File #2797: "2019_Book_RelationshipBetweenTheChineseC.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|14
1|1 The State Structure (Nation–Region Relationship) in Constitutional Law|21
2|1.1 The Status of the State Structure Theory in Constitutional Law|21
2|1.2 Basic Theories of the State Structure|24
3|1.2.1 State Governance by Means of Regions|24
3|1.2.2 General Factors that Affect State Structures|26
2|1.3 Three Major Models of State Structure|27
3|1.3.1 The Concepts of the Three Major State Structures|28
3|1.3.2 The Differences Between the Three Kinds of State Structure|32
3|1.3.3 Differentiating Between the Standards of Different State Structures|37
2|1.4 New Developments of State Structures in the World Today|40
1|2 The Historical Evolution of State Structures in China|42
2|2.1 State Structures in Ancient Times|42
3|2.1.1 Prior to the Qin Dynasty|43
3|2.1.2 Qin Unifies Six States to Initiate China’s “Great National Unity”|44
3|2.1.3 The State Structures of the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties|47
3|2.1.4 The State Structures of the Sui, Tang, the Five Dynasties, and Ten Kingdoms Period, and the Song|49
3|2.1.5 State Structures of the Liao, Xia, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties|52
3|2.1.6 Changes After 1840|56
3|2.1.7 Historical Summation|57
2|2.2 The State Structure from the 1911 Revolution to 1949|59
3|2.2.1 The Beiyang [Northern Warlords] Government from 1912 to 1928|59
3|2.2.2 The Period of Kuomintang Rule from 1928 to 1949|61
2|2.3 Evolution of the State Structure in New China|63
3|2.3.1 The State Structure in the First Years of the New China|63
3|2.3.2 The State Structure as Stipulated by the Current Constitution|68
3|2.3.3 Stipulations in the Legislation Law on the Extent of Central/Local Division of Power|72
1|3 The Genesis and Operations of “One Country, Two Systems” Policy|74
2|3.1 The Origins of the Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Issues|74
3|3.1.1 Hong Kong|75
3|3.1.2 Macao|78
3|3.1.3 Taiwan|80
2|3.2 Various Formulas for China’s Reunification|81
3|3.2.1 The Differences and Similarities of the Hong Kong and Macao Issues|81
3|3.2.2 Diverse Formulas for China’s Reunification|84
2|3.3 The Formation and Contents of the National “One Country, Two Systems” Policy|93
3|3.3.1 The Evolution of the New China’s Policies on Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan|93
3|3.3.2 The Forming of the “Peaceful Reunification, One Country, Two Systems” Concept|96
3|3.3.3 The Scientific Connotations of “One Country, Two Systems”|100
1|4 Legalization of “One Country, Two Systems” and Establishment of the SAR Organizational System|108
2|4.1 Constitutional Issues Related to “One Country, Two Systems”|108
3|4.1.1 Constitutional Issues Related to the “One China Two Systems” Concept|109
2|4.2 Whether the Force of China’s Constitution Extends to the Special Administrative Regions|113
2|4.3 Constitutional and Legal Grounds for Establishing the Special Administrative Regions|117
3|4.3.1 “One Country, Two Systems” Takes Its Place in the Constitution|117
3|4.3.2 Legal Grounds for Setting up Special Administrative Regions|118
2|4.4 The Legal Status of the Special Administrative Regions|120
3|4.4.1 The Institution of China’s Provincial-Level Governments|120
3|4.4.2 Basic Connotations of “Special Administrative Region”|121
3|4.4.3 The Legal Status of Special Administrative Regions|123
2|4.5 The Effects of the Establishment of SARs on China’s State Structure|125
1|5 The Basic Principles for Handling Relations Between the Central Authorities and the Special Administrative Regions|128
