File #2724: "2019_Book_PolicingUKHonour-BasedAbuseCri.pdf"
Testo
1|Foreword|6
1|Acknowledgements|8
1|Contents|9
1|List of Figures|12
1|1: Introduction|14
2|Introducing Honour-Based Abuse|15
2|Study Aim and Objectives|17
3|Purpose of the Present Study|18
2|Introducing Organisational Police Culture(s)|19
3|How Culture(s) Develop|20
3|The Socialisation of New Recruits|21
3|Discretion and Selective Enforcement|22
3|Policing: Bad Apples or Rotten Orchards?|22
2|Policing and Researching Honour-Based Abuse|25
2|HBA and Domestic Abuse: Cultural Distinctions and Barriers to Reporting|27
2|Structure of the Book|34
2|References|37
1|2: Methodology|48
2|Philosophical Approach|48
2|Mixed Method Research Design|50
3|Inductive and Abductive Reasoning|51
2|Phase 1: Documentary Case Studies|51
3|Incident Reports and Crime Reports|52
3|The Benefits and Limitations of Analysing Documentary Records|53
2|Phase 2: Semi-Structured Interviews|56
3|Target Sample Population: Specialist PPIU Officers|56
3|The Benefits and Limitations of Semi-Structured Interviews|58
3|Ethical Considerations|59
3|Analysis and Grounded Theory|60
2|Positionality|61
2|References|63
1|3: Distinguishing Truth from Lies: Victims Are Mad, Bad or Consenting|67
2|HBA Victim and Perpetrator Profiles|68
3|Summary of Outcomes and Interventions for Adult Victims|70
2|Vulnerable Victims|73
3|The “Freewill” Argument: Protection and Vulnerability Denied|76
2|The Problematising and Medicalising of Victims|80
3|Perpetrators Ascribe a “Mental” Label to Victims|80
3|Traumatised Victims Are Problematised and Under-policed|82
2|The Trading of Labels and Neutralisation of the Crime|85
3|Perpetrators Demonise Protective Influences|85
3|Professionals Neutralise the Crime|87
3|Police Fathom the Perpetrators’ Agenda|89
2|Children Make False Allegations and “Use” the System|91
3|Authorities Accept Perpetrator Narratives and Mistrust Victims|91
3|Children “Use” the System|98
2|Can Officers Distinguish Truth from Lies?|99
2|Concluding Remarks|104
2|References|108
1|4: The Grey Figure of Crime: If It Isn’t Crimed, It Hasn’t Happened|113
2|The Importance of Crime Recording|114
2|Overall Crime Is Under-recorded|114
3|National Crime Recording Standards and the Use of Discretion|115
2|HBA Crime Is Under-recorded|118
3|The 100 HBA Incidents Analysed|120
3|Flawed No-Crime Decisions|123
3|Lack of Supervisory Oversight|125
3|“Threats to Kill” Offences Under-recorded|127
3|Subjective Judgements and Quasi Legal Rules|131
3|Officers Pre-empt CPS “No-Charge” Decisions|133
2|Police Preoccupation with Performance Targets|135
3|Investigate to Record|135
3|Record to Investigate|138
2|The ‘Reluctant’ Victim|141
3|Victims Unwilling to Prosecute|141
3|Victim Reluctance, “Relational” Distance and No-Criming|143
3|Manufactured Victim Reluctance|144
3|Reluctant Victims and Rationing Workload|147
3|“Wasted” Workload|150
3|Practical Issues: Improving HBA Crime Recording|152
2|Concluding Remarks|153
2|References|159
1|5: Deconstructing Crime Through Language|165
2|DASH Risk Assessments|166
3|Detailed DASH Risk Assessments|168
2|Deconstructing Crime: Sin by Omission|168
3|No Risk Assessment for Vulnerable People|173
3|Lost in Translation: The Use of Interpreters|174
3|Interpreters, Omissions and DASH Risk Assessments|178
3|Language Line|179
2|Deconstructing Crime: Distorting, Altering and Trivialising Language|180
3|Stifling Crime Enquiries|180
3|Altering Language in the Crime Deconstruction Process|184
3|Language That Trivialises: Victims Not “Fazed” or “Concerned”|186
3|HBA as a “Family Dispute” or “Feud”|190
3|“Concern for Welfare” and Victim “Refusals”|193
