File #2780: "2019_Book_ThePowerToArrest.pdf"
Testo
1|Acknowledgements|5
1|Contents|8
1|About the Authors|11
1|1 Introduction|13
2|Abstract|13
2|References|21
1|2 Placing Arrest in Context|23
2|Abstract|23
2|1 Defining Arrest|24
3|1.1 Legal Definition|24
3|1.2 Policy and Practice|25
2|2 Arrest as a Crime Deterrent|26
3|2.1 Police Force Size, Police Productivity, and Crime Reduction|27
3|2.2 Deterrent Effects of Police Strategies|28
2|3 Costs of Arrest|28
3|3.1 Financial Costs|29
3|3.2 Jails|29
3|3.3 Prisons|30
3|3.4 Other Direct Costs and Collateral Consequences|30
2|4 Conclusion|35
2|References|36
1|3 Explaining the Decision to Arrest|40
2|Abstract|40
2|1 History of Policing Research|41
3|1.1 Setting the Baseline: Routine Police Practice|42
2|2 Factors That Predict Arrest|44
3|2.1 Impact of Legal Factors|45
3|2.2 Changes in the Law|48
3|2.3 Impact of Extra-Legal Factors|50
4|2.3.1 Persons with Mental Illness|51
4|2.3.2 Juveniles|52
4|2.3.3 Racial/Ethnic Minorities|53
3|2.4 Individual (Officer) Characteristics|55
3|2.5 Organizational Characteristics|57
3|2.6 Community Characteristics|59
2|3 Mandatory Arrest|60
3|3.1 Domestic Violence|61
3|3.2 Policy Impact|63
3|3.3 Conclusion|64
2|4 Proactive Policing Strategies|65
3|4.1 Attitudes Toward Proactive Policing Strategies|66
3|4.2 Impact on Arrest|67
4|4.2.1 Order Maintenance—Broken Windows Policing|69
4|4.2.2 Zero Tolerance Policing|69
4|4.2.3 Hot Spots Policing|70
4|4.2.4 Problem-Oriented Policing|72
3|4.3 Crime Prevention as an Arrest Alternative|73
3|4.4 Conclusion|74
2|References|75
1|4 Alternatives to Arrest|86
2|Abstract|86
2|1 Police-Led Diversion|87
3|1.1 Drug Offenders|89
4|1.1.1 Early Drug Diversion Programs|89
4|1.1.2 Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) Programs|92
4|1.1.3 Other Police-Led Drug Offender Diversion Programs|97
2|2 Persons with Mental Illness|99
3|2.1 Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT)|101
4|2.1.1 Evaluations|102
3|2.2 Mental Health Professionals Who Co-respond|105
3|2.3 Mobile Crisis Team Co-responders|106
3|2.4 Centralized Crisis Response Sites|108
3|2.5 Comparison of Diversion Models|109
2|3 Juvenile Offenders|111
3|3.1 Pre-booking Programs|112
3|3.2 Post-booking Programs|117
2|4 Citations in Lieu of Arrest|120
3|4.1 Legal and Legislative Issues|123
2|5 Conclusion|124
2|References|125
1|5 Research Considerations|134
2|Abstract|134
2|1 Costs of Arrest|135
2|2 Explaining Police Behavior|136
2|3 Proactive Arrests|139
2|4 Alternatives to Arrest|140
3|4.1 Police-Led Diversion|140
4|4.1.1 Police-Led Diversion of Person with Mental Illness|141
4|4.1.2 Police-Led Diversion of Juveniles|142
4|4.1.3 Research Design: The Importance of Equivalent Comparison Groups|143
4|4.1.4 Outcomes Measured|143
2|5 Citations in Lieu of Arrest|145
2|6 Natural Experiments and Case Studies|146
2|7 Conclusion|147
2|References|148
1|6 Implications and Recommendations|151
2|Abstract|151
2|1 Considering the History of Arrest|152
2|2 Changing Police View of Arrest|153
3|2.1 Police Culture|156
2|3 Unintended Consequences|157
3|3.1 Uncontrolled Discretion|157
2|4 Net Widening|159
2|5 Increased Harm to Offenders or Victims|160
2|6 Negative Perceptions of Police|162
3|6.1 Police-Academic Partnerships|162
2|7 Development of Risk Assessment Tools|163
2|8 Recommendations|167
