File #2866: "2020_Book_InternationalMarineMammalLaw.pdf"
Testo
1|Foreword|6
1|Preface|8
1|Acknowledgements|10
1|Contents|12
1|List of Acronyms|16
1|List of Figures|19
1|List of Tables|20
1|List of Treaties and Other Legal Instruments|21
1|1: Why an Introduction to International Marine Mammal Law?|24
2|1.1 Introduction|24
2|1.2 The Structure of the Book|25
2|1.3 Research on Marine Mammal Law|27
2|1.4 The Basics of International Environmental Law|28
2|References|34
3|Further Reading|34
1|2: Marine Mammals: Some Basics|35
2|2.1 Whales|36
3|2.1.1 Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus)|37
3|2.1.2 Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)|38
3|2.1.3 Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus)|39
3|2.1.4 Right Whale (Eubalaena spp.)|40
3|2.1.5 Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)|41
3|2.1.6 Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)|42
3|2.1.7 Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)|43
3|2.1.8 Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)|44
3|2.1.9 Pilot Whales (Globicephala spp.)|47
2|2.2 Seals|47
3|2.2.1 Harp Seal (Pagophilus groendlandicus)|48
3|2.2.2 Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus)|50
3|2.2.3 Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida)|51
2|2.3 Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus)|52
2|2.4 Summary and Conclusion|53
2|References|54
1|3: Marine Mammals and Humans|57
2|3.1 Introduction|57
2|3.2 Marine Mammals and Human Societies|59
3|3.2.1 The Arctic|59
3|3.2.2 The North Atlantic|62
3|3.2.3 Atlantic Canada|66
4|The Right Whale: How Species Conservation and Fisheries Collide|67
3|3.2.4 Japan|68
3|3.2.5 Other Regions and Countries|71
2|3.3 The Commercial and Non-commercial Use of Marine Mammals|72
2|3.4 Summary and Conclusion|77
2|References|77
3|Further Reading|78
1|4: The Global Framework for the Environment and Marine Mammals|79
2|4.1 Introduction|79
2|4.2 Global Regimes of Relevance|79
3|4.2.1 Trade in Wildlife|80
3|4.2.2 The Conservation of Migratory Species|83
3|4.2.3 The Law of the Sea|86
2|4.3 Regional Regimes|89
3|4.3.1 Europe|89
3|4.3.2 The North Atlantic|92
3|4.3.3 The Antarctic|95
2|4.4 The Importance of Marine Protected Areas|98
2|4.5 Summary and Conclusion|101
2|Questions and Research Tasks|101
2|References|102
3|Further Reading|102
1|5: The International Legal Framework for Whales|103
2|5.1 Introduction|103
2|5.2 The History of International Whaling Regulations|103
3|5.2.1 The 1931 Convention for the Regulation of Whaling|104
3|5.2.2 The 1937 Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling and Its 1938 Protocol|107
3|5.2.3 The 1946 Convention for the Regulation of Whaling|109
2|5.3 The International Whaling Commission, Whaling and Whales|111
3|The International Whaling Commission|111
3|5.3.1 Which Whales Are Regulated by the IWC?|111
3|5.3.2 The Organisational Set-up of the IWC|112
3|5.3.3 How Is Whaling Regulated by the IWC?|114
3|5.3.4 The Moratorium on Commercial Whaling: A Turning Point at the IWC|116
4|Scientific Uncertainty and the Precautionary Approach|118
3|5.3.5 Scientific Whaling: The Loophole?|122
3|5.3.6 Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling: The Question of Traditionality and Necessity|126
3|5.3.7 Whaling and US Law: International Dimensions of Domestic Law|131
2|5.4 Other International Instruments and Bodies|133
2|5.5 Small Cetaceans|135
3|Small Cetacean Conservation|135
3|5.5.1 Narwhal and Beluga Protection in Eastern Canada and Greenland|139
3|5.5.2 Inuvialuit-Iñupiat Beluga Whale Management|140
3|5.5.3 The Conservation of Dolphins in the Pacific Ocean|141
2|5.6 Summary and Conclusion|143
2|Questions and Research Tasks|145
2|References|146
3|Further Reading|146
1|6: The International Legal Framework for Seals|147
2|6.1 Introduction|147
2|6.2 The Nineteenth Century|148
2|6.3 The First Half of the Twentieth Century|152
3|6.3.1 The 1911 Fur Seal Convention|152
3|6.3.2 The 1922 Regimes Between Finland and the Soviet Union|155
2|6.4 The Second Half of the Twentieth Century|157
3|6.4.1 The 1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals|158
3|6.4.2 Norway, A Key Player of for Seal Conservation and Utilisation|160