2|5.1 The Nature and Characteristics of the Relation Between the Central Authorities and the Special Administrative Region|129
2|5.2 Basic Principles for Handling Central/SAR Relations|132
3|5.2.1 The “One Country, Two Systems” Principle|132
3|5.2.2 The Principles of “Hong Kongers Govern Hong Kong,” “Macaoans Govern Macao,” and a “High Degree of Autonomy”|135
3|5.2.3 The Main Factors that Affect Central/SAR Relationships|142
3|5.2.4 The Course of China’s Own Reform and Opening up|142
3|5.2.5 The Sustained Stability and Prosperity of the SARs Per Se|144
3|5.2.6 International Factors|146
2|5.3 The Division of Functions and Powers Between the Central Government and the Special Administrative Regions|152
3|5.3.1 General Theories on the Division of Functions and Powers Between the National and Local Governments (Central and Local Authorities)|152
3|5.3.2 Regarding the Discussions on the Division of Central/SAR Powers|155
3|5.3.3 The Divisions of Central/SAR Powers by the Basic Law|157
1|6 The Powers of the Central Authorities|161
2|6.1 The SAR’s Right to Establish/Organize|162
3|6.1.1 The Power of Institution in the SARs|163
3|6.1.2 Legislative Authority over the SARs|166
3|6.1.3 The Power to Retain “Residual Powers”|166
2|6.2 The Power to Formulate, Amend, and Interpret the SARs’ Basic Laws and to Review Constitutional Violations|167
3|6.2.1 The Power to Formulate SAR Basic Laws|167
3|6.2.2 The Power to Amend the SAR Basic Laws|169
3|6.2.3 The Power to Interpret the Basic Laws|172
2|6.3 The Organizational Powers of SAR Governments|175
2|6.4 The Power to Declare Emergence State|180
3|6.4.1 The Power of the Central Authorities to Implement Emergence State in the SARs|182
3|6.4.2 The Powers of the SAR Chief Executive for Handling Emergencies|183
2|6.5 Powers over Diplomatic Affairs|184
2|6.6 Powers over National Defense|187
2|6.7 The Handling of “Residual Powers”|191
2|6.8 The Origins, Nature, and Exercising of the Central Authorities’ Powers|193
3|6.8.1 The Origins of the Central Authorities’ Powers|193
3|6.8.2 State Sovereignty|194
3|6.8.3 Standards for the Central/SAR Division of Functions and Powers|195
1|7 The Powers Enjoyed by the Special Administrative Regions|198
2|7.1 The High Degree of Autonomy Enjoyed by the SARs|199
3|7.1.1 Powers of Administrative Management|199
3|7.1.2 Legislative Powers|203
3|7.1.3 Independent Judicial Powers and the Power of Final Adjudication|207
3|7.1.4 The Power of the SARs to Handle Foreign Affairs Matters on Their Own|210
2|7.2 The SARs’ Right to Participate in National Affairs|214
3|7.2.1 The SARs’ Delegates and Delegations Who Attend the National People’s Congresses|214
3|7.2.2 The Relations Between the SARs’ NPC Deputies and the SAR Governments|218
3|7.2.3 The Matter of SAR Chinese Citizens Holding Office in the Central Government|221
2|7.3 The Power to Accept “Other Powers” Granted by the Central Government|222
2|7.4 The SARs’ Responsibility for Upholding State Unity and Sovereignty|223
1|8 The Handling of the Relevant Relationships|227
2|8.1 The Relations of the Central People’s Government Departments with the SARs|227
3|8.1.1 State Council Organization|227
3|8.1.2 The Relations of the Central People’s Government Departments with the Governments of the Provinces, Autonomous Regions and Directly Administered Municipalities|231
3|8.1.3 Relations of the Central People’s Government Departments with the Special Administrative Regions|232
3|8.1.4 Institutions Stationed in the SARs by the Central Authorities|233
2|8.2 Relations Between Ordinary Local Governments and the SAR Governments|235
2|8.3 Relations Between and Among the Special Administrative Regions|240
