File #2751: "2019_Book_ChinaSState-DirectedEconomyAnd.pdf"
Testo
1|Dedication|5
1|Acknowledgements|6
1|Contents|7
1|About the Author|10
1|Abbreviations|11
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|14
2|1.1 Background|14
2|1.2 Questions to Be Answered|17
3|1.2.1 How Does the Contemporary State-Directed Economic Model Challenge the International Economic Order?|18
3|1.2.2 What Legal Instruments Does the Contemporary State-Directed Economic Model Apply?|19
3|1.2.3 How Does the Contemporary State-Directed Economic Model Function?|22
2|1.3 China as a Prominent Case of Adopting the State-Directed Economic Model|26
2|1.4 Presentation|30
2|1.5 Advancement|32
1|Part I: Concept of the State-Directed Economy|34
2|Chapter 2: Concept of State-Directed Economy|35
3|2.1 Conceptual Analysis of the State-Directed Economy|36
4|2.1.1 The Guiding Role of the State|36
4|2.1.2 The Adoption of a Market Mechanism|37
4|2.1.3 Instrumentality|38
4|2.1.4 The State-Directed Economic Model as an Emerging Market-State Relationship|40
3|2.2 The Triple Role of the State in a State-Directed Economic System|41
4|2.2.1 The State as a Planner|41
4|2.2.2 The State as a Competitor|43
4|2.2.3 The State as a Regulator|47
4|2.2.4 The Interdependence of the Triple Role|49
3|2.3 Historical Context of China’s State-Directed Economy|50
4|2.3.1 Background of Chinese Economic Reform Towards a State-Directed Economic Model|51
4|2.3.2 Planner: From Specific Order to General Guidance|54
5|2.3.2.1 The Focus on Economic Development|54
5|2.3.2.2 ‘Planned Commodity Economy’|55
5|2.3.2.3 ‘Socialist Market Economy’|55
5|2.3.2.4 Market Determinism|56
4|2.3.3 Competitor: From State Organ to Commercial Entity|56
5|2.3.3.1 The Autonomy of SOEs in Undertaking Business|57
5|2.3.3.2 Institutional Separation from the Government|58
5|2.3.3.3 Corporatisation of SOEs and the Mixed-Ownership Reform|59
5|2.3.3.4 The Establishment of a Nation-Wide Shareholding System|60
4|2.3.4 Regulator: From Direct Management to Market Regulation|61
5|2.3.4.1 Administration of SOEs|62
5|2.3.4.2 Dualism in the Market Regulation|62
5|2.3.4.3 Unified Market-Oriented Regulation|63
3|2.4 Conclusions|64
1|Part II: Legal Framework of China’s State-DirectedEconomy|65
2|Introduction to Part II|65
2|Chapter 3: Public Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|70
3|3.1 Introduction to Public Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|70
3|3.2 Public Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Planner|71
3|3.3 Public Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Competitor|73
4|3.3.1 Laws Regulating Public Ownership|73
5|3.3.1.1 Legal Status of Public Ownership|73
5|3.3.1.2 Laws Concerning State-Owned Assets and State-Owned Capital|74
4|3.3.2 Laws Regulating State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)|76
5|3.3.2.1 Laws Regulating the Establishment of SOEs|76
5|3.3.2.2 Laws Regulating Internal Affairs of SOEs|77
5|3.3.2.3 Laws Regulating the Activities of SOEs|78
5|3.3.2.4 Laws Regulating the Termination of SOEs|79
3|3.4 Public Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Regulator|81
4|3.4.1 Regulation of Content Review|81
4|3.4.2 Regulation of Natural Resources|84
4|3.4.3 Regulation of Financial Services|86
3|3.5 Conclusions|89
2|Chapter 4: Private Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|91
3|4.1 Introduction to Private Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|91
3|4.2 Private Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Competitor|93
4|4.2.1 Independent Legal Personality of SOEs Under Private Law|94
4|4.2.2 Independent Property Rights of SOEs Under Property Law|95
4|4.2.3 Shareholder Rights of the State Under Company Law|97
4|4.2.4 Contractual Labour Relationships Within SOEs Under Labour Law|99
3|4.3 Private Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Regulator|100
4|4.3.1 Property Law|101
5|4.3.1.1 Land Law|101
5|4.3.1.2 Intellectual Property Law|104
4|4.3.2 Company Law|107
5|4.3.2.1 Individuals’ Autonomy and Mandatory Rules in Company Law|107
5|4.3.2.2 The Role of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in Private Companies|108
4|4.3.3 Labour Law|111
5|4.3.3.1 Introduction to Labour Law in China|111
