File #2752: "2019_Book_PolicingAndMinorityCommunities.pdf"
Testo
1|Foreword|6
1|Contents|9
1|Contributors|11
1|Part I: Policing and Minority Communities|15
2|Chapter 1: Evaluating Police-Community Relations Globally|16
3|Introduction|16
3|Examining Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy|17
3|Understanding Public Perceptions of the Police|17
3|Conceptualizing Public Perceptions of the Police: ‘Trust’ v. ‘Confidence’|18
3|Public Perceptions of Police: Global Perspectives|20
3|Conclusion|21
3|References|22
2|Chapter 2: International Attitudes to Teaching Religion and Faith and the Policing of Minority Communities|24
3|Introduction|24
3|Representative Bureaucracy and Minority Influence|24
3|Definition of Religion and Faith|25
3|Police, Conflict, and Effective Community Relations|26
3|Methods|27
3|Summary of Country Findings|28
3|Case Studies|29
4|St Lucia|29
4|Education and Training of the Royal St Lucian Police Force|31
3|Trinidad and Tobago|31
4|Education and Training of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service|33
3|Britain|34
3|Education and Training of the British Police|35
3|Conclusion|37
3|References|37
2|Chapter 3: Police Leadership During Challenging Times|41
3|Part 1: The Work of the Police in New Demanding Contexts|41
4|The Context of Police Work is Undergoing Change, Leading to Demanding Challenges|41
4|Understanding Police Leadership|43
4|Police Leadership in Four Different Management Situations|45
4|Leadership, Management and Command|46
3|Part 2: Modeling Demanding Integrated Operations|47
4|Consciousness|48
4|Situational Awareness|49
4|The Modal Model of Memory|50
4|Schema Theory|51
4|Situational Awareness in Collaborative Systems|54
5|System Factors|56
5|Individual Factors|56
5|Team Factors|57
5|Task Factors|57
4|Acquisition and Maintenance of Distributed Situational Awareness|57
3|Part 3: Techniques for Improving Distributed Situational Awareness|57
4|Objective Hierarchy|58
4|SADT-Charts|59
4|Agent-Based Flow-Charts|60
3|Part 4: A Short Illustration of the Techniques|62
3|References|64
2|Chapter 4: Promoting Enhanced Public Participation and Community Engagement in Policing|66
3|Introduction|66
3|Criminological Explanations for Increasing Crime Rates|67
3|Critical Criminology|67
3|The ‘Left Realism’ Theory of Justice|68
3|The ‘Right Realism’ Theory of Justice|69
3|Examining Successful Endeavors to Strengthen Police-Public Engagement|70
3|The New York City Police Department|70
3|Applying the ‘Left Realism’ and ‘Right Realism’ Philosophies to the NYPD|71
3|Transitioning to Direct Public and Victim Engagement|72
3|Examining Community Policing and Citizen-Police Engagement in Practice|73
3|Examining Community Policing in the US, the UK, and Canada|73
3|Common Community Policing Practices|74
3|Public Perceptions of Community Policing Practices|75
3|Victim Involvement in the Criminal Justice Process|76
3|Practical Recommendations for Enhanced Public and Victim Engagement|78
3|Transforming Contemporary Policing|79
3|Conclusion|80
3|References|81
1|Part II: Sensitive and Controversial Issues|83
2|Chapter 5: Policing and Special Populations: Strategies to Overcome Policing Challenges Encountered with Mentally Ill Individuals|84
3|Introduction|84
3|Context|85
3|Background|86
4|New York City|87
3|Changing Response|88
3|NYPD’s CIT Program|89
4|Introduction|89
4|NYPD Protocols|90
4|Scenario-Based Training|91
4|Peer Panel|93
4|Crisis Communication|93
4|Modules|95
4|Participant Feedback|98
4|Success Stories|99
4|Looking to the Future|100
3|References|101
2|Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Other Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness|102
3|Introduction: Ethnicity and Other Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness|102
3|Past Research on Variables Associated with Perceived Police Fairness|103
3|Purpose of the Present Study|104
