File #2855: "2020_Book_WaterGovernanceAndCrimeIssues.pdf"
Testo
1|ForewordDiscussion about Water, Governance and Crime Issues|5
1|Acknowledgements|13
1|Contents|15
1|About the Authors|17
1|Part I: Criminological Perspectives of Water Crimes|24
2|Chapter 1: Green Criminology, Water Issues, Human Rights and Private Profit|25
3|1 Introduction|25
3|2 Current State of Play|26
3|3 Lack of Water and Who Gets What and How|29
3|4 Water Crimes and Green Criminology|33
3|References|35
2|Chapter 2: The Politics of Water Rights: Scarcity, Sovereignty and Security|38
3|1 Introduction|38
3|2 Water Pollution and Sovereignty: Conflict and Resistance at Standing Rock and Elsewhere|40
3|3 Privatisation and Resistance: Bolivia and Ireland|42
3|4 Water and Security: Climate Change, Migration and Conflict|44
3|5 Conclusion|46
3|References|47
2|Chapter 3: Water Crimes Within Environmental Crimes|51
3|1 Introduction|51
3|2 Environmental Crimes|52
4|2.1 Defining Environmental Crimes|52
4|2.2 Types and Scale of Environmental Crimes|54
4|2.3 Causes and Consequences of Environmental Crimes|54
4|2.4 Environmental Crimes in Criminology|56
3|3 Defining Water Crimes|57
4|3.1 Types of Water Crimes|58
4|3.2 Causes and Consequences of Water Crimes|60
4|3.3 Risks and Threats of Water Crimes|61
3|4 Conclusions|62
3|References|63
2|Chapter 4: Water and Organised Crime|66
3|1 Introduction|66
3|2 Organized Environmental Crime|67
3|3 Water Crimes from an Organized Crime Perspective|70
3|4 Disrupting Organised Environmental Crime|73
3|5 Conclusion|75
3|References|75
2|Chapter 5: Building the Water Crimes Inventory|79
3|1 Introduction|79
3|2 The International Legal Framework|80
3|3 About Water Crimes|83
3|4 Materials and Methods|84
3|5 Water Crimes Classification|86
3|6 Conclusions|90
3|References|91
2|Chapter 6: Policing Water Crimes|93
3|1 Introduction|93
3|2 Types of Water Crimes|94
3|3 Water Crime and Policing|97
4|3.1 Policing Environmental Crime|97
4|3.2 Policing Water Crime|102
3|4 Conclusion|105
3|References|107
1|Part II: Water Protection and Water Crimes: Case Studies|110
2|Chapter 7: Water Legal Protection in the Canary Islands: A Brief Description|111
3|1 Introduction|111
3|2 A Brief Description of the Canary Islands|112
3|3 A Brief Description of Water Regulation in Spanish Law|113
3|4 The Case of the Canary Islands|115
3|5 Criminal Law Protection of Water in the Spanish Law|117
3|6 Conclusions|119
3|References|120
2|Chapter 8: Water Crimes in Cyprus|122
3|1 Introduction|122
3|2 Criminological Research and the Environment in Cyprus|123
4|2.1 Legislation for the Protection of the Environment in Cyprus|124
3|3 Environmental Law on Water Quality and Management: The Case of Water Crimes and Cyprus|125
4|3.1 The International Level|126
4|3.2 The EU Level: EU Criminal Environmental Law and Water Crimes|127
3|4 Enforcement of Environmental Protection Legislation in Cyprus|133
3|5 Concluding Remarks|140
3|References|141
2|Chapter 9: Water Protection in Slovenia: Constitutional and Administrative Law Perspectives|143
3|1 Introduction|143
3|2 The International and Constitutional Foundations of Water Protection|144
4|2.1 Introduction|144
4|2.2 International Treaties and Documents on the Right to Drinking Water|144
4|2.3 Slovenia’s Constitutional Foundation for Water Protection|147
4|2.4 The Right to Drinking Water Pursuant to 2016’s Amendment to the Slovene Constitution|148
3|3 Administrative Law Framework for Water Protection|151
4|3.1 Introduction|151
4|3.2 Institutional Setting|153
4|3.3 Water Protection Sensu Stricto|154
4|3.4 Public Participation|157
3|4 Supervision|160
4|4.1 Introduction|160
4|4.2 Inspection|161
4|4.3 Water Protection Supervisors|162
4|4.4 Voluntary Water Protection Supervisors|164