5|4.3.3.2 Collective Bargaining|113
5|4.3.3.3 Household Registration|114
4|4.3.4 Dispute Settlement|117
5|4.3.4.1 Introduction to the Dispute Settlement Between Private Actors in China|117
5|4.3.4.2 Non-recognition of Ad Hoc Arbitration|119
5|4.3.4.3 Non-adoption of the Doctrine of Competence-Competence|123
3|4.4 Conclusions|127
1|Part III: The Implications of China’s State-Directed Economy for the International Order|128
2|Introduction to Part III|128
2|Chapter 5: China’s State-Directed Economy and the World Trading System|130
3|5.1 Introduction|130
3|5.2 Anti-dumping and Non-market Economies (NMEs)|134
4|5.2.1 The WTO Law on Anti-dumping and Its Relationship with State-Directed Economies|135
4|5.2.2 An Examination of Relevant Practices|138
5|5.2.2.1 The Flexibility for Members to Develop NME Methodologies in the Determination and Imposition of ADs|138
5|5.2.2.2 The Permissibility of Country-Wide Duties|141
5|5.2.2.3 The Applicability of Section 15|142
5|5.2.2.4 Criteria for Establishing NMEs|144
3|5.3 Countervailing Measures and State Ownership|145
4|5.3.1 The WTO Law on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and Its Relationship with State-Directed Economies|145
4|5.3.2 An Examination of Relevant Practices|148
5|5.3.2.1 SOEs as Public Entities|148
5|5.3.2.2 Out-of-Country Benchmarks|150
3|5.4 Conclusions|153
2|Chapter 6: China’s State-Directed Economy and the International Investment Regime|157
3|6.1 Introduction|157
3|6.2 China’s State-Directed Regime on Inward Investment|163
4|6.2.1 The State as a Planner: Opening-Up|163
5|6.2.1.1 Attracting Foreign Investment Without a Market Mechanism|163
5|6.2.1.2 Introducing a Market Mechanism|165
5|6.2.1.3 Balancing Inward and Outward Investment Interests|165
4|6.2.2 The State as a Regulator|166
5|6.2.2.1 Scope of Investment|167
5|6.2.2.2 Market Entry and Pre-establishment National Treatment (NT)|168
5|6.2.2.3 Treatment Standards After Market Entry|169
6|6.2.2.3.1 National Treatment (NT) Standard|169
6|6.2.2.3.2 Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) Standard|170
5|6.2.2.4 Supervisory Power of the Host State|171
6|6.2.2.4.1 National Security Review (NSR)|172
6|6.2.2.4.2 Information Reporting System|174
5|6.2.2.5 Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Mechanism|175
4|6.2.3 The State as a Competitor|176
5|6.2.3.1 Essential Terms in Joint Venture Agreements (JVAs) Between SOEs and Foreign Investors|177
5|6.2.3.2 The Attribution of SOEs’ Contractual Breach to the State|178
3|6.3 China’s State-Directed Regime on Outward Investment|180
4|6.3.1 The State as a Planner: Going-Global|180
5|6.3.1.1 Initiatives on the Development of Outward Investment in the Thirteenth Five-Year Guideline|181
5|6.3.1.2 ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative (BRI)|181
4|6.3.2 The State as a Regulator|182
5|6.3.2.1 Supportive Measures|182
5|6.3.2.2 Supervisory Measures|184
4|6.3.3 The State as a Competitor|184
5|6.3.3.1 Encouraging OFDI Through Treaties|184
5|6.3.3.2 Facilitating SOE’s OFDI Through Contractual Arrangements|186
6|6.3.3.2.1 Contractual Relationships with Developing Countries: The Sino-Congolese Partnership in the ‘Angola Model’ as a Case-Study|186
7|6.3.3.2.1.1 The Structure of the Sino-Congolese Partnership|187
7|6.3.3.2.1.2 Legal Implications of the Sino-Congolese Partnership|188
7|6.3.3.2.1.3 State-Directed Factors Behind the Sino-Congolese Partnership|190
6|6.3.3.2.2 Contractual Relationships with Developed Countries: Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station as a Case-Study|191
3|6.4 Conclusions|194
2|Chapter 7: Conclusions and Implications|196
3|7.1 The Economic Dimension: The Emerging Triple Role of the State as a Challenge to the Traditional Conception of State Intervention|197
3|7.2 The Legal Dimension: The Increasing Reliance on Private Legal Underpinnings as a Challenge to the Public-Private Dichotomy|202
3|7.3 The Ideological Dimension: The Organic Integration Between the State and the Market as a Challenge to the Traditional Market-State Paradigm|204
3|7.4 Further Implications|206
1|Bibliography|208
2|Books|208
2|Book Sections|210
2|Cases|211
2|Electronic Articles|212
2|Encyclopedia|214
2|Journal Articles|215