3|Methods|105
4|Participants and Procedures|105
3|Measurement|105
3|Data Analysis|106
3|Results|107
4|Regional Differences in Perceived Police Fairness|107
3|Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness in Home Searches|107
3|Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness of Vehicle Searches|107
4|Discussion|108
3|Study Limitations and Directions for Future Research|109
3|Appendix|110
3|References|111
2|Chapter 7: The Impact of Police Shootings in the United States on Police-Community Relations|113
3|Introduction|113
4|Literature Review|118
4|Relational Database Design on Studying the Use of Force|120
3|Statistics Help Officer Training (SHOT) Database|122
4|Descriptive|123
4|Inferential|123
3|An Examination of the Preliminary Results of the SHOT Database|124
3|Conclusion|129
3|References|130
2|Chapter 8: Search and Seizure Jurisprudence: Community Perceptions of Police Legitimacy in the United States|133
3|Introduction|133
3|Theoretical Framework|134
3|Racial and Ethnic Differences in Attitudes Toward Police Searches|135
4|Vehicle Stops|136
4|The Present Study|137
3|Method|138
4|Sample and Procedure|138
3|Measures|138
4|Dependent Variable|138
4|Independent Variables|139
3|Analytical Strategy|140
3|Results|141
4|Interaction Effects|142
3|Discussion|142
3|Appendix|145
3|References|148
1|Part III: North American Perspectives|151
2|Chapter 9: Diversity and Policing in Canada|152
3|Introduction: The Policing Landscape in Canada – Recruitment and Training|152
4|Recruiting Strategies|152
3|Gender and Policing|153
3|The LGBT Community|154
4|Indigenous Peoples|155
4|Visible Minorities|156
4|Fostering Diversity Within the Workforce – Community Policing|159
4|Indigenous Peoples and Policing Initiatives in Canada|160
4|Independent Indigenous Police Services|163
4|Indigenous Communities and Canadian Police Services|164
5|The RCMP: Serving Canada’s Indigenous People|164
5|National Indigenous Policing Services (NAPS)|165
5|Serving First Nations, Inuit and Métis groups|166
3|Summary and Conclusion|166
3|References|167
2|Chapter 10: The Impressive Impact of Project Illumination on Police-Community Relations in Charleston, South Carolina|169
3|Introduction to the Charleston Illumination Project|169
3|History of Charleston, South Carolina|170
3|History of the Charleston Police Department|171
3|Need for Enhancing Police-Community Relations|172
4|Outcomes We Set Out to Achieve|172
3|The Police are Listening and Citizen Voices Matter|175
4|Listening Session Ideas/High Priorities|176
4|The Illumination Project Strategic Plan|176
5|Objective: Police Contribute to Creation of Diverse partnerships to Enhance Community Safety|177
5|Objective: Citizens Take a Leadership Role in Creating a Safe Community|177
5|Objective: Police Apply Current Research and Citizen Feedback to Police Training, New Equipment and Policy and Procedures to Minimize Negative Citizen/Police Encounters|178
5|Objective: Citizens Provide Input/Feedback for Police Training, New Equipment and Procedures, when Needed, to Minimize Negative Citizen/Police Encounters|179
5|Objective: Police Provide Opportunities for Citizen Access and Understanding of Police Policies and Procedures|179
5|Objective: Citizens De12monstrate Respect for Police|180
5|Objective: Police Expand Opportunities for Joint Problem Solving/pro-Active Engagement|180
5|Objective: Citizens Take Advantage of Expanded Opportunities for Joint Problem Solving/Pro-Active Engagement|180
3|Research|181
3|Lessons for the Future|181
4|Highlights|181
4|Lesson Details|182
3|2017 Broadening the Base Locally|184
3|Conclusion|185
3|Suggested Reading|185
2|Chapter 11: Policing Native American Lands in the United States|186
3|Introduction|186
3|Federal Indian Policy|186
3|Indian Country Criminal Jurisdiction|193
3|Policing in Indian Country|195
3|The Future of Policing in Indian Country|197
3|References|197
