File #2566: "2019_Book_FreeTradeAgreements.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|6
1|Acknowledgements|8
1|Contents|9
1|Editors and Contributors|10
1|Turbulent Times for FTAs: Australia and the Region|14
2|1 Introduction|14
2|2 A Brief History of Trade Agreements|15
2|3 Free Trade in the Regions|20
1|The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: A Battleground for Competing Hegemons?|24
2|1 Introduction|25
2|2 The USA’s Demonisation of China|26
2|3 Divergent Agendas|30
2|4 Anatomy of the Negotiations|32
3|4.1 The Trans-Pacific Partnership|32
3|4.2 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|37
2|5 Crossovers and Contrasts Between TPP and RCEP|39
3|5.1 TPP: Overall Content|39
3|5.2 RCEP: Overall Content|40
3|5.3 Intellectual Property|41
3|5.4 Investment|42
3|5.5 Services|43
3|5.6 Electronic Commerce|44
2|6 Reflections on a Battle for Hegemony|46
1|Copyright Overprotection Versus Open Science: The Role of Free Trade Agreements|48
2|1 Introduction|48
2|2 Open Science, Copyright Overprotection and International Law|49
2|3 Free Trade Agreements and Intellectual Property Regulation|54
3|3.1 Intellectual Property Rights in the FTAs: Two Approaches|54
3|3.2 Issues in the Proliferation of Free Trade Agreements and IP|57
3|3.3 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Copyright: A Paradigmatic Example|59
3|3.4 FTAs and IPRs: A “Marriage of Convenience”|61
2|4 Conclusions|63
1|South Korea’s Agricultural Trade Dilemma: Open Markets or Protectionism? Beyond the China-South Korea Free Trade Agreement|65
2|1 Introduction|66
2|2 Agricultural Trade and the Reasons for South Korea’s Protectionism|67
2|3 Open Markets or Protectionism?|69
3|3.1 Strengths of Protectionism|69
3|3.2 Weaknesses of Protectionism|70
2|4 A Transition to Free Trade in the Agricultural Sector: Viable Solutions|72
3|4.1 Reconciliation|72
3|4.2 Mission: Possible|73
3|4.3 Viable Strategies|74
2|5 Conclusion|87
1|China’s Response to Protectionism: PPP Under “One Belt One Road”|89
2|1 Introduction|89
2|2 China’s Response to Populism and Protectionism|91
3|2.1 China’s Belt and Road Initiative|91
3|2.2 The Vision and Development of BampR|91
3|2.3 Infrastructure Investment in BampR and PPP|92
3|2.4 Limited Public Finance Support|93
3|2.5 Insufficient Infrastructure Project Planning Capacity|94
3|2.6 Inefficient Public Service and Governance|94
2|3 Role of PPP in BampR Initiative|95
3|3.1 PPP International Legal Principles|97
3|3.2 Scientific Government Decision|98
2|4 China’s PPP Legal Framework|99
3|4.1 Current PPP Laws in China|99
3|4.2 Government Support and Related Regulations|101
2|5 Developing a Comprehensive PPP Legal Structure Under the BampR Initiative|103
3|5.1 Enacting National Level PPP Laws, Distinguishing Other Legislations|105
3|5.2 Intensifying Financial Accountability of PPP|106
3|5.3 Strengthening the Development of PPP Unit|106
3|5.4 Establishing PPP Risk Prevention and Control System|107
2|6 Enhancing Inclusivity and Embracing Sustainable Development|108
1|Breeding Exemption in Plants Under Intellectual Property Regimes|110
2|1 Introduction|111
2|2 Breeding Exemption in the PVR Systems|112
3|2.1 The Relevant Provisions of the Breeding Exemption Under the PVR Systems|112
3|2.2 Non-commercial Purposes Are not a Prerequisite for Breeding Exemption|115
3|2.3 Limitation of Breeding Exemption—Essentially Derived Varieties|116
2|3 Whether Research Exemption in Patent System Can Contain Breeding Exemption|118
3|3.1 The Distinction of Research for Commercial or Non-commercial Purposes|118
3|3.2 The Distinction Between Research on or with the Patented Invention|121
2|4 The Ways to Extending the Breeding Exemption into the Patent System|123
3|4.1 Expand the Interpretation of Research Exemption|124
3|4.2 Shaping Informal Plant Breeders’ Guidelines|125
3|4.3 Create a Separate Breeder Exemption in the Plant Patent Law|125
2|5 Conclusion|128
1|The China-Australia Free Trade Agreement and the Choice of Intellectual Property Interest Balance in the Two Countries|129