3|5 Conclusion|164
3|References|165
2|Chapter 10: Water Crime in the Republic of Slovenia|170
3|1 The Republic of Slovenia|170
4|1.1 Geographic Background|171
4|1.2 Environmental Context|172
4|1.3 The Legal Framework on Water and Water Management|174
4|1.4 The Water Governance in Slovenia|177
3|2 Crime in the Republic of Slovenia|179
4|2.1 The General Trend of Crime in the Republic of Slovenia|180
3|3 Water Crimes in the Republic of Slovenia|181
3|4 Conclusion|185
3|References|187
2|Chapter 11: The Protection of Water from a Criminal Perspective: Water Crimes in Spain|190
3|1 Introduction|190
3|2 Water Pollution: Water as a Target of Environmental Crime|191
3|3 Water Poisoning: Water as a Target of Crimes Against Public Health|196
3|4 Water Theft or Fraud: Water as an Illicitly Gained Commodity|197
3|5 Transversal Criminal Activity in Water Crimes: Corruption|198
3|6 Water Terrorism: Water as a Means for Serious Attacks on the Population: The Case of Terrorism|201
3|7 Conclusion|202
3|References|203
2|Chapter 12: Water Pollution and Contamination from Gold Mines: Acid Mine Drainage in Gauteng Province, South Africa|205
3|1 Introduction|205
3|2 Gold Mining in Gauteng Province, South Africa|208
3|3 Looming AMD Disaster Predicted in Gauteng|210
3|4 Appointment of Inter-Ministerial Committee to Investigate Acid Mine Drainage|215
3|5 Desalination, Mine Waste Dumps, Slime Dams and Impact on Community Health|224
3|6 Concluding Remarks|226
3|References|229
2|Chapter 13: Renegotiations of Privatization Agreement of Water Utilities: Anecdotal Evidence from European Union|232
3|1 Introduction|232
3|2 Overview of the Literature on Renegotiation of Privatization Contracts and Institutional Environment|234
3|3 Europe: Privatization and Remunicipialization of Water Assets|238
4|3.1 Bucharest|239
4|3.2 Grenoble|241
4|3.3 Paris|243
4|3.4 Portugal|244
3|4 Discussion with Conclusion|245
3|References|247
1|Index|249
1|Acknowledgements|13
1|Contents|15
1|About the Authors|17
1|Part I: Criminological Perspectives of Water Crimes|24
2|Chapter 1: Green Criminology, Water Issues, Human Rights and Private Profit|25
3|1 Introduction|25
3|2 Current State of Play|26
3|3 Lack of Water and Who Gets What and How|29
3|4 Water Crimes and Green Criminology|33
3|References|35
2|Chapter 2: The Politics of Water Rights: Scarcity, Sovereignty and Security|38
3|1 Introduction|38
3|2 Water Pollution and Sovereignty: Conflict and Resistance at Standing Rock and Elsewhere|40
3|3 Privatisation and Resistance: Bolivia and Ireland|42
3|4 Water and Security: Climate Change, Migration and Conflict|44
3|5 Conclusion|46
3|References|47
2|Chapter 3: Water Crimes Within Environmental Crimes|51
3|1 Introduction|51
3|2 Environmental Crimes|52
4|2.1 Defining Environmental Crimes|52
4|2.2 Types and Scale of Environmental Crimes|54
4|2.3 Causes and Consequences of Environmental Crimes|54
4|2.4 Environmental Crimes in Criminology|56
3|3 Defining Water Crimes|57
4|3.1 Types of Water Crimes|58
4|3.2 Causes and Consequences of Water Crimes|60
4|3.3 Risks and Threats of Water Crimes|61
3|4 Conclusions|62
3|References|63
2|Chapter 4: Water and Organised Crime|66
3|1 Introduction|66
3|2 Organized Environmental Crime|67
3|3 Water Crimes from an Organized Crime Perspective|70
3|4 Disrupting Organised Environmental Crime|73
3|5 Conclusion|75
3|References|75
2|Chapter 5: Building the Water Crimes Inventory|79
3|1 Introduction|79
3|2 The International Legal Framework|80
3|3 About Water Crimes|83
3|4 Materials and Methods|84
3|5 Water Crimes Classification|86
3|6 Conclusions|90
3|References|91
2|Chapter 6: Policing Water Crimes|93
3|1 Introduction|93
3|2 Types of Water Crimes|94
3|3 Water Crime and Policing|97
4|3.1 Policing Environmental Crime|97