2|Chapter 12: Law Enforcement Challenges Along the Mexican-American Border in a Time of Enhanced Migration Control|199
3|Introduction|199
3|California and Senate Bill 54|201
3|Sanctuary Cities and Sanctuary Laws|201
3|The Blurring of Civil Law and Criminal Law|202
3|The Racial Profiling Issue|203
3|Civil Rights Violations in Immigration Detention Facilities|204
3|Detention Facility Housing Conditions|205
3|Failure to Uphold Legal Requirements|207
3|Back to the Future: How Confusing Objectives Became Today’s Quagmire|209
3|State Rights Versus Federal Rights in Responding to the Migrant Issue|210
3|Concluding Comments|212
3|References|213
1|Part IV: International Perspectives|215
2|Chapter 13: The Challenges of Policing Ethnic Minority Communities in Post-Conflict Kosovo|216
3|Introduction|216
3|Brief History of Kosovo|217
3|Origins of the Kosovo Conflict|218
3|Demography of Kosovo|219
3|Historical Perspective on Policing in Kosovo|220
3|The United Nations Mission in Kosovo|220
3|The State of Inter-Ethnic Relations in 1999|222
3|The Kosovo Police Service|223
3|The State of Inter-Ethnic Relations in 2008|225
3|The Kosovo Police 2008–2017|227
3|The State of Interethnic Relations and the Kosovo Police 2017|231
3|The Way Forward|234
4|A Portion of the Information in this Chapter is a Result of the Authors’ Personal Experiences|236
3|References|236
2|Chapter 14: New Zealand Police Cultural Liaison Officers: Their Role in Crime Prevention and Community Policing|238
3|Introduction|238
3|The Issue of Maori Offending/Crime in New Zealand|240
3|The Police Response to Maori Offending|241
3|New Zealand Police Maori, Pacific and Ethnic Services|244
3|The Response to Maori and the Link to Prevention First|245
3|Methodology|245
3|Survey Results|246
3|The Organizational Profile of a Maori, Pacific and Ethnic Liaison Survey Respondents|246
3|Training to Become a Liaison Officer|248
3|The Role of a Liaison Officer|248
3|Personal Expectations of Liaison Officers and Possible Improvements for the Role|250
3|Discussion|251
3|Conclusion|252
3|New Zealand Police Cultural Liaison Officers – Survey Questions|253
3|References|255
2|Chapter 15: The 2016 Failed Coup Attempt and its Influence on Policing the Kurdish and Other Ethnic Minorities Across Turkey|258
3|Introduction|258
3|Policing During the Ottomans|259
3|The Police Image and Criticism|263
3|July 15, 2016, Failed Coup and the Government’s Purge|264
3|Conclusion|265
3|References|266
2|Chapter 16: Police Strategies for Dealing with Tribal Conflicts in Nigeria|269
3|Introduction|269
3|Nigeria and Contemporary Insecurity Challenges|270
3|Tribal Group’s Agitation in Nigeria|272
3|The Nigerian Police and Security of a Distraught Society|273
3|The Nigerian Police Strategies and Responses|275
3|The ‘Trinity’ Policing Model: A Model for the Future|276
3|Rethinking Policing Work for Effectiveness in Nigeria|279
3|Conclusion|282
3|References|283
2|Chapter 17: Whakatupato: Community Policing or the Police Response to a Social Problem in New Zealand?|285
3|Introduction|285
3|Police-Community Relationships and Attitudes|286
3|Firearms in New Zealand|288
3|The Challenge for Maori|290
3|The Turning of the Tide|291
3|Prevention First|293
3|The Beginning of Whakatupato|293
3|The Design of the Whakatupato Program|295
3|The First Whakatupato Course|296
3|View of Whakatupato Participants|296
3|Discussion|297
3|Conclusion|298
3|References|299
2|Chapter 18: Policing in the Multi-Cultural and Multi-Ethnic Environment of South Africa|302
3|Introduction|302
3|Overview: Changes from Militaristic to a Service-Oriented Policing and Back Again|307
3|Policing Minorities in South Africa|312
3|Challenges to Minority Groups in South Africa|313
3|Conclusion|316
3|References|316
1|Part V: Final Thoughts/Epilogue|319
2|Chapter 19: Final Thoughts – Examining Policing Options to Enhance Transparency and Community Trust|320