2|1 Introduction|129
2|2 Brief Introduction to China-Australia Free Trade Agreement|130
3|2.1 Basic Information about FTA between China and Australia|130
3|2.2 Changes Brought by ChAFTA|131
2|3 Important Role and Significance of ChAFTA|132
2|4 Intellectual Property Agreement in ChAFTA|133
3|4.1 Overview of Intellectual Property Agreement in ChAFTA|133
3|4.2 ChAFTA, the Implementation on International Intellectual Property Protocols|135
2|5 Analysis on the Interest Balance of Australia Intellectual Property Law|137
3|5.1 Overview of Australian Intellectual Property Law and Its Amendments|137
3|5.2 The Interest Balance in Australian Intellectual Property Law|138
3|5.3 The Important Meaning of Interest Balance in Intellectual Property Law|139
2|6 Summary and Analysis on Australia’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Act|141
3|6.1 An Appeal Against the TPPA|141
3|6.2 TPPA Causes International Disputes|142
3|6.3 Analysis on TPPA According to Intellectual Property Dimension|143
2|7 The Choice of Chinese Intellectual Property Law on the Interest Balance|144
3|7.1 The Laws and Regulations on Chinese Tobacco Products Packaging|145
3|7.2 Summary of Chinese Current Intellectual Property Law and Interest Balance|146
2|8 Conclusion|147
1|Denouncing Trade Agreements Validating Pharmaceutical Developers’ Term Extensions|148
2|1 Introduction|149
2|2 TRIPS Obligations for Pharmaceutical Test Data Use|152
3|2.1 TRIPS Compliant Patent Regime for Pharmaceutical Innovation in India|152
3|2.2 Legal Background and Theoretical Justifications|155
2|3 Judicial Approaches to Patent Linkage in India|160
3|3.1 Revisiting Opinions of Courts and the Competition Commission of India|160
3|3.2 Government Position on Patent Linkage|163
2|4 Measures Relating to Pharmaceutical Products Under CPTPP|164
3|4.1 Chapter 9 Defines ‘Investment’ Protection Rights|165
3|4.2 Chapter 18, Section F on Patents and Undisclosed Test or Other Data|166
2|5 Conclusion and Suggested Way Forward|169
1|Acknowledgements|8
1|Contents|9
1|Editors and Contributors|10
1|Turbulent Times for FTAs: Australia and the Region|14
2|1 Introduction|14
2|2 A Brief History of Trade Agreements|15
2|3 Free Trade in the Regions|20
1|The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: A Battleground for Competing Hegemons?|24
2|1 Introduction|25
2|2 The USA’s Demonisation of China|26
2|3 Divergent Agendas|30
2|4 Anatomy of the Negotiations|32
3|4.1 The Trans-Pacific Partnership|32
3|4.2 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|37
2|5 Crossovers and Contrasts Between TPP and RCEP|39
3|5.1 TPP: Overall Content|39
3|5.2 RCEP: Overall Content|40
3|5.3 Intellectual Property|41
3|5.4 Investment|42
3|5.5 Services|43
3|5.6 Electronic Commerce|44
2|6 Reflections on a Battle for Hegemony|46
1|Copyright Overprotection Versus Open Science: The Role of Free Trade Agreements|48
2|1 Introduction|48
2|2 Open Science, Copyright Overprotection and International Law|49
2|3 Free Trade Agreements and Intellectual Property Regulation|54
3|3.1 Intellectual Property Rights in the FTAs: Two Approaches|54
3|3.2 Issues in the Proliferation of Free Trade Agreements and IP|57
3|3.3 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Copyright: A Paradigmatic Example|59
3|3.4 FTAs and IPRs: A “Marriage of Convenience”|61
2|4 Conclusions|63
1|South Korea’s Agricultural Trade Dilemma: Open Markets or Protectionism? Beyond the China-South Korea Free Trade Agreement|65
2|1 Introduction|66
2|2 Agricultural Trade and the Reasons for South Korea’s Protectionism|67
2|3 Open Markets or Protectionism?|69
3|3.1 Strengths of Protectionism|69
3|3.2 Weaknesses of Protectionism|70
2|4 A Transition to Free Trade in the Agricultural Sector: Viable Solutions|72
3|4.1 Reconciliation|72
3|4.2 Mission: Possible|73
3|4.3 Viable Strategies|74
2|5 Conclusion|87
1|China’s Response to Protectionism: PPP Under “One Belt One Road”|89
2|1 Introduction|89
