File #2543: "2019_Book_IntersexRights.pdf"
Testo
1|Acknowledgements|5
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations|12
1|Chapter 1: Introduction: Trapped in the Binary|14
2|1.1 Intersex and the Sex Binary|14
2|1.2 Research Purposes and Legal Questions|19
2|1.3 Sex and Gender: When Biology and Society Meet|21
3|1.3.1 The Attempt to Define Sex and Gender|22
3|1.3.2 Sex, Gender and the Law|24
2|1.4 Intersex Bodies|28
3|1.4.1 The Emergence and Evolution of Intersex|28
3|1.4.2 Intersex Definitions and Terminology|31
3|1.4.3 Intersex in Numbers|33
3|1.4.4 Pathologisation of Intersex|34
3|1.4.5 Intersex and Sexual Minorities|36
2|1.5 Remarks|37
1|Chapter 2: Eliminating the “Abnormal”|39
2|2.1 “Preventing” Intersex|41
3|2.1.1 Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) Based on Sex|42
3|2.1.2 The Right to Life of Intersex Embryos|45
3|2.1.3 Reproductive Liberty vs Intersex Rights|47
2|2.2 “Fixing” Intersex|49
3|2.2.1 Background of Sex/Gender “Normalising” Surgeries|49
3|2.2.2 Current Medical Trends|50
3|2.2.3 Intersex Surgeries and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)|52
2|2.3 Human Rights Implications of Intersex Surgeries|55
3|2.3.1 Torture and Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (CIDT)|56
3|2.3.2 The Right to Bodily Integrity|58
3|2.3.3 The Right to Individual Self-determination|61
3|2.3.4 The Right to Health|63
2|2.4 When Others Decide for Intersex Persons|67
3|2.4.1 Parents/Physicians vs Intersex: Decision-Making and Informed Consent|67
3|2.4.2 Intersex vs Parents/Physicians: Access to Medical Records and Justice|69
2|2.5 Living As Intersex|70
3|2.5.1 Access to Identification Documents|72
3|2.5.2 Families Beyond the Binary|74
3|2.5.3 Discrimination Against Intersex People|76
4|2.5.3.1 Employment|79
4|2.5.3.2 Access to Sports|80
2|2.6 Remarks|83
1|Chapter 3: Towards Intersex Legal Protection Beyond Europe|85
2|3.1 SOGI and Intersex Rights in the United Nations|85
2|3.2 Africa|91
3|3.2.1 Kenya|94
4|3.2.1.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|94
4|3.2.1.2 Intersex Rights|95
3|3.2.2 South Africa|98
4|3.2.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|98
4|3.2.2.2 Intersex Rights|99
3|3.2.3 Uganda|101
4|3.2.3.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|101
4|3.2.3.2 Intersex Rights|103
2|3.3 Americas|104
3|3.3.1 Argentina|106
4|3.3.1.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|106
4|3.3.1.2 Intersex Rights|107
3|3.3.2 Chile|109
4|3.3.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|109
4|3.3.2.2 Intersex Rights|111
3|3.3.3 Colombia|113
4|3.3.3.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|113
4|3.3.3.2 Intersex Rights|116
4|3.3.3.3 The Particular Case of “Judicial Activism” in Colombia|118
3|3.3.4 United States|119
4|3.3.4.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|119
4|3.3.4.2 Intersex Rights|122
2|3.4 Oceania|124
3|3.4.1 Australia|125
4|3.4.1.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|125
4|3.4.1.2 Intersex Rights|127
3|3.4.2 New Zealand|129