3|Epilogue and Discussion|320
1|Index|324
1|Contents|9
1|Contributors|11
1|Part I: Policing and Minority Communities|15
2|Chapter 1: Evaluating Police-Community Relations Globally|16
3|Introduction|16
3|Examining Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy|17
3|Understanding Public Perceptions of the Police|17
3|Conceptualizing Public Perceptions of the Police: ‘Trust’ v. ‘Confidence’|18
3|Public Perceptions of Police: Global Perspectives|20
3|Conclusion|21
3|References|22
2|Chapter 2: International Attitudes to Teaching Religion and Faith and the Policing of Minority Communities|24
3|Introduction|24
3|Representative Bureaucracy and Minority Influence|24
3|Definition of Religion and Faith|25
3|Police, Conflict, and Effective Community Relations|26
3|Methods|27
3|Summary of Country Findings|28
3|Case Studies|29
4|St Lucia|29
4|Education and Training of the Royal St Lucian Police Force|31
3|Trinidad and Tobago|31
4|Education and Training of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service|33
3|Britain|34
3|Education and Training of the British Police|35
3|Conclusion|37
3|References|37
2|Chapter 3: Police Leadership During Challenging Times|41
3|Part 1: The Work of the Police in New Demanding Contexts|41
4|The Context of Police Work is Undergoing Change, Leading to Demanding Challenges|41
4|Understanding Police Leadership|43
4|Police Leadership in Four Different Management Situations|45
4|Leadership, Management and Command|46
3|Part 2: Modeling Demanding Integrated Operations|47
4|Consciousness|48
4|Situational Awareness|49
4|The Modal Model of Memory|50
4|Schema Theory|51
4|Situational Awareness in Collaborative Systems|54
5|System Factors|56
5|Individual Factors|56
5|Team Factors|57
5|Task Factors|57
4|Acquisition and Maintenance of Distributed Situational Awareness|57
3|Part 3: Techniques for Improving Distributed Situational Awareness|57
4|Objective Hierarchy|58
4|SADT-Charts|59
4|Agent-Based Flow-Charts|60
3|Part 4: A Short Illustration of the Techniques|62
3|References|64
2|Chapter 4: Promoting Enhanced Public Participation and Community Engagement in Policing|66
3|Introduction|66
3|Criminological Explanations for Increasing Crime Rates|67
3|Critical Criminology|67
3|The ‘Left Realism’ Theory of Justice|68
3|The ‘Right Realism’ Theory of Justice|69
3|Examining Successful Endeavors to Strengthen Police-Public Engagement|70
3|The New York City Police Department|70
3|Applying the ‘Left Realism’ and ‘Right Realism’ Philosophies to the NYPD|71
3|Transitioning to Direct Public and Victim Engagement|72
3|Examining Community Policing and Citizen-Police Engagement in Practice|73
3|Examining Community Policing in the US, the UK, and Canada|73
3|Common Community Policing Practices|74
3|Public Perceptions of Community Policing Practices|75
3|Victim Involvement in the Criminal Justice Process|76
3|Practical Recommendations for Enhanced Public and Victim Engagement|78
3|Transforming Contemporary Policing|79
3|Conclusion|80
3|References|81
1|Part II: Sensitive and Controversial Issues|83
2|Chapter 5: Policing and Special Populations: Strategies to Overcome Policing Challenges Encountered with Mentally Ill Individuals|84
3|Introduction|84
3|Context|85
3|Background|86
4|New York City|87
3|Changing Response|88
3|NYPD’s CIT Program|89
4|Introduction|89
4|NYPD Protocols|90
4|Scenario-Based Training|91
4|Peer Panel|93
4|Crisis Communication|93
4|Modules|95
4|Participant Feedback|98
4|Success Stories|99
4|Looking to the Future|100
3|References|101
2|Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Other Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness|102
3|Introduction: Ethnicity and Other Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness|102
3|Past Research on Variables Associated with Perceived Police Fairness|103
3|Purpose of the Present Study|104
3|Methods|105
4|Participants and Procedures|105