3|Are Supervisors Complicit in the Presentation?|194
2|Concluding Remarks|196
2|Examples of Good Practice: Detailed High-Risk DASH Responses31|198
3|Case 7|198
3|Case 68|203
2|References|206
1|6: Female Perpetration of Honour-Based Abuse|210
2|Exploring Female Perpetration|211
3|Which Females Perpetrate Honour Abuse?|211
3|Officer Perspectives of Female Perpetration|213
3|No Involvement by Females|215
3|Dimensions of Female Abuse|216
2|Mothers Use Violence|218
3|Violence by Other Women|220
2|Mothers Use Violence Due to Pregnancy|221
2|“Hard” Psychological Abuse|225
3|Westernisation: A Key Trigger for Child Victims of HBA|226
3|HBA and Its Relationship to Marriage|229
3|The Wrath of the Mother-in-Law|230
2|“Soft” Psychological Abuse|234
3|Women as Communicative Messengers|235
3|Sisters|236
3|Women Deceive and Enable|237
2|Females Ostracise Victims|242
2|Turning a “Blind Eye”: Mothers as Complicit, “Hapless” Secondary Victims?|242
3|Contradictory Behaviours and a Daughter’s Unwavering Loyalty to Mother|246
2|Policing Response to Female Perpetration, Duress and Individual Agency|249
3|Police Stereotype and Under-record Female Perpetration|249
3|The Duress Argument Versus Individual Agency|252
2|Concluding Remarks|256
2|References|258
1|7: HBA Child Protection and Partnership Working|262
2|The Background to Child Protection|263
2|The Practice of Mediation|265
2|Child Reconciliation Home by Children’s Social Care (CSC)|268
3|Police Protection Plans, Emergency Protection Orders and Section 20 Voluntary Arrangements|269
3|Working Agreements|272
3|Listening to Children: Best Interests and Wishes|274
3|Perpetrators “Nod Their Head” in the Right Places|277
2|Increased Demand for Services and the “Cost” of Social Care|279
3|Partnership Working: Silo Working and the “Battlefield”|279
3|Unmanageable Workloads and the “Cost” of Social Care|282
3|The Cost Implication of Siblings at Risk|286
3|Incoherent Strategies, Deflecting and Resisting Workload|290
2|Child HBA Cases: Professional Responsibilities and Ownership|293
3|Child Protection or Domestic Abuse?|293
3|Information Sharing and “Ownership” of Child Protection|295
3|A Relationship Between “No Prosecution” Decisions and Child Reconciliation|298
2|Concluding Remarks|300
2|References|304
1|8: Conclusions|310
2|HBA Investigations: Discretionary Practices of Professionals, Their Influence and Impact|310
2|Deconstructing “Crime” and Informally Resolving Incidents|312
2|Concluding Remarks|323
2|Research Credibility and Limitations|325
2|Future Research|326
2|Recommendations|328
3|Recommendations for Police|328
4|Crime Recording|328
5|8.1. The Scale of HBA|328
5|8.2. Auditing HBA|328
5|8.3. NSIR and NCRS Compliance|328
5|8.4. Supervisory Oversight|328
4|Child and Vulnerable Adult Safeguarding|329
5|8.5. Listen to Victims|329
5|8.6. Recording and Disseminating risks to Vulnerable victims|329
5|8.7. HBA Against Siblings|329
5|8.8. HBA as Domestic Abuse, Not Child Protection|330
5|8.9. Police Ownership of HBA Safeguarding and Investigation|330
4|Interpreters|330
5|8.10. Use Interpreters|330
5|8.11. Use Interpreters When Serving Orders|330
5|8.12. Provide Guidance on Interpreters|331
4|Education and Training|331
5|8.13|331
5|8.14|331
5|8.15|331
3|Recommendations for Social Services|332
4|8.16. Working Agreements and s.20 Arrangements|332
4|8.17. Inappropriate Implementation of FMPOs|332
4|Mediation|332
5|8.18|332
5|8.19|333
5|8.20|333
3|Recommendations for All Professionals|333
4|8.21. Raise Awareness Amongst Teenage Victims|333
4|8.22. “Westernisation” Trigger Not Recognised|333
4|8.23. Confidential Settings|334
4|8.24. Education|334
4|8.25. Working Together|334