2|8.4 Taiwan’s Relations with Other Regions|243
1|9 The Institutions for Handling Central/SAR Relations and Their Operations|246
2|9.1 The Highest Organs of State Power|246
3|9.1.1 The Nature of the Highest Organs of State Power|246
3|9.1.2 The SAR Basic Law Committees of the NPC Standing Committee|250
2|9.2 The Highest Organ of State Administration|252
3|9.2.1 The State Council|252
3|9.2.2 The Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council|254
3|9.2.3 The Liaison Office of the Central People’s Government in the SARs|256
2|9.3 Work Principles that Must Be Followed|258
3|9.3.1 Abiding by the “One Country, Two Systems” and “A High Degree of Autonomy” Guidelines|259
3|9.3.2 Dealing with Matters Strictly According to Law|259
3|9.3.3 The Principle of Incorporating SAR Participation|260
3|9.3.4 Mutual Respect, Mutual Support and Common Development|260
2|9.4 How Central/SAR Relations Have Been Handled After 1997|261
3|9.4.1 The Central Authorities’ Exercise of Their Statutory Powers After the Two Regions’ Return to China|261
3|9.4.2 The SARs’ Practice of Exercising a High Degree of Autonomy|270
1|10 Case Study: The Central/SAR Relations Since 1997|276
2|10.1 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region v. Ma Wei|277
3|10.1.1 Facts of the Case|277
3|10.1.2 Was the “Maintaining” and “Adoption” of Hong Kong’s “Former” Laws an Actus Legitimus?|277
3|10.1.3 The Issue of the Legality of the Provisional Legislative Committee|280
3|10.1.4 The Verdict of the Court and Commentary|281
2|10.2 Litigation on the Right of Abode of Children Born to Hong Kongers in Chinese Mainland and the Relevant Constitutional Laws|284
3|10.2.1 Background to the Litigation|284
3|10.2.2 Relevant Lawsuits and Their Effects|287
3|10.2.3 The “NPC Interpretation”|290
3|10.2.4 Follow-up Controversies and Problems of the “NPC Interpretation”|292
2|10.3 Desecrating the National and Regional Flags|306
3|10.3.1 Basic Facts of the Case|306
3|10.3.2 The Court’s Verdict|307
3|10.3.3 The Central/SAR Relations Involved|312
2|10.4 The Zhang Ziqiang Case (Cheung Tze-Keung) and the Li Yuhui Case and Issues of Criminal Jurisdiction|314
3|10.4.1 The Facts of the Cases|314
3|10.4.2 The Conflict Between the Two Regions’ Criminal Jurisdictions|316
2|10.5 Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters Between the SARs and Chinese Mainland|322
3|10.5.1 Entrustment and Service of Civil and Commercial Judicial Documents|323
3|10.5.2 Reciprocal Implementation of Arbitral Decisions|326
3|10.5.3 Mutual Recognition and Enforcement of Court Rulings|328
3|10.5.4 Cooperation in Conducting Investigations and Obtaining Evidence|332
1|11 Reviews of Constitutionality, Rule of Law, and National Unity|334
2|11.1 China’s System for Reviewing Constitutionality|337
3|11.1.1 “Limited Government” and Judicial Reviews|337
3|11.1.2 China’s Institutions Responsible for Examining Constitutionality and Their Competence|341
2|11.2 The Constitutionality Review System of Special Administrative Regions Under “One Country, Two Systems”|370
3|11.2.1 Constitutionality Reviews of SAR Legislation by the NPC Standing Committee Under “One Country, Two Systems”|371
3|11.2.2 Constitutionality Examination Powers of SAR Courts Under “One Country, Two Systems”|383
3|11.2.3 Interaction Between the NPS Standing Committee and the SAR Courts on the Matter of Constitutionality Examinations|389
2|11.3 Rule of Law and the Country’s Unity|398
3|11.3.1 The “Chinese World Order Principles”|400
3|11.3.2 State Unity Perspective Based on Constitutions and Rule of Law in the Modern West|403
1|Postscript: New Problems and a Few Reflections|408