3|Measurement|105
3|Data Analysis|106
3|Results|107
4|Regional Differences in Perceived Police Fairness|107
3|Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness in Home Searches|107
3|Demographics Associated with Perceived Police Fairness of Vehicle Searches|107
4|Discussion|108
3|Study Limitations and Directions for Future Research|109
3|Appendix|110
3|References|111
2|Chapter 7: The Impact of Police Shootings in the United States on Police-Community Relations|113
3|Introduction|113
4|Literature Review|118
4|Relational Database Design on Studying the Use of Force|120
3|Statistics Help Officer Training (SHOT) Database|122
4|Descriptive|123
4|Inferential|123
3|An Examination of the Preliminary Results of the SHOT Database|124
3|Conclusion|129
3|References|130
2|Chapter 8: Search and Seizure Jurisprudence: Community Perceptions of Police Legitimacy in the United States|133
3|Introduction|133
3|Theoretical Framework|134
3|Racial and Ethnic Differences in Attitudes Toward Police Searches|135
4|Vehicle Stops|136
4|The Present Study|137
3|Method|138
4|Sample and Procedure|138
3|Measures|138
4|Dependent Variable|138
4|Independent Variables|139
3|Analytical Strategy|140
3|Results|141
4|Interaction Effects|142
3|Discussion|142
3|Appendix|145
3|References|148
1|Part III: North American Perspectives|151
2|Chapter 9: Diversity and Policing in Canada|152
3|Introduction: The Policing Landscape in Canada – Recruitment and Training|152
4|Recruiting Strategies|152
3|Gender and Policing|153
3|The LGBT Community|154
4|Indigenous Peoples|155
4|Visible Minorities|156
4|Fostering Diversity Within the Workforce – Community Policing|159
4|Indigenous Peoples and Policing Initiatives in Canada|160
4|Independent Indigenous Police Services|163
4|Indigenous Communities and Canadian Police Services|164
5|The RCMP: Serving Canada’s Indigenous People|164
5|National Indigenous Policing Services (NAPS)|165
5|Serving First Nations, Inuit and Métis groups|166
3|Summary and Conclusion|166
3|References|167
2|Chapter 10: The Impressive Impact of Project Illumination on Police-Community Relations in Charleston, South Carolina|169
3|Introduction to the Charleston Illumination Project|169
3|History of Charleston, South Carolina|170
3|History of the Charleston Police Department|171
3|Need for Enhancing Police-Community Relations|172
4|Outcomes We Set Out to Achieve|172
3|The Police are Listening and Citizen Voices Matter|175
4|Listening Session Ideas/High Priorities|176
4|The Illumination Project Strategic Plan|176
5|Objective: Police Contribute to Creation of Diverse partnerships to Enhance Community Safety|177
5|Objective: Citizens Take a Leadership Role in Creating a Safe Community|177
5|Objective: Police Apply Current Research and Citizen Feedback to Police Training, New Equipment and Policy and Procedures to Minimize Negative Citizen/Police Encounters|178
5|Objective: Citizens Provide Input/Feedback for Police Training, New Equipment and Procedures, when Needed, to Minimize Negative Citizen/Police Encounters|179
5|Objective: Police Provide Opportunities for Citizen Access and Understanding of Police Policies and Procedures|179
5|Objective: Citizens De12monstrate Respect for Police|180
5|Objective: Police Expand Opportunities for Joint Problem Solving/pro-Active Engagement|180
5|Objective: Citizens Take Advantage of Expanded Opportunities for Joint Problem Solving/Pro-Active Engagement|180
3|Research|181
3|Lessons for the Future|181
4|Highlights|181
4|Lesson Details|182
3|2017 Broadening the Base Locally|184
3|Conclusion|185
3|Suggested Reading|185
2|Chapter 11: Policing Native American Lands in the United States|186
3|Introduction|186
3|Federal Indian Policy|186
3|Indian Country Criminal Jurisdiction|193
3|Policing in Indian Country|195
3|The Future of Policing in Indian Country|197
3|References|197