2|References|335
1|Index|339
1|Acknowledgements|8
1|Contents|9
1|List of Figures|12
1|1: Introduction|14
2|Introducing Honour-Based Abuse|15
2|Study Aim and Objectives|17
3|Purpose of the Present Study|18
2|Introducing Organisational Police Culture(s)|19
3|How Culture(s) Develop|20
3|The Socialisation of New Recruits|21
3|Discretion and Selective Enforcement|22
3|Policing: Bad Apples or Rotten Orchards?|22
2|Policing and Researching Honour-Based Abuse|25
2|HBA and Domestic Abuse: Cultural Distinctions and Barriers to Reporting|27
2|Structure of the Book|34
2|References|37
1|2: Methodology|48
2|Philosophical Approach|48
2|Mixed Method Research Design|50
3|Inductive and Abductive Reasoning|51
2|Phase 1: Documentary Case Studies|51
3|Incident Reports and Crime Reports|52
3|The Benefits and Limitations of Analysing Documentary Records|53
2|Phase 2: Semi-Structured Interviews|56
3|Target Sample Population: Specialist PPIU Officers|56
3|The Benefits and Limitations of Semi-Structured Interviews|58
3|Ethical Considerations|59
3|Analysis and Grounded Theory|60
2|Positionality|61
2|References|63
1|3: Distinguishing Truth from Lies: Victims Are Mad, Bad or Consenting|67
2|HBA Victim and Perpetrator Profiles|68
3|Summary of Outcomes and Interventions for Adult Victims|70
2|Vulnerable Victims|73
3|The “Freewill” Argument: Protection and Vulnerability Denied|76
2|The Problematising and Medicalising of Victims|80
3|Perpetrators Ascribe a “Mental” Label to Victims|80
3|Traumatised Victims Are Problematised and Under-policed|82
2|The Trading of Labels and Neutralisation of the Crime|85
3|Perpetrators Demonise Protective Influences|85
3|Professionals Neutralise the Crime|87
3|Police Fathom the Perpetrators’ Agenda|89
2|Children Make False Allegations and “Use” the System|91
3|Authorities Accept Perpetrator Narratives and Mistrust Victims|91
3|Children “Use” the System|98
2|Can Officers Distinguish Truth from Lies?|99
2|Concluding Remarks|104
2|References|108
1|4: The Grey Figure of Crime: If It Isn’t Crimed, It Hasn’t Happened|113
2|The Importance of Crime Recording|114
2|Overall Crime Is Under-recorded|114
3|National Crime Recording Standards and the Use of Discretion|115
2|HBA Crime Is Under-recorded|118
3|The 100 HBA Incidents Analysed|120
3|Flawed No-Crime Decisions|123
3|Lack of Supervisory Oversight|125
3|“Threats to Kill” Offences Under-recorded|127
3|Subjective Judgements and Quasi Legal Rules|131
3|Officers Pre-empt CPS “No-Charge” Decisions|133
2|Police Preoccupation with Performance Targets|135
3|Investigate to Record|135
3|Record to Investigate|138
2|The ‘Reluctant’ Victim|141
3|Victims Unwilling to Prosecute|141
3|Victim Reluctance, “Relational” Distance and No-Criming|143
3|Manufactured Victim Reluctance|144
3|Reluctant Victims and Rationing Workload|147
3|“Wasted” Workload|150
3|Practical Issues: Improving HBA Crime Recording|152
2|Concluding Remarks|153
2|References|159
1|5: Deconstructing Crime Through Language|165
2|DASH Risk Assessments|166
3|Detailed DASH Risk Assessments|168
2|Deconstructing Crime: Sin by Omission|168
3|No Risk Assessment for Vulnerable People|173
3|Lost in Translation: The Use of Interpreters|174
3|Interpreters, Omissions and DASH Risk Assessments|178
3|Language Line|179
2|Deconstructing Crime: Distorting, Altering and Trivialising Language|180
3|Stifling Crime Enquiries|180
3|Altering Language in the Crime Deconstruction Process|184
3|Language That Trivialises: Victims Not “Fazed” or “Concerned”|186
3|HBA as a “Family Dispute” or “Feud”|190
3|“Concern for Welfare” and Victim “Refusals”|193
3|Are Supervisors Complicit in the Presentation?|194