4|3.4.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|129
4|3.4.2.2 Intersex Rights|130
2|3.5 Asia|131
3|3.5.1 Intersex and “Hijras”|133
4|3.5.1.1 Bangladesh|134
4|3.5.1.2 India|135
4|3.5.1.3 Nepal|137
4|3.5.1.4 Pakistan|138
3|3.5.2 Philippines|140
4|3.5.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|140
4|3.5.2.2 Intersex Rights|142
3|3.5.3 Viet Nam|143
4|3.5.3.1 SOGI and Intersex Rights in “Confusion”|143
2|3.6 Remarks|145
3|3.6.1 The Impact of SOGI Rights on Intersex Persons|145
3|3.6.2 Opening the Pandora’s Box: Intersex and the “Third Gender”|147
3|3.6.3 Recognising Intersex Rights Through “Cherry-Picking”|148
1|Chapter 4: Intersex in Europe|150
2|4.1 The Fundamental Values of the EU and the Protection of SOGI|153
3|4.1.1 Sexual Orientation Under EU Law|155
3|4.1.2 Gender Identity Under EU Law|158
3|4.1.3 Intersex in the EU|160
2|4.2 The Council of Europe on SOGI and Intersex|163
3|4.2.1 Sexual Orientation|164
3|4.2.2 Gender Identity|166
3|4.2.3 Intersex Rights|170
2|4.3 EU Countries That Explicitly Protect Intersex Rights|172
3|4.3.1 Austria|173
4|4.3.1.1 Sexual Orientation|173
4|4.3.1.2 Gender Identity|175
4|4.3.1.3 Intersex|176
3|4.3.2 Germany|177
4|4.3.2.1 Sexual Orientation|177
4|4.3.2.2 Gender Identity|178
4|4.3.2.3 Intersex|181
5|4.3.2.3.1 Reparations|182
5|4.3.2.3.2 Identification Documents|184
5|4.3.2.3.3 Marriage|186
3|4.3.3 Greece|187
4|4.3.3.1 Sexual Orientation|187
4|4.3.3.2 Gender Identity|189
4|4.3.3.3 Intersex|191
5|4.3.3.3.1 Non-discrimination and Violence|192
5|4.3.3.3.2 Civil Unions|193
3|4.3.4 Malta|194
4|4.3.4.1 Sexual Orientation|194
4|4.3.4.2 Gender Identity|194
4|4.3.4.3 Intersex|196
5|4.3.4.3.1 Physical Integrity and Bodily Autonomy|196
5|4.3.4.3.2 Identification Documents|197
5|4.3.4.3.3 The Right to Found a Family|197
3|4.3.5 Portugal|198
4|4.3.5.1 Sexual Orientation|198
4|4.3.5.2 Gender Identity|198
4|4.3.5.3 Intersex|199
3|4.3.6 Regional Protections|200
4|4.3.6.1 The Basque Country, Spain|200
5|4.3.6.1.1 Intersex|200
4|4.3.6.2 Scotland, United Kingdom|201
5|4.3.6.2.1 Intersex|201
2|4.4 EU Countries That Implicitly Protect Intersex Rights|201
3|4.4.1 Belgium|202
3|4.4.2 Denmark|202
3|4.4.3 Finland|204
3|4.4.4 Ireland|205
3|4.4.5 Luxembourg|206
3|4.4.6 Netherlands|207
3|4.4.7 Romania|211
3|4.4.8 Slovenia|212
3|4.4.9 Sweden|213
2|4.5 Intersex Rights in Progress|215
3|4.5.1 France|215
3|4.5.2 The Non-discrimination “Trap”|216
2|4.6 Remarks: Intersex and the EU Fundamentals|219
3|4.6.1 Explicit Frameworks and “Limited” Intersex Expectations|219
4|4.6.1.1 The Emergence of the “Third Gender” in the EU|219
4|4.6.1.2 The Need for Comprehensive Intersex Laws|221
3|4.6.2 Turning a Blind Eye on Human Rights: Implicit Frameworks on Intersex|223
4|4.6.2.1 The Impact of “Sex” and “Gender” on Statutory Interpretation|223
4|4.6.2.2 All Roads Do Not Lead to Intersex|224
3|4.6.3 Securing Intersex Rights in Line with the EU Values|225
1|Chapter 5: The Future: Intersex Shaping Inclusive Laws|228
2|5.1 Intersex Rights: Expectations and Realities|228