3|6.4.3 Antarctic Seals and Sealing|163
3|6.4.4 Seals in the Mediterranean and in the Wadden Sea|166
2|6.5 The Shifting Paradigm: The 1983 Seal Pups Directive|167
2|6.6 The 2000s: Banning the Seal Trade|170
2|6.7 The European Union as the Forerunner of the New Paradigm|171
3|6.7.1 The Process Towards a Trade Ban|172
3|6.7.2 Legal Challenges of the Seal Regime|175
2|6.8 Summary and Conclusion|176
2|Questions and Research Tasks|177
2|References|178
3|Further Reading|178
1|7: The International Legal Framework for Polar Bears|179
2|7.1 Introduction|179
2|7.2 The Origins of the Polar Bear Agreement|180
2|7.3 Finding Common Ground: The 1973 Polar Bear Agreement|183
2|7.4 Polar Bear Management Agreement in the Southern Beaufort Sea|186
2|7.5 Managing Polar Bears in Kane Basin and Baffin Bay|189
2|7.6 Managing Polar Bears in Alaska and Chukotka|190
2|7.7 Uplisting the Polar Bear Under CITES|191
2|7.8 Summary and Conclusion|193
2|Questions and Research Tasks|194
2|References|194
3|Further Reading|195
1|8: The Characteristics of International Marine Mammal Law|196
2|8.1 Introduction|196
2|8.2 Geographic Limitations|196
2|8.3 State Behaviour|198
2|8.4 Aboriginal Exemptions|202
2|8.5 Non-governmental Influence|204
2|8.6 Other Characteristics|207
2|8.7 Summary and Conclusion|208
2|Questions and Research Tasks|209
2|References|209
1|9: The Future of International Marine Mammal Law|210
2|9.1 Introduction|210
2|9.2 Scenario 1: Same Old, Same Old|210
2|9.3 Scenario 2: The Moratorium Is Lifted, the Revised Management Scheme Put in Place|212
2|9.4 Scenario 3: A New Organisation Is Formed|214
2|9.5 Scenario 4: The Formation of an International Marine Mammal Commission|215
2|9.6 Scenario 5: Marine Mammals Increasingly Find Their Way Into Other Regimes|217
2|9.7 Summary and Conclusion|218
2|Questions and Research Tasks|218
2|References|219
1|International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 1946 (as amended by Protocol of 19 November 1956)|220
1|Agreement for the Conservation of Polar Bears, 1973|227
1|Regulation 1007/2009 on Trade in Seal Products, 2009 (As amended by Regulation (EU) 2015/1775 of 2015)|231
1|Index|239
1|Preface|8
1|Acknowledgements|10
1|Contents|12
1|List of Acronyms|16
1|List of Figures|19
1|List of Tables|20
1|List of Treaties and Other Legal Instruments|21
1|1: Why an Introduction to International Marine Mammal Law?|24
2|1.1 Introduction|24
2|1.2 The Structure of the Book|25
2|1.3 Research on Marine Mammal Law|27
2|1.4 The Basics of International Environmental Law|28
2|References|34
3|Further Reading|34
1|2: Marine Mammals: Some Basics|35
2|2.1 Whales|36
3|2.1.1 Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus)|37
3|2.1.2 Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)|38
3|2.1.3 Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus)|39
3|2.1.4 Right Whale (Eubalaena spp.)|40
3|2.1.5 Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)|41
3|2.1.6 Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)|42
3|2.1.7 Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)|43
3|2.1.8 Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)|44
3|2.1.9 Pilot Whales (Globicephala spp.)|47
2|2.2 Seals|47
3|2.2.1 Harp Seal (Pagophilus groendlandicus)|48
3|2.2.2 Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus)|50
3|2.2.3 Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida)|51
2|2.3 Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus)|52
2|2.4 Summary and Conclusion|53
2|References|54
1|3: Marine Mammals and Humans|57
2|3.1 Introduction|57
2|3.2 Marine Mammals and Human Societies|59
3|3.2.1 The Arctic|59
3|3.2.2 The North Atlantic|62
3|3.2.3 Atlantic Canada|66
4|The Right Whale: How Species Conservation and Fisheries Collide|67
3|3.2.4 Japan|68
3|3.2.5 Other Regions and Countries|71
2|3.3 The Commercial and Non-commercial Use of Marine Mammals|72
2|3.4 Summary and Conclusion|77
2|References|77
3|Further Reading|78
1|4: The Global Framework for the Environment and Marine Mammals|79
2|4.1 Introduction|79
2|4.2 Global Regimes of Relevance|79
3|4.2.1 Trade in Wildlife|80
3|4.2.2 The Conservation of Migratory Species|83
3|4.2.3 The Law of the Sea|86
2|4.3 Regional Regimes|89
3|4.3.1 Europe|89
3|4.3.2 The North Atlantic|92