2|Primary Sources|220
2|Reports|225
2|Theses|226
2|Web Pages|227
1|Acknowledgements|6
1|Contents|7
1|About the Author|10
1|Abbreviations|11
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|14
2|1.1 Background|14
2|1.2 Questions to Be Answered|17
3|1.2.1 How Does the Contemporary State-Directed Economic Model Challenge the International Economic Order?|18
3|1.2.2 What Legal Instruments Does the Contemporary State-Directed Economic Model Apply?|19
3|1.2.3 How Does the Contemporary State-Directed Economic Model Function?|22
2|1.3 China as a Prominent Case of Adopting the State-Directed Economic Model|26
2|1.4 Presentation|30
2|1.5 Advancement|32
1|Part I: Concept of the State-Directed Economy|34
2|Chapter 2: Concept of State-Directed Economy|35
3|2.1 Conceptual Analysis of the State-Directed Economy|36
4|2.1.1 The Guiding Role of the State|36
4|2.1.2 The Adoption of a Market Mechanism|37
4|2.1.3 Instrumentality|38
4|2.1.4 The State-Directed Economic Model as an Emerging Market-State Relationship|40
3|2.2 The Triple Role of the State in a State-Directed Economic System|41
4|2.2.1 The State as a Planner|41
4|2.2.2 The State as a Competitor|43
4|2.2.3 The State as a Regulator|47
4|2.2.4 The Interdependence of the Triple Role|49
3|2.3 Historical Context of China’s State-Directed Economy|50
4|2.3.1 Background of Chinese Economic Reform Towards a State-Directed Economic Model|51
4|2.3.2 Planner: From Specific Order to General Guidance|54
5|2.3.2.1 The Focus on Economic Development|54
5|2.3.2.2 ‘Planned Commodity Economy’|55
5|2.3.2.3 ‘Socialist Market Economy’|55
5|2.3.2.4 Market Determinism|56
4|2.3.3 Competitor: From State Organ to Commercial Entity|56
5|2.3.3.1 The Autonomy of SOEs in Undertaking Business|57
5|2.3.3.2 Institutional Separation from the Government|58
5|2.3.3.3 Corporatisation of SOEs and the Mixed-Ownership Reform|59
5|2.3.3.4 The Establishment of a Nation-Wide Shareholding System|60
4|2.3.4 Regulator: From Direct Management to Market Regulation|61
5|2.3.4.1 Administration of SOEs|62
5|2.3.4.2 Dualism in the Market Regulation|62
5|2.3.4.3 Unified Market-Oriented Regulation|63
3|2.4 Conclusions|64
1|Part II: Legal Framework of China’s State-DirectedEconomy|65
2|Introduction to Part II|65
2|Chapter 3: Public Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|70
3|3.1 Introduction to Public Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|70
3|3.2 Public Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Planner|71
3|3.3 Public Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Competitor|73
4|3.3.1 Laws Regulating Public Ownership|73
5|3.3.1.1 Legal Status of Public Ownership|73
5|3.3.1.2 Laws Concerning State-Owned Assets and State-Owned Capital|74
4|3.3.2 Laws Regulating State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)|76
5|3.3.2.1 Laws Regulating the Establishment of SOEs|76
5|3.3.2.2 Laws Regulating Internal Affairs of SOEs|77
5|3.3.2.3 Laws Regulating the Activities of SOEs|78
5|3.3.2.4 Laws Regulating the Termination of SOEs|79
3|3.4 Public Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Regulator|81
4|3.4.1 Regulation of Content Review|81
4|3.4.2 Regulation of Natural Resources|84
4|3.4.3 Regulation of Financial Services|86
3|3.5 Conclusions|89
2|Chapter 4: Private Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|91
3|4.1 Introduction to Private Law of China’s State-Directed Economy|91
3|4.2 Private Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Competitor|93
4|4.2.1 Independent Legal Personality of SOEs Under Private Law|94
4|4.2.2 Independent Property Rights of SOEs Under Property Law|95
4|4.2.3 Shareholder Rights of the State Under Company Law|97
4|4.2.4 Contractual Labour Relationships Within SOEs Under Labour Law|99
3|4.3 Private Law Underpinning the State’s Role as a Regulator|100
4|4.3.1 Property Law|101
5|4.3.1.1 Land Law|101
5|4.3.1.2 Intellectual Property Law|104
4|4.3.2 Company Law|107
5|4.3.2.1 Individuals’ Autonomy and Mandatory Rules in Company Law|107
5|4.3.2.2 The Role of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in Private Companies|108
4|4.3.3 Labour Law|111
5|4.3.3.1 Introduction to Labour Law in China|111
5|4.3.3.2 Collective Bargaining|113
5|4.3.3.3 Household Registration|114