3|5.1.1 Intersex Surgeries: The Source of Gross and Unchallenged Violations|230
3|5.1.2 Legal Recognition or When the State Decides for Intersex Bodies|232
3|5.1.3 The Genderless Right to Found a Family|237
3|5.1.4 Discriminated Repeatedly|239
2|5.2 Concluding Thoughts: Towards Equality for All|242
1|Bibliography|245
1|Books|245
1|Journals|248
1|International Law and Documents|254
1|European and EU Law and Documents|258
1|European and EU Jurisprudence|261
1|European Court of Human Rights|261
1|European Court of Justice|262
1|European Union Member States Law and Documents|263
1|Austria|263
1|Belgium|263
1|Denmark|263
1|Finland|264
1|France|264
1|Germany|264
1|Greece|266
1|Ireland|266
1|Luxembourg|267
1|Malta|267
1|Netherlands|268
1|Portugal|268
1|Romania|269
1|Slovenia|269
1|Spain|269
1|Sweden|270
1|United Kingdom|270
1|European Union Member States Jurisprudence|270
1|Austria|270
1|France|270
1|Germany|271
1|Greece|271
1|Netherlands|271
1|Sweden|271
1|Regional Law and Documents|272
1|Africa|272
1|Kenya|272
1|South Africa|272
1|Uganda|273
1|Americas|273
1|Argentina|273
1|Chile|274
1|Colombia|275
1|United States|275
1|Oceania|276
1|Australia|276
1|New Zealand|276
1|Asia|277
1|Bangladesh|277
1|Nepal|278
1|Pakistan|278
1|Philippines|278
1|Viet Nam|278
1|Regional Jurisprudence|279
1|Africa|279
1|Kenya|279
1|South Africa|279
1|Uganda|279
1|Americas|280
1|Colombia|280
1|United States|281
1|Oceania|281
1|Australia|281
1|Asia|281
1|India|281
1|Nepal|282
1|Pakistan|282
1|Philippines|282
1|Reports|283
1|Presentations/Papers|287
1|Internet|288
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations|12
1|Chapter 1: Introduction: Trapped in the Binary|14
2|1.1 Intersex and the Sex Binary|14
2|1.2 Research Purposes and Legal Questions|19
2|1.3 Sex and Gender: When Biology and Society Meet|21
3|1.3.1 The Attempt to Define Sex and Gender|22
3|1.3.2 Sex, Gender and the Law|24
2|1.4 Intersex Bodies|28
3|1.4.1 The Emergence and Evolution of Intersex|28
3|1.4.2 Intersex Definitions and Terminology|31
3|1.4.3 Intersex in Numbers|33
3|1.4.4 Pathologisation of Intersex|34
3|1.4.5 Intersex and Sexual Minorities|36
2|1.5 Remarks|37
1|Chapter 2: Eliminating the “Abnormal”|39
2|2.1 “Preventing” Intersex|41
3|2.1.1 Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) Based on Sex|42
3|2.1.2 The Right to Life of Intersex Embryos|45
3|2.1.3 Reproductive Liberty vs Intersex Rights|47
2|2.2 “Fixing” Intersex|49
3|2.2.1 Background of Sex/Gender “Normalising” Surgeries|49
3|2.2.2 Current Medical Trends|50
3|2.2.3 Intersex Surgeries and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)|52
2|2.3 Human Rights Implications of Intersex Surgeries|55
3|2.3.1 Torture and Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (CIDT)|56
3|2.3.2 The Right to Bodily Integrity|58
3|2.3.3 The Right to Individual Self-determination|61
3|2.3.4 The Right to Health|63
2|2.4 When Others Decide for Intersex Persons|67
3|2.4.1 Parents/Physicians vs Intersex: Decision-Making and Informed Consent|67
