USA: Are They Compatible?|268
2|Introduction|268
2|Definitions: Clinical Legal Education and Legal Aid|269
3|Clinical Education|269
3|Legal Aid and ‘Legal Services’|270
2|Legal Aid and Clinics in the USA: The Reagan Assault on Legal Services|272
3|The Earliest US Clinics: Europe’s Surprising Role|272
3|The Second Wave: Social Activism in the 60s and Beyond|274
3|Crisis: Reagan’s Attacks on Legal Services via Clinics|275
2|Early Legal Clinics in Central Europe: Poland’s Clinical Links to Legal Aid|280
3|Post-Soviet Rapid Expansion of Clinics|280
3|The Polish Case|280
3|The Polish Legal Clinics Foundation (FUPP) as Unifying Influence|281
2|The Aftermath: Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom Throughout Europe and the USA|285
2|References|287
1|12: Juridification, Marginalised Persons and Competence to Mobilise the Law|291
2|Introduction|291
2|The Theory of Juridification and Law-Dissociated Seekers of Justice|293
2|Habermas’ Concept of Juridification and Legal Policy Proposals as Seen by Norwegian Legal Aid Research|299
2|The Development from Weber’s Formal Rationality to the Procedural Rules of the Welfare State and the Consequences for Those Seeking Justice|304
2|Conclusion on Mobilising the Law|309
2|References|311
1|13: Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States|315
2|Introduction|315
2|Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries|317
2|Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries: A Nordic Model?|321
2|Third Sector Initiatives|323
2|Individualisation of Legal Aid|326
2|Conclusion|329
2|References|330
1|Index|333
1|Contents|8
1|List of Figures|10
1|List of Tables|11
1|1: Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries|12
2|Nordic Legal Aid Research|14
2|Purpose of the Book|18
2|Outline|19
2|References|21
1|2: Legal Aid in Norway|25
2|Brief Overview and Introduction|25
2|Research on Legal Aid in Norway|26
2|The Public Legal Aid Judicare Scheme|27
3|History|28
3|Eligibility|28
4|Financial Eligibility|29
4|Material Criteria|29
4|Other Criteria|31
3|Grants and Providers of Legal Aid|32
3|Administration of the Legal Aid Scheme for Civil Matters|34
3|Use of Public Legal Aid Schemes|35
4|Use of the Judicare Scheme for Legal Assistance Outside Court|35
4|Use of the Judicare Scheme for Legal Aid in Court Proceedings|36
3|Legal Aid Expenditure|37
4|Expenditure on Legal Assistance Outside Courts|37
4|Legal Representation Under the Judicare Scheme|38
4|Expenditure on Alternative Legal Aid Schemes|39
2|Public Legal Aid Offices|39
2|Legal Expenses Insurance|40
2|Alternative Legal Aid Schemes|41
3|Pro Bono Work|41
3|Student-Run Legal Aid Clinics|42
3|Gatejuristen|44
3|Norwegian Association for Asylum Seekers: NOAS|45
2|Legal Aid Policy and Legal Aid Reform|45
2|Conclusions|46
2|Bibliography|48
1|3: Legal Aid in Sweden|52
2|Introduction|52
2|Historical Background|54
2|Previous Research on Legal Aid in Sweden|56
2|Legal Expenses Insurance|57
2|The Public Legal Aid Scheme|60
3|Entitlement Criteria|60
3|General Restrictions|64
3|Procedural Issues|65
3|Conclusions on Entitlement to Public Legal Aid|67
3|Providers Under the Scheme|68
3|Use of Legal Aid4|69
3|Spending on the Scheme|73
2|Legal Aid Through Trade Unions|74
2|Alternative Legal Aid Initiatives|75
3|Pro Bono Legal Assistance|75
3|Voluntary Student Legal Clinics|76
2|Concluding Discussion|79
2|References|81
1|4: Legal Aid in Finland|86
2|Introduction|86
2|Details and Function of the Finnish Legal Aid System|89
3|Entitlement and Eligibility|89
3|Legal Aid in PLA Offices|92
3|Legal Aid Cases Handled by Private Attorneys|95
3|Expenditure9|97
2|Alternative Legal Aid Initiatives|98
3|Legal Expenses Insurance|98
3|Other Legal Aid Initiatives|99
2|Recent Policy Developments and Strategies for Publicly-funded Legal Aid|100
2|The Debate on the Mixed Legal Aid Model in the Twenty-first Century|101
2|Conclusion|102
2|References|104
1|5: Legal Aid in Denmark|107
2|Introduction and Historical Background|107
2|Legal Aid Research|110
2|Different Legal Aid Schemes2|112
3|Pre-trial Legal Aid|113
3|Legal Aid Providers|114
3|The Use of Pre-trial Legal Aid|117
3|Free Legal Aid (Fri Proces): Legal Aid in Regard to Lawsuits and Legal Proceedings|120
3|The Use of Free Legal Aid in Lawsuits|124
3|The Administration of, and Expenditure on, Legal Aid|124
2|Concluding Remarks|127
2|References|130
1|6: Legal Aid in Iceland|133
2|Introduction|133
2|Historical Background to the Development of the Law on Legal Aid|134
2|The Current Legislation on Legal Aid in Civil Cases and its Administration|136
2|Backlash During the Boom Years|140
2|In the Eye of the Economic Storm|143