4|3.2 Policing Water Crime|102
3|4 Conclusion|105
3|References|107
1|Part II: Water Protection and Water Crimes: Case Studies|110
2|Chapter 7: Water Legal Protection in the Canary Islands: A Brief Description|111
3|1 Introduction|111
3|2 A Brief Description of the Canary Islands|112
3|3 A Brief Description of Water Regulation in Spanish Law|113
3|4 The Case of the Canary Islands|115
3|5 Criminal Law Protection of Water in the Spanish Law|117
3|6 Conclusions|119
3|References|120
2|Chapter 8: Water Crimes in Cyprus|122
3|1 Introduction|122
3|2 Criminological Research and the Environment in Cyprus|123
4|2.1 Legislation for the Protection of the Environment in Cyprus|124
3|3 Environmental Law on Water Quality and Management: The Case of Water Crimes and Cyprus|125
4|3.1 The International Level|126
4|3.2 The EU Level: EU Criminal Environmental Law and Water Crimes|127
3|4 Enforcement of Environmental Protection Legislation in Cyprus|133
3|5 Concluding Remarks|140
3|References|141
2|Chapter 9: Water Protection in Slovenia: Constitutional and Administrative Law Perspectives|143
3|1 Introduction|143
3|2 The International and Constitutional Foundations of Water Protection|144
4|2.1 Introduction|144
4|2.2 International Treaties and Documents on the Right to Drinking Water|144
4|2.3 Slovenia’s Constitutional Foundation for Water Protection|147
4|2.4 The Right to Drinking Water Pursuant to 2016’s Amendment to the Slovene Constitution|148
3|3 Administrative Law Framework for Water Protection|151
4|3.1 Introduction|151
4|3.2 Institutional Setting|153
4|3.3 Water Protection Sensu Stricto|154
4|3.4 Public Participation|157
3|4 Supervision|160
4|4.1 Introduction|160
4|4.2 Inspection|161
4|4.3 Water Protection Supervisors|162
4|4.4 Voluntary Water Protection Supervisors|164
3|5 Conclusion|164
3|References|165
2|Chapter 10: Water Crime in the Republic of Slovenia|170
3|1 The Republic of Slovenia|170
4|1.1 Geographic Background|171
4|1.2 Environmental Context|172
4|1.3 The Legal Framework on Water and Water Management|174
4|1.4 The Water Governance in Slovenia|177
3|2 Crime in the Republic of Slovenia|179
4|2.1 The General Trend of Crime in the Republic of Slovenia|180
3|3 Water Crimes in the Republic of Slovenia|181
3|4 Conclusion|185
3|References|187
2|Chapter 11: The Protection of Water from a Criminal Perspective: Water Crimes in Spain|190
3|1 Introduction|190
3|2 Water Pollution: Water as a Target of Environmental Crime|191
3|3 Water Poisoning: Water as a Target of Crimes Against Public Health|196
3|4 Water Theft or Fraud: Water as an Illicitly Gained Commodity|197
3|5 Transversal Criminal Activity in Water Crimes: Corruption|198
3|6 Water Terrorism: Water as a Means for Serious Attacks on the Population: The Case of Terrorism|201
3|7 Conclusion|202
3|References|203
2|Chapter 12: Water Pollution and Contamination from Gold Mines: Acid Mine Drainage in Gauteng Province, South Africa|205
3|1 Introduction|205
3|2 Gold Mining in Gauteng Province, South Africa|208
3|3 Looming AMD Disaster Predicted in Gauteng|210
3|4 Appointment of Inter-Ministerial Committee to Investigate Acid Mine Drainage|215
3|5 Desalination, Mine Waste Dumps, Slime Dams and Impact on Community Health|224
3|6 Concluding Remarks|226
3|References|229
2|Chapter 13: Renegotiations of Privatization Agreement of Water Utilities: Anecdotal Evidence from European Union|232
3|1 Introduction|232
3|2 Overview of the Literature on Renegotiation of Privatization Contracts and Institutional Environment|234
3|3 Europe: Privatization and Remunicipialization of Water Assets|238
4|3.1 Bucharest|239
4|3.2 Grenoble|241
4|3.3 Paris|243
4|3.4 Portugal|244
3|4 Discussion with Conclusion|245
3|References|247
1|Index|249