2|Chapter 12: Law Enforcement Challenges Along the Mexican-American Border in a Time of Enhanced Migration Control|199
3|Introduction|199
3|California and Senate Bill 54|201
3|Sanctuary Cities and Sanctuary Laws|201
3|The Blurring of Civil Law and Criminal Law|202
3|The Racial Profiling Issue|203
3|Civil Rights Violations in Immigration Detention Facilities|204
3|Detention Facility Housing Conditions|205
3|Failure to Uphold Legal Requirements|207
3|Back to the Future: How Confusing Objectives Became Today’s Quagmire|209
3|State Rights Versus Federal Rights in Responding to the Migrant Issue|210
3|Concluding Comments|212
3|References|213
1|Part IV: International Perspectives|215
2|Chapter 13: The Challenges of Policing Ethnic Minority Communities in Post-Conflict Kosovo|216
3|Introduction|216
3|Brief History of Kosovo|217
3|Origins of the Kosovo Conflict|218
3|Demography of Kosovo|219
3|Historical Perspective on Policing in Kosovo|220
3|The United Nations Mission in Kosovo|220
3|The State of Inter-Ethnic Relations in 1999|222
3|The Kosovo Police Service|223
3|The State of Inter-Ethnic Relations in 2008|225
3|The Kosovo Police 2008–2017|227
3|The State of Interethnic Relations and the Kosovo Police 2017|231
3|The Way Forward|234
4|A Portion of the Information in this Chapter is a Result of the Authors’ Personal Experiences|236
3|References|236
2|Chapter 14: New Zealand Police Cultural Liaison Officers: Their Role in Crime Prevention and Community Policing|238
3|Introduction|238
3|The Issue of Maori Offending/Crime in New Zealand|240
3|The Police Response to Maori Offending|241
3|New Zealand Police Maori, Pacific and Ethnic Services|244
3|The Response to Maori and the Link to Prevention First|245
3|Methodology|245
3|Survey Results|246
3|The Organizational Profile of a Maori, Pacific and Ethnic Liaison Survey Respondents|246
3|Training to Become a Liaison Officer|248
3|The Role of a Liaison Officer|248
3|Personal Expectations of Liaison Officers and Possible Improvements for the Role|250
3|Discussion|251
3|Conclusion|252
3|New Zealand Police Cultural Liaison Officers – Survey Questions|253
3|References|255
2|Chapter 15: The 2016 Failed Coup Attempt and its Influence on Policing the Kurdish and Other Ethnic Minorities Across Turkey|258
3|Introduction|258
3|Policing During the Ottomans|259
3|The Police Image and Criticism|263
3|July 15, 2016, Failed Coup and the Government’s Purge|264
3|Conclusion|265
3|References|266
2|Chapter 16: Police Strategies for Dealing with Tribal Conflicts in Nigeria|269
3|Introduction|269
3|Nigeria and Contemporary Insecurity Challenges|270
3|Tribal Group’s Agitation in Nigeria|272
3|The Nigerian Police and Security of a Distraught Society|273
3|The Nigerian Police Strategies and Responses|275
3|The ‘Trinity’ Policing Model: A Model for the Future|276
3|Rethinking Policing Work for Effectiveness in Nigeria|279
3|Conclusion|282
3|References|283
2|Chapter 17: Whakatupato: Community Policing or the Police Response to a Social Problem in New Zealand?|285
3|Introduction|285
3|Police-Community Relationships and Attitudes|286
3|Firearms in New Zealand|288
3|The Challenge for Maori|290
3|The Turning of the Tide|291
3|Prevention First|293
3|The Beginning of Whakatupato|293
3|The Design of the Whakatupato Program|295
3|The First Whakatupato Course|296
3|View of Whakatupato Participants|296
3|Discussion|297
3|Conclusion|298
3|References|299
2|Chapter 18: Policing in the Multi-Cultural and Multi-Ethnic Environment of South Africa|302
3|Introduction|302
3|Overview: Changes from Militaristic to a Service-Oriented Policing and Back Again|307
3|Policing Minorities in South Africa|312
3|Challenges to Minority Groups in South Africa|313
3|Conclusion|316
3|References|316
1|Part V: Final Thoughts/Epilogue|319
2|Chapter 19: Final Thoughts – Examining Policing Options to Enhance Transparency and Community Trust|320
3|Epilogue and Discussion|320
1|Index|324