3|2.4.2 Intersex vs Parents/Physicians: Access to Medical Records and Justice|69
2|2.5 Living As Intersex|70
3|2.5.1 Access to Identification Documents|72
3|2.5.2 Families Beyond the Binary|74
3|2.5.3 Discrimination Against Intersex People|76
4|2.5.3.1 Employment|79
4|2.5.3.2 Access to Sports|80
2|2.6 Remarks|83
1|Chapter 3: Towards Intersex Legal Protection Beyond Europe|85
2|3.1 SOGI and Intersex Rights in the United Nations|85
2|3.2 Africa|91
3|3.2.1 Kenya|94
4|3.2.1.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|94
4|3.2.1.2 Intersex Rights|95
3|3.2.2 South Africa|98
4|3.2.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|98
4|3.2.2.2 Intersex Rights|99
3|3.2.3 Uganda|101
4|3.2.3.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|101
4|3.2.3.2 Intersex Rights|103
2|3.3 Americas|104
3|3.3.1 Argentina|106
4|3.3.1.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|106
4|3.3.1.2 Intersex Rights|107
3|3.3.2 Chile|109
4|3.3.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|109
4|3.3.2.2 Intersex Rights|111
3|3.3.3 Colombia|113
4|3.3.3.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|113
4|3.3.3.2 Intersex Rights|116
4|3.3.3.3 The Particular Case of “Judicial Activism” in Colombia|118
3|3.3.4 United States|119
4|3.3.4.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|119
4|3.3.4.2 Intersex Rights|122
2|3.4 Oceania|124
3|3.4.1 Australia|125
4|3.4.1.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|125
4|3.4.1.2 Intersex Rights|127
3|3.4.2 New Zealand|129
4|3.4.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|129
4|3.4.2.2 Intersex Rights|130
2|3.5 Asia|131
3|3.5.1 Intersex and “Hijras”|133
4|3.5.1.1 Bangladesh|134
4|3.5.1.2 India|135
4|3.5.1.3 Nepal|137
4|3.5.1.4 Pakistan|138
3|3.5.2 Philippines|140
4|3.5.2.1 Situation of SOGI Rights|140
4|3.5.2.2 Intersex Rights|142
3|3.5.3 Viet Nam|143
4|3.5.3.1 SOGI and Intersex Rights in “Confusion”|143
2|3.6 Remarks|145
3|3.6.1 The Impact of SOGI Rights on Intersex Persons|145
3|3.6.2 Opening the Pandora’s Box: Intersex and the “Third Gender”|147
3|3.6.3 Recognising Intersex Rights Through “Cherry-Picking”|148
1|Chapter 4: Intersex in Europe|150
2|4.1 The Fundamental Values of the EU and the Protection of SOGI|153
3|4.1.1 Sexual Orientation Under EU Law|155
3|4.1.2 Gender Identity Under EU Law|158
3|4.1.3 Intersex in the EU|160
2|4.2 The Council of Europe on SOGI and Intersex|163
3|4.2.1 Sexual Orientation|164
3|4.2.2 Gender Identity|166
3|4.2.3 Intersex Rights|170
2|4.3 EU Countries That Explicitly Protect Intersex Rights|172
3|4.3.1 Austria|173
4|4.3.1.1 Sexual Orientation|173
4|4.3.1.2 Gender Identity|175
4|4.3.1.3 Intersex|176
3|4.3.2 Germany|177
4|4.3.2.1 Sexual Orientation|177
4|4.3.2.2 Gender Identity|178
4|4.3.2.3 Intersex|181
5|4.3.2.3.1 Reparations|182
5|4.3.2.3.2 Identification Documents|184
5|4.3.2.3.3 Marriage|186
3|4.3.3 Greece|187
4|4.3.3.1 Sexual Orientation|187
4|4.3.3.2 Gender Identity|189
4|4.3.3.3 Intersex|191
5|4.3.3.3.1 Non-discrimination and Violence|192
5|4.3.3.3.2 Civil Unions|193
3|4.3.4 Malta|194