3|4.3.3 The Antarctic|95
2|4.4 The Importance of Marine Protected Areas|98
2|4.5 Summary and Conclusion|101
2|Questions and Research Tasks|101
2|References|102
3|Further Reading|102
1|5: The International Legal Framework for Whales|103
2|5.1 Introduction|103
2|5.2 The History of International Whaling Regulations|103
3|5.2.1 The 1931 Convention for the Regulation of Whaling|104
3|5.2.2 The 1937 Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling and Its 1938 Protocol|107
3|5.2.3 The 1946 Convention for the Regulation of Whaling|109
2|5.3 The International Whaling Commission, Whaling and Whales|111
3|The International Whaling Commission|111
3|5.3.1 Which Whales Are Regulated by the IWC?|111
3|5.3.2 The Organisational Set-up of the IWC|112
3|5.3.3 How Is Whaling Regulated by the IWC?|114
3|5.3.4 The Moratorium on Commercial Whaling: A Turning Point at the IWC|116
4|Scientific Uncertainty and the Precautionary Approach|118
3|5.3.5 Scientific Whaling: The Loophole?|122
3|5.3.6 Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling: The Question of Traditionality and Necessity|126
3|5.3.7 Whaling and US Law: International Dimensions of Domestic Law|131
2|5.4 Other International Instruments and Bodies|133
2|5.5 Small Cetaceans|135
3|Small Cetacean Conservation|135
3|5.5.1 Narwhal and Beluga Protection in Eastern Canada and Greenland|139
3|5.5.2 Inuvialuit-Iñupiat Beluga Whale Management|140
3|5.5.3 The Conservation of Dolphins in the Pacific Ocean|141
2|5.6 Summary and Conclusion|143
2|Questions and Research Tasks|145
2|References|146
3|Further Reading|146
1|6: The International Legal Framework for Seals|147
2|6.1 Introduction|147
2|6.2 The Nineteenth Century|148
2|6.3 The First Half of the Twentieth Century|152
3|6.3.1 The 1911 Fur Seal Convention|152
3|6.3.2 The 1922 Regimes Between Finland and the Soviet Union|155
2|6.4 The Second Half of the Twentieth Century|157
3|6.4.1 The 1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals|158
3|6.4.2 Norway, A Key Player of for Seal Conservation and Utilisation|160
3|6.4.3 Antarctic Seals and Sealing|163
3|6.4.4 Seals in the Mediterranean and in the Wadden Sea|166
2|6.5 The Shifting Paradigm: The 1983 Seal Pups Directive|167
2|6.6 The 2000s: Banning the Seal Trade|170
2|6.7 The European Union as the Forerunner of the New Paradigm|171
3|6.7.1 The Process Towards a Trade Ban|172
3|6.7.2 Legal Challenges of the Seal Regime|175
2|6.8 Summary and Conclusion|176
2|Questions and Research Tasks|177
2|References|178
3|Further Reading|178
1|7: The International Legal Framework for Polar Bears|179
2|7.1 Introduction|179
2|7.2 The Origins of the Polar Bear Agreement|180
2|7.3 Finding Common Ground: The 1973 Polar Bear Agreement|183
2|7.4 Polar Bear Management Agreement in the Southern Beaufort Sea|186
2|7.5 Managing Polar Bears in Kane Basin and Baffin Bay|189
2|7.6 Managing Polar Bears in Alaska and Chukotka|190
2|7.7 Uplisting the Polar Bear Under CITES|191
2|7.8 Summary and Conclusion|193
2|Questions and Research Tasks|194
2|References|194
3|Further Reading|195
1|8: The Characteristics of International Marine Mammal Law|196
2|8.1 Introduction|196
2|8.2 Geographic Limitations|196
2|8.3 State Behaviour|198
2|8.4 Aboriginal Exemptions|202
2|8.5 Non-governmental Influence|204
2|8.6 Other Characteristics|207
2|8.7 Summary and Conclusion|208
2|Questions and Research Tasks|209
2|References|209
1|9: The Future of International Marine Mammal Law|210
2|9.1 Introduction|210
2|9.2 Scenario 1: Same Old, Same Old|210
2|9.3 Scenario 2: The Moratorium Is Lifted, the Revised Management Scheme Put in Place|212
2|9.4 Scenario 3: A New Organisation Is Formed|214
2|9.5 Scenario 4: The Formation of an International Marine Mammal Commission|215
2|9.6 Scenario 5: Marine Mammals Increasingly Find Their Way Into Other Regimes|217
2|9.7 Summary and Conclusion|218
2|Questions and Research Tasks|218
2|References|219
1|International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 1946 (as amended by Protocol of 19 November 1956)|220
1|Agreement for the Conservation of Polar Bears, 1973|227
1|Regulation 1007/2009 on Trade in Seal Products, 2009 (As amended by Regulation (EU) 2015/1775 of 2015)|231
1|Index|239