1|Bibliography|420
1|Main Websites:|426
1|Index|427
1|Contents|14
1|1 The State Structure (Nation–Region Relationship) in Constitutional Law|21
2|1.1 The Status of the State Structure Theory in Constitutional Law|21
2|1.2 Basic Theories of the State Structure|24
3|1.2.1 State Governance by Means of Regions|24
3|1.2.2 General Factors that Affect State Structures|26
2|1.3 Three Major Models of State Structure|27
3|1.3.1 The Concepts of the Three Major State Structures|28
3|1.3.2 The Differences Between the Three Kinds of State Structure|32
3|1.3.3 Differentiating Between the Standards of Different State Structures|37
2|1.4 New Developments of State Structures in the World Today|40
1|2 The Historical Evolution of State Structures in China|42
2|2.1 State Structures in Ancient Times|42
3|2.1.1 Prior to the Qin Dynasty|43
3|2.1.2 Qin Unifies Six States to Initiate China’s “Great National Unity”|44
3|2.1.3 The State Structures of the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties|47
3|2.1.4 The State Structures of the Sui, Tang, the Five Dynasties, and Ten Kingdoms Period, and the Song|49
3|2.1.5 State Structures of the Liao, Xia, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties|52
3|2.1.6 Changes After 1840|56
3|2.1.7 Historical Summation|57
2|2.2 The State Structure from the 1911 Revolution to 1949|59
3|2.2.1 The Beiyang [Northern Warlords] Government from 1912 to 1928|59
3|2.2.2 The Period of Kuomintang Rule from 1928 to 1949|61
2|2.3 Evolution of the State Structure in New China|63
3|2.3.1 The State Structure in the First Years of the New China|63
3|2.3.2 The State Structure as Stipulated by the Current Constitution|68
3|2.3.3 Stipulations in the Legislation Law on the Extent of Central/Local Division of Power|72
1|3 The Genesis and Operations of “One Country, Two Systems” Policy|74
2|3.1 The Origins of the Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Issues|74
3|3.1.1 Hong Kong|75
3|3.1.2 Macao|78
3|3.1.3 Taiwan|80
2|3.2 Various Formulas for China’s Reunification|81
3|3.2.1 The Differences and Similarities of the Hong Kong and Macao Issues|81
3|3.2.2 Diverse Formulas for China’s Reunification|84
2|3.3 The Formation and Contents of the National “One Country, Two Systems” Policy|93
3|3.3.1 The Evolution of the New China’s Policies on Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan|93
3|3.3.2 The Forming of the “Peaceful Reunification, One Country, Two Systems” Concept|96
3|3.3.3 The Scientific Connotations of “One Country, Two Systems”|100
1|4 Legalization of “One Country, Two Systems” and Establishment of the SAR Organizational System|108
2|4.1 Constitutional Issues Related to “One Country, Two Systems”|108
3|4.1.1 Constitutional Issues Related to the “One China Two Systems” Concept|109
2|4.2 Whether the Force of China’s Constitution Extends to the Special Administrative Regions|113
2|4.3 Constitutional and Legal Grounds for Establishing the Special Administrative Regions|117
3|4.3.1 “One Country, Two Systems” Takes Its Place in the Constitution|117
3|4.3.2 Legal Grounds for Setting up Special Administrative Regions|118
2|4.4 The Legal Status of the Special Administrative Regions|120
3|4.4.1 The Institution of China’s Provincial-Level Governments|120
3|4.4.2 Basic Connotations of “Special Administrative Region”|121
3|4.4.3 The Legal Status of Special Administrative Regions|123
2|4.5 The Effects of the Establishment of SARs on China’s State Structure|125
1|5 The Basic Principles for Handling Relations Between the Central Authorities and the Special Administrative Regions|128
2|5.1 The Nature and Characteristics of the Relation Between the Central Authorities and the Special Administrative Region|129