2|Concluding Remarks|196
2|Examples of Good Practice: Detailed High-Risk DASH Responses31|198
3|Case 7|198
3|Case 68|203
2|References|206
1|6: Female Perpetration of Honour-Based Abuse|210
2|Exploring Female Perpetration|211
3|Which Females Perpetrate Honour Abuse?|211
3|Officer Perspectives of Female Perpetration|213
3|No Involvement by Females|215
3|Dimensions of Female Abuse|216
2|Mothers Use Violence|218
3|Violence by Other Women|220
2|Mothers Use Violence Due to Pregnancy|221
2|“Hard” Psychological Abuse|225
3|Westernisation: A Key Trigger for Child Victims of HBA|226
3|HBA and Its Relationship to Marriage|229
3|The Wrath of the Mother-in-Law|230
2|“Soft” Psychological Abuse|234
3|Women as Communicative Messengers|235
3|Sisters|236
3|Women Deceive and Enable|237
2|Females Ostracise Victims|242
2|Turning a “Blind Eye”: Mothers as Complicit, “Hapless” Secondary Victims?|242
3|Contradictory Behaviours and a Daughter’s Unwavering Loyalty to Mother|246
2|Policing Response to Female Perpetration, Duress and Individual Agency|249
3|Police Stereotype and Under-record Female Perpetration|249
3|The Duress Argument Versus Individual Agency|252
2|Concluding Remarks|256
2|References|258
1|7: HBA Child Protection and Partnership Working|262
2|The Background to Child Protection|263
2|The Practice of Mediation|265
2|Child Reconciliation Home by Children’s Social Care (CSC)|268
3|Police Protection Plans, Emergency Protection Orders and Section 20 Voluntary Arrangements|269
3|Working Agreements|272
3|Listening to Children: Best Interests and Wishes|274
3|Perpetrators “Nod Their Head” in the Right Places|277
2|Increased Demand for Services and the “Cost” of Social Care|279
3|Partnership Working: Silo Working and the “Battlefield”|279
3|Unmanageable Workloads and the “Cost” of Social Care|282
3|The Cost Implication of Siblings at Risk|286
3|Incoherent Strategies, Deflecting and Resisting Workload|290
2|Child HBA Cases: Professional Responsibilities and Ownership|293
3|Child Protection or Domestic Abuse?|293
3|Information Sharing and “Ownership” of Child Protection|295
3|A Relationship Between “No Prosecution” Decisions and Child Reconciliation|298
2|Concluding Remarks|300
2|References|304
1|8: Conclusions|310
2|HBA Investigations: Discretionary Practices of Professionals, Their Influence and Impact|310
2|Deconstructing “Crime” and Informally Resolving Incidents|312
2|Concluding Remarks|323
2|Research Credibility and Limitations|325
2|Future Research|326
2|Recommendations|328
3|Recommendations for Police|328
4|Crime Recording|328
5|8.1. The Scale of HBA|328
5|8.2. Auditing HBA|328
5|8.3. NSIR and NCRS Compliance|328
5|8.4. Supervisory Oversight|328
4|Child and Vulnerable Adult Safeguarding|329
5|8.5. Listen to Victims|329
5|8.6. Recording and Disseminating risks to Vulnerable victims|329
5|8.7. HBA Against Siblings|329
5|8.8. HBA as Domestic Abuse, Not Child Protection|330
5|8.9. Police Ownership of HBA Safeguarding and Investigation|330
4|Interpreters|330
5|8.10. Use Interpreters|330
5|8.11. Use Interpreters When Serving Orders|330
5|8.12. Provide Guidance on Interpreters|331
4|Education and Training|331
5|8.13|331
5|8.14|331
5|8.15|331
3|Recommendations for Social Services|332
4|8.16. Working Agreements and s.20 Arrangements|332
4|8.17. Inappropriate Implementation of FMPOs|332
4|Mediation|332
5|8.18|332
5|8.19|333
5|8.20|333
3|Recommendations for All Professionals|333
4|8.21. Raise Awareness Amongst Teenage Victims|333
4|8.22. “Westernisation” Trigger Not Recognised|333
4|8.23. Confidential Settings|334
4|8.24. Education|334
4|8.25. Working Together|334
2|References|335
1|Index|339