2|2 China’s Response to Populism and Protectionism|91
3|2.1 China’s Belt and Road Initiative|91
3|2.2 The Vision and Development of BampR|91
3|2.3 Infrastructure Investment in BampR and PPP|92
3|2.4 Limited Public Finance Support|93
3|2.5 Insufficient Infrastructure Project Planning Capacity|94
3|2.6 Inefficient Public Service and Governance|94
2|3 Role of PPP in BampR Initiative|95
3|3.1 PPP International Legal Principles|97
3|3.2 Scientific Government Decision|98
2|4 China’s PPP Legal Framework|99
3|4.1 Current PPP Laws in China|99
3|4.2 Government Support and Related Regulations|101
2|5 Developing a Comprehensive PPP Legal Structure Under the BampR Initiative|103
3|5.1 Enacting National Level PPP Laws, Distinguishing Other Legislations|105
3|5.2 Intensifying Financial Accountability of PPP|106
3|5.3 Strengthening the Development of PPP Unit|106
3|5.4 Establishing PPP Risk Prevention and Control System|107
2|6 Enhancing Inclusivity and Embracing Sustainable Development|108
1|Breeding Exemption in Plants Under Intellectual Property Regimes|110
2|1 Introduction|111
2|2 Breeding Exemption in the PVR Systems|112
3|2.1 The Relevant Provisions of the Breeding Exemption Under the PVR Systems|112
3|2.2 Non-commercial Purposes Are not a Prerequisite for Breeding Exemption|115
3|2.3 Limitation of Breeding Exemption—Essentially Derived Varieties|116
2|3 Whether Research Exemption in Patent System Can Contain Breeding Exemption|118
3|3.1 The Distinction of Research for Commercial or Non-commercial Purposes|118
3|3.2 The Distinction Between Research on or with the Patented Invention|121
2|4 The Ways to Extending the Breeding Exemption into the Patent System|123
3|4.1 Expand the Interpretation of Research Exemption|124
3|4.2 Shaping Informal Plant Breeders’ Guidelines|125
3|4.3 Create a Separate Breeder Exemption in the Plant Patent Law|125
2|5 Conclusion|128
1|The China-Australia Free Trade Agreement and the Choice of Intellectual Property Interest Balance in the Two Countries|129
2|1 Introduction|129
2|2 Brief Introduction to China-Australia Free Trade Agreement|130
3|2.1 Basic Information about FTA between China and Australia|130
3|2.2 Changes Brought by ChAFTA|131
2|3 Important Role and Significance of ChAFTA|132
2|4 Intellectual Property Agreement in ChAFTA|133
3|4.1 Overview of Intellectual Property Agreement in ChAFTA|133
3|4.2 ChAFTA, the Implementation on International Intellectual Property Protocols|135
2|5 Analysis on the Interest Balance of Australia Intellectual Property Law|137
3|5.1 Overview of Australian Intellectual Property Law and Its Amendments|137
3|5.2 The Interest Balance in Australian Intellectual Property Law|138
3|5.3 The Important Meaning of Interest Balance in Intellectual Property Law|139
2|6 Summary and Analysis on Australia’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Act|141
3|6.1 An Appeal Against the TPPA|141
3|6.2 TPPA Causes International Disputes|142
3|6.3 Analysis on TPPA According to Intellectual Property Dimension|143
2|7 The Choice of Chinese Intellectual Property Law on the Interest Balance|144
3|7.1 The Laws and Regulations on Chinese Tobacco Products Packaging|145
3|7.2 Summary of Chinese Current Intellectual Property Law and Interest Balance|146
2|8 Conclusion|147
1|Denouncing Trade Agreements Validating Pharmaceutical Developers’ Term Extensions|148
2|1 Introduction|149
2|2 TRIPS Obligations for Pharmaceutical Test Data Use|152
3|2.1 TRIPS Compliant Patent Regime for Pharmaceutical Innovation in India|152
3|2.2 Legal Background and Theoretical Justifications|155
2|3 Judicial Approaches to Patent Linkage in India|160
3|3.1 Revisiting Opinions of Courts and the Competition Commission of India|160
3|3.2 Government Position on Patent Linkage|163
2|4 Measures Relating to Pharmaceutical Products Under CPTPP|164
3|4.1 Chapter 9 Defines ‘Investment’ Protection Rights|165
3|4.2 Chapter 18, Section F on Patents and Undisclosed Test or Other Data|166
2|5 Conclusion and Suggested Way Forward|169