2|5.2 Basic Principles for Handling Central/SAR Relations|132
3|5.2.1 The “One Country, Two Systems” Principle|132
3|5.2.2 The Principles of “Hong Kongers Govern Hong Kong,” “Macaoans Govern Macao,” and a “High Degree of Autonomy”|135
3|5.2.3 The Main Factors that Affect Central/SAR Relationships|142
3|5.2.4 The Course of China’s Own Reform and Opening up|142
3|5.2.5 The Sustained Stability and Prosperity of the SARs Per Se|144
3|5.2.6 International Factors|146
2|5.3 The Division of Functions and Powers Between the Central Government and the Special Administrative Regions|152
3|5.3.1 General Theories on the Division of Functions and Powers Between the National and Local Governments (Central and Local Authorities)|152
3|5.3.2 Regarding the Discussions on the Division of Central/SAR Powers|155
3|5.3.3 The Divisions of Central/SAR Powers by the Basic Law|157
1|6 The Powers of the Central Authorities|161
2|6.1 The SAR’s Right to Establish/Organize|162
3|6.1.1 The Power of Institution in the SARs|163
3|6.1.2 Legislative Authority over the SARs|166
3|6.1.3 The Power to Retain “Residual Powers”|166
2|6.2 The Power to Formulate, Amend, and Interpret the SARs’ Basic Laws and to Review Constitutional Violations|167
3|6.2.1 The Power to Formulate SAR Basic Laws|167
3|6.2.2 The Power to Amend the SAR Basic Laws|169
3|6.2.3 The Power to Interpret the Basic Laws|172
2|6.3 The Organizational Powers of SAR Governments|175
2|6.4 The Power to Declare Emergence State|180
3|6.4.1 The Power of the Central Authorities to Implement Emergence State in the SARs|182
3|6.4.2 The Powers of the SAR Chief Executive for Handling Emergencies|183
2|6.5 Powers over Diplomatic Affairs|184
2|6.6 Powers over National Defense|187
2|6.7 The Handling of “Residual Powers”|191
2|6.8 The Origins, Nature, and Exercising of the Central Authorities’ Powers|193
3|6.8.1 The Origins of the Central Authorities’ Powers|193
3|6.8.2 State Sovereignty|194
3|6.8.3 Standards for the Central/SAR Division of Functions and Powers|195
1|7 The Powers Enjoyed by the Special Administrative Regions|198
2|7.1 The High Degree of Autonomy Enjoyed by the SARs|199
3|7.1.1 Powers of Administrative Management|199
3|7.1.2 Legislative Powers|203
3|7.1.3 Independent Judicial Powers and the Power of Final Adjudication|207
3|7.1.4 The Power of the SARs to Handle Foreign Affairs Matters on Their Own|210
2|7.2 The SARs’ Right to Participate in National Affairs|214
3|7.2.1 The SARs’ Delegates and Delegations Who Attend the National People’s Congresses|214
3|7.2.2 The Relations Between the SARs’ NPC Deputies and the SAR Governments|218
3|7.2.3 The Matter of SAR Chinese Citizens Holding Office in the Central Government|221
2|7.3 The Power to Accept “Other Powers” Granted by the Central Government|222
2|7.4 The SARs’ Responsibility for Upholding State Unity and Sovereignty|223
1|8 The Handling of the Relevant Relationships|227
2|8.1 The Relations of the Central People’s Government Departments with the SARs|227
3|8.1.1 State Council Organization|227
3|8.1.2 The Relations of the Central People’s Government Departments with the Governments of the Provinces, Autonomous Regions and Directly Administered Municipalities|231
3|8.1.3 Relations of the Central People’s Government Departments with the Special Administrative Regions|232
3|8.1.4 Institutions Stationed in the SARs by the Central Authorities|233
2|8.2 Relations Between Ordinary Local Governments and the SAR Governments|235
2|8.3 Relations Between and Among the Special Administrative Regions|240
2|8.4 Taiwan’s Relations with Other Regions|243