2|References|168
1|Index|173
1|Contents|8
1|About the Authors|11
1|1 Introduction|13
2|Abstract|13
2|References|21
1|2 Placing Arrest in Context|23
2|Abstract|23
2|1 Defining Arrest|24
3|1.1 Legal Definition|24
3|1.2 Policy and Practice|25
2|2 Arrest as a Crime Deterrent|26
3|2.1 Police Force Size, Police Productivity, and Crime Reduction|27
3|2.2 Deterrent Effects of Police Strategies|28
2|3 Costs of Arrest|28
3|3.1 Financial Costs|29
3|3.2 Jails|29
3|3.3 Prisons|30
3|3.4 Other Direct Costs and Collateral Consequences|30
2|4 Conclusion|35
2|References|36
1|3 Explaining the Decision to Arrest|40
2|Abstract|40
2|1 History of Policing Research|41
3|1.1 Setting the Baseline: Routine Police Practice|42
2|2 Factors That Predict Arrest|44
3|2.1 Impact of Legal Factors|45
3|2.2 Changes in the Law|48
3|2.3 Impact of Extra-Legal Factors|50
4|2.3.1 Persons with Mental Illness|51
4|2.3.2 Juveniles|52
4|2.3.3 Racial/Ethnic Minorities|53
3|2.4 Individual (Officer) Characteristics|55
3|2.5 Organizational Characteristics|57
3|2.6 Community Characteristics|59
2|3 Mandatory Arrest|60
3|3.1 Domestic Violence|61
3|3.2 Policy Impact|63
3|3.3 Conclusion|64
2|4 Proactive Policing Strategies|65
3|4.1 Attitudes Toward Proactive Policing Strategies|66
3|4.2 Impact on Arrest|67
4|4.2.1 Order Maintenance—Broken Windows Policing|69
4|4.2.2 Zero Tolerance Policing|69
4|4.2.3 Hot Spots Policing|70
4|4.2.4 Problem-Oriented Policing|72
3|4.3 Crime Prevention as an Arrest Alternative|73
3|4.4 Conclusion|74
2|References|75
1|4 Alternatives to Arrest|86
2|Abstract|86
2|1 Police-Led Diversion|87
3|1.1 Drug Offenders|89
4|1.1.1 Early Drug Diversion Programs|89
4|1.1.2 Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) Programs|92
4|1.1.3 Other Police-Led Drug Offender Diversion Programs|97
2|2 Persons with Mental Illness|99
3|2.1 Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT)|101
4|2.1.1 Evaluations|102
3|2.2 Mental Health Professionals Who Co-respond|105
3|2.3 Mobile Crisis Team Co-responders|106
3|2.4 Centralized Crisis Response Sites|108
3|2.5 Comparison of Diversion Models|109
2|3 Juvenile Offenders|111
3|3.1 Pre-booking Programs|112
3|3.2 Post-booking Programs|117
2|4 Citations in Lieu of Arrest|120
3|4.1 Legal and Legislative Issues|123
2|5 Conclusion|124
2|References|125
1|5 Research Considerations|134
2|Abstract|134
2|1 Costs of Arrest|135
2|2 Explaining Police Behavior|136
2|3 Proactive Arrests|139
2|4 Alternatives to Arrest|140
3|4.1 Police-Led Diversion|140
4|4.1.1 Police-Led Diversion of Person with Mental Illness|141
4|4.1.2 Police-Led Diversion of Juveniles|142
4|4.1.3 Research Design: The Importance of Equivalent Comparison Groups|143
4|4.1.4 Outcomes Measured|143
2|5 Citations in Lieu of Arrest|145
2|6 Natural Experiments and Case Studies|146
2|7 Conclusion|147
2|References|148
1|6 Implications and Recommendations|151
2|Abstract|151
2|1 Considering the History of Arrest|152
2|2 Changing Police View of Arrest|153
3|2.1 Police Culture|156
2|3 Unintended Consequences|157
3|3.1 Uncontrolled Discretion|157
2|4 Net Widening|159
2|5 Increased Harm to Offenders or Victims|160
2|6 Negative Perceptions of Police|162
3|6.1 Police-Academic Partnerships|162
2|7 Development of Risk Assessment Tools|163
2|8 Recommendations|167
2|References|168
1|Index|173