2|Legal Aid Applicants and Recipients|145
3|Gender Analysis|147
2|Legal Expenses Insurance|147
2|Access to Free Legal Counselling|148
2|Conclusion|149
2|References|152
1|7: Juss-Buss [Law Bus]: A Student-run Legal Aid Clinic|155
2|Introduction|155
2|Staff, Funding, and Case Types|157
3|Case Types Mirroring Flaws in the Welfare State|158
2|Workplace Organisation and Standardisation of Workflow|161
3|Training|161
3|Translating the Law into Everyday Language|162
3|Referral Service for Clients|163
2|Outreach Initiatives: With the Aim to Empower and Influence the Political Agenda|165
3|‘Troubles-Talks’|166
2|Help to Self-Help|168
2|Legal Policy Work|169
2|Concluding Remarks|170
2|References|171
1|8: Gadejuristen [The Street Lawyers]: Offering Legal Aid to Socially Marginalised People|176
2|Introduction|176
3|The Organisation of Gadejuristen|179
4|Staff, Funding, and Type of Cases|179
4|Gadejuristen Cases|181
3|The Work of Gadejuristen|182
4|Navigating in the Welfare State: Gadejuristen as Mediators|185
4|Working on a Societal Level|190
3|The Street Lawyer Method|192
3|Conclusion|195
2|Bibliography|197
1|9: Ex-prisoners’ Need for Legal Aid in Denmark|199
2|Introduction|199
2|Material and Methods|202
2|Lack of Legal Support for Ex-prisoners|203
2|Ex-prisoners’ Multifaceted Problems|205
3|Need for an Income Combined with Complex Legal and Non-legal Problems Post-prison|206
3|Housing Need Combined with Complex Post-prison Legal and Non-legal Problems|207
3|Debt and Criminal History Challenge Income and Housing|210
2|Intertwined Legal Aid Approach|212
2|Difficulties in Transforming Multifaceted Needs into Legal Issues, and Applying for Help|213
3|Trust and Seeking Comfort Amid Distrust and Discomfort|218
2|New Legal Aid Initiative: Cross-functional Mentors Pre- and Post-release|220
2|Concluding Remarks|223
2|References|225
1|10: Nordic Legal Aid and ‘Access to Justice’ in Human Rights. A European Perspective|232
2|Introduction|232
2|Legal Aid Ideology in the Nordic Schemes|233
2|Nordic Delivery Models|235
2|Main Entitlement Criteria|237
3|Problem Criteria|237
3|Poverty Criteria|239
3|Welfare Ideology Behind the Finnish and Norwegian Schemes|240
2|The European Court of Human Rights’ Case Law on ‘Access to Justice’|243
3|Main Features of the ‘Access to Justice’ Perspective|243
3|The Obligation to Provide Legal Aid|244
3|Comparisons to Nordic Legal Aid|248
2|The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ): A New Instrument for Improving Legal Aid?|252
3|The CoE’s Soft Law on Legal Aid|252
3|The CEPEJ’s Main Challenges Concerning Legal Aid|254
2|What Does the European Judicial Survey Tell Us About the Performance of European Legal Aid?|255
3|The Overall Picture|256
3|Nordic Legal Aid in the European Setting|257
3|The CEPEJ’s Evaluation of European Legal Aid Schemes|259
2|Conclusion|260
2|References|264
3|Legislation and Other Legislative Documents|265
3|Finland:|265
3|Norway:|266
3|Council of Europe/CEPEJ:|266
1|11: Legal Aid and Clinical Legal Education in Europe and the USA: Are They Compatible?|268
2|Introduction|268
2|Definitions: Clinical Legal Education and Legal Aid|269
3|Clinical Education|269
3|Legal Aid and ‘Legal Services’|270
2|Legal Aid and Clinics in the USA: The Reagan Assault on Legal Services|272
3|The Earliest US Clinics: Europe’s Surprising Role|272
3|The Second Wave: Social Activism in the 60s and Beyond|274
3|Crisis: Reagan’s Attacks on Legal Services via Clinics|275
2|Early Legal Clinics in Central Europe: Poland’s Clinical Links to Legal Aid|280
3|Post-Soviet Rapid Expansion of Clinics|280
3|The Polish Case|280
3|The Polish Legal Clinics Foundation (FUPP) as Unifying Influence|281
2|The Aftermath: Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom Throughout Europe and the USA|285
2|References|287
1|12: Juridification, Marginalised Persons and Competence to Mobilise the Law|291
2|Introduction|291
2|The Theory of Juridification and Law-Dissociated Seekers of Justice|293
2|Habermas’ Concept of Juridification and Legal Policy Proposals as Seen by Norwegian Legal Aid Research|299
2|The Development from Weber’s Formal Rationality to the Procedural Rules of the Welfare State and the Consequences for Those Seeking Justice|304
2|Conclusion on Mobilising the Law|309
2|References|311
1|13: Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States|315
2|Introduction|315
2|Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries|317
2|Legal Aid in the Nordic Countries: A Nordic Model?|321
2|Third Sector Initiatives|323
2|Individualisation of Legal Aid|326
2|Conclusion|329
2|References|330
1|Index|333