1|9 The Institutions for Handling Central/SAR Relations and Their Operations|246
2|9.1 The Highest Organs of State Power|246
3|9.1.1 The Nature of the Highest Organs of State Power|246
3|9.1.2 The SAR Basic Law Committees of the NPC Standing Committee|250
2|9.2 The Highest Organ of State Administration|252
3|9.2.1 The State Council|252
3|9.2.2 The Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council|254
3|9.2.3 The Liaison Office of the Central People’s Government in the SARs|256
2|9.3 Work Principles that Must Be Followed|258
3|9.3.1 Abiding by the “One Country, Two Systems” and “A High Degree of Autonomy” Guidelines|259
3|9.3.2 Dealing with Matters Strictly According to Law|259
3|9.3.3 The Principle of Incorporating SAR Participation|260
3|9.3.4 Mutual Respect, Mutual Support and Common Development|260
2|9.4 How Central/SAR Relations Have Been Handled After 1997|261
3|9.4.1 The Central Authorities’ Exercise of Their Statutory Powers After the Two Regions’ Return to China|261
3|9.4.2 The SARs’ Practice of Exercising a High Degree of Autonomy|270
1|10 Case Study: The Central/SAR Relations Since 1997|276
2|10.1 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region v. Ma Wei|277
3|10.1.1 Facts of the Case|277
3|10.1.2 Was the “Maintaining” and “Adoption” of Hong Kong’s “Former” Laws an Actus Legitimus?|277
3|10.1.3 The Issue of the Legality of the Provisional Legislative Committee|280
3|10.1.4 The Verdict of the Court and Commentary|281
2|10.2 Litigation on the Right of Abode of Children Born to Hong Kongers in Chinese Mainland and the Relevant Constitutional Laws|284
3|10.2.1 Background to the Litigation|284
3|10.2.2 Relevant Lawsuits and Their Effects|287
3|10.2.3 The “NPC Interpretation”|290
3|10.2.4 Follow-up Controversies and Problems of the “NPC Interpretation”|292
2|10.3 Desecrating the National and Regional Flags|306
3|10.3.1 Basic Facts of the Case|306
3|10.3.2 The Court’s Verdict|307
3|10.3.3 The Central/SAR Relations Involved|312
2|10.4 The Zhang Ziqiang Case (Cheung Tze-Keung) and the Li Yuhui Case and Issues of Criminal Jurisdiction|314
3|10.4.1 The Facts of the Cases|314
3|10.4.2 The Conflict Between the Two Regions’ Criminal Jurisdictions|316
2|10.5 Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters Between the SARs and Chinese Mainland|322
3|10.5.1 Entrustment and Service of Civil and Commercial Judicial Documents|323
3|10.5.2 Reciprocal Implementation of Arbitral Decisions|326
3|10.5.3 Mutual Recognition and Enforcement of Court Rulings|328
3|10.5.4 Cooperation in Conducting Investigations and Obtaining Evidence|332
1|11 Reviews of Constitutionality, Rule of Law, and National Unity|334
2|11.1 China’s System for Reviewing Constitutionality|337
3|11.1.1 “Limited Government” and Judicial Reviews|337
3|11.1.2 China’s Institutions Responsible for Examining Constitutionality and Their Competence|341
2|11.2 The Constitutionality Review System of Special Administrative Regions Under “One Country, Two Systems”|370
3|11.2.1 Constitutionality Reviews of SAR Legislation by the NPC Standing Committee Under “One Country, Two Systems”|371
3|11.2.2 Constitutionality Examination Powers of SAR Courts Under “One Country, Two Systems”|383
3|11.2.3 Interaction Between the NPS Standing Committee and the SAR Courts on the Matter of Constitutionality Examinations|389
2|11.3 Rule of Law and the Country’s Unity|398
3|11.3.1 The “Chinese World Order Principles”|400
3|11.3.2 State Unity Perspective Based on Constitutions and Rule of Law in the Modern West|403
1|Postscript: New Problems and a Few Reflections|408
1|Bibliography|420
1|Main Websites:|426
1|Index|427