4|4.3.4.1 Sexual Orientation|194
4|4.3.4.2 Gender Identity|194
4|4.3.4.3 Intersex|196
5|4.3.4.3.1 Physical Integrity and Bodily Autonomy|196
5|4.3.4.3.2 Identification Documents|197
5|4.3.4.3.3 The Right to Found a Family|197
3|4.3.5 Portugal|198
4|4.3.5.1 Sexual Orientation|198
4|4.3.5.2 Gender Identity|198
4|4.3.5.3 Intersex|199
3|4.3.6 Regional Protections|200
4|4.3.6.1 The Basque Country, Spain|200
5|4.3.6.1.1 Intersex|200
4|4.3.6.2 Scotland, United Kingdom|201
5|4.3.6.2.1 Intersex|201
2|4.4 EU Countries That Implicitly Protect Intersex Rights|201
3|4.4.1 Belgium|202
3|4.4.2 Denmark|202
3|4.4.3 Finland|204
3|4.4.4 Ireland|205
3|4.4.5 Luxembourg|206
3|4.4.6 Netherlands|207
3|4.4.7 Romania|211
3|4.4.8 Slovenia|212
3|4.4.9 Sweden|213
2|4.5 Intersex Rights in Progress|215
3|4.5.1 France|215
3|4.5.2 The Non-discrimination “Trap”|216
2|4.6 Remarks: Intersex and the EU Fundamentals|219
3|4.6.1 Explicit Frameworks and “Limited” Intersex Expectations|219
4|4.6.1.1 The Emergence of the “Third Gender” in the EU|219
4|4.6.1.2 The Need for Comprehensive Intersex Laws|221
3|4.6.2 Turning a Blind Eye on Human Rights: Implicit Frameworks on Intersex|223
4|4.6.2.1 The Impact of “Sex” and “Gender” on Statutory Interpretation|223
4|4.6.2.2 All Roads Do Not Lead to Intersex|224
3|4.6.3 Securing Intersex Rights in Line with the EU Values|225
1|Chapter 5: The Future: Intersex Shaping Inclusive Laws|228
2|5.1 Intersex Rights: Expectations and Realities|228
3|5.1.1 Intersex Surgeries: The Source of Gross and Unchallenged Violations|230
3|5.1.2 Legal Recognition or When the State Decides for Intersex Bodies|232
3|5.1.3 The Genderless Right to Found a Family|237
3|5.1.4 Discriminated Repeatedly|239
2|5.2 Concluding Thoughts: Towards Equality for All|242
1|Bibliography|245
1|Books|245
1|Journals|248
1|International Law and Documents|254
1|European and EU Law and Documents|258
1|European and EU Jurisprudence|261
1|European Court of Human Rights|261
1|European Court of Justice|262
1|European Union Member States Law and Documents|263
1|Austria|263
1|Belgium|263
1|Denmark|263
1|Finland|264
1|France|264
1|Germany|264
1|Greece|266
1|Ireland|266
1|Luxembourg|267
1|Malta|267
1|Netherlands|268
1|Portugal|268
1|Romania|269
1|Slovenia|269
1|Spain|269
1|Sweden|270
1|United Kingdom|270
1|European Union Member States Jurisprudence|270
1|Austria|270
1|France|270
1|Germany|271
1|Greece|271
1|Netherlands|271
1|Sweden|271
1|Regional Law and Documents|272
1|Africa|272
1|Kenya|272
1|South Africa|272
1|Uganda|273
1|Americas|273
1|Argentina|273
1|Chile|274
1|Colombia|275
1|United States|275
1|Oceania|276
1|Australia|276
1|New Zealand|276
1|Asia|277
1|Bangladesh|277
1|Nepal|278
1|Pakistan|278
1|Philippines|278
1|Viet Nam|278
1|Regional Jurisprudence|279
1|Africa|279
1|Kenya|279
1|South Africa|279
1|Uganda|279
1|Americas|280
1|Colombia|280
1|United States|281
1|Oceania|281
1|Australia|281
1|Asia|281
1|India|281
1|Nepal|282
1|Pakistan|282
1|Philippines|282
1|Reports|283
1|Presentations/Papers|287
1|Internet|288