4|4.3.4 Dispute Settlement|117
5|4.3.4.1 Introduction to the Dispute Settlement Between Private Actors in China|117
5|4.3.4.2 Non-recognition of Ad Hoc Arbitration|119
5|4.3.4.3 Non-adoption of the Doctrine of Competence-Competence|123
3|4.4 Conclusions|127
1|Part III: The Implications of China’s State-Directed Economy for the International Order|128
2|Introduction to Part III|128
2|Chapter 5: China’s State-Directed Economy and the World Trading System|130
3|5.1 Introduction|130
3|5.2 Anti-dumping and Non-market Economies (NMEs)|134
4|5.2.1 The WTO Law on Anti-dumping and Its Relationship with State-Directed Economies|135
4|5.2.2 An Examination of Relevant Practices|138
5|5.2.2.1 The Flexibility for Members to Develop NME Methodologies in the Determination and Imposition of ADs|138
5|5.2.2.2 The Permissibility of Country-Wide Duties|141
5|5.2.2.3 The Applicability of Section 15|142
5|5.2.2.4 Criteria for Establishing NMEs|144
3|5.3 Countervailing Measures and State Ownership|145
4|5.3.1 The WTO Law on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and Its Relationship with State-Directed Economies|145
4|5.3.2 An Examination of Relevant Practices|148
5|5.3.2.1 SOEs as Public Entities|148
5|5.3.2.2 Out-of-Country Benchmarks|150
3|5.4 Conclusions|153
2|Chapter 6: China’s State-Directed Economy and the International Investment Regime|157
3|6.1 Introduction|157
3|6.2 China’s State-Directed Regime on Inward Investment|163
4|6.2.1 The State as a Planner: Opening-Up|163
5|6.2.1.1 Attracting Foreign Investment Without a Market Mechanism|163
5|6.2.1.2 Introducing a Market Mechanism|165
5|6.2.1.3 Balancing Inward and Outward Investment Interests|165
4|6.2.2 The State as a Regulator|166
5|6.2.2.1 Scope of Investment|167
5|6.2.2.2 Market Entry and Pre-establishment National Treatment (NT)|168
5|6.2.2.3 Treatment Standards After Market Entry|169
6|6.2.2.3.1 National Treatment (NT) Standard|169
6|6.2.2.3.2 Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) Standard|170
5|6.2.2.4 Supervisory Power of the Host State|171
6|6.2.2.4.1 National Security Review (NSR)|172
6|6.2.2.4.2 Information Reporting System|174
5|6.2.2.5 Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Mechanism|175
4|6.2.3 The State as a Competitor|176
5|6.2.3.1 Essential Terms in Joint Venture Agreements (JVAs) Between SOEs and Foreign Investors|177
5|6.2.3.2 The Attribution of SOEs’ Contractual Breach to the State|178
3|6.3 China’s State-Directed Regime on Outward Investment|180
4|6.3.1 The State as a Planner: Going-Global|180
5|6.3.1.1 Initiatives on the Development of Outward Investment in the Thirteenth Five-Year Guideline|181
5|6.3.1.2 ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative (BRI)|181
4|6.3.2 The State as a Regulator|182
5|6.3.2.1 Supportive Measures|182
5|6.3.2.2 Supervisory Measures|184
4|6.3.3 The State as a Competitor|184
5|6.3.3.1 Encouraging OFDI Through Treaties|184
5|6.3.3.2 Facilitating SOE’s OFDI Through Contractual Arrangements|186
6|6.3.3.2.1 Contractual Relationships with Developing Countries: The Sino-Congolese Partnership in the ‘Angola Model’ as a Case-Study|186
7|6.3.3.2.1.1 The Structure of the Sino-Congolese Partnership|187
7|6.3.3.2.1.2 Legal Implications of the Sino-Congolese Partnership|188
7|6.3.3.2.1.3 State-Directed Factors Behind the Sino-Congolese Partnership|190
6|6.3.3.2.2 Contractual Relationships with Developed Countries: Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station as a Case-Study|191
3|6.4 Conclusions|194
2|Chapter 7: Conclusions and Implications|196
3|7.1 The Economic Dimension: The Emerging Triple Role of the State as a Challenge to the Traditional Conception of State Intervention|197
3|7.2 The Legal Dimension: The Increasing Reliance on Private Legal Underpinnings as a Challenge to the Public-Private Dichotomy|202
3|7.3 The Ideological Dimension: The Organic Integration Between the State and the Market as a Challenge to the Traditional Market-State Paradigm|204
3|7.4 Further Implications|206
1|Bibliography|208
2|Books|208
2|Book Sections|210
2|Cases|211
2|Electronic Articles|212
2|Encyclopedia|214
2|Journal Articles|215
2|Primary Sources|220
2|Reports|225
2|Theses|226
2|Web Pages|227