File #2269: "2018_Book_JudicialResponsesToPre-TrialPr(1).pdf"
Text
1|Acknowledgements|6
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations|11
1|1 Introduction|13
2|Abstract|13
2|1.1 Framing the Issue|14
2|1.2 Purpose of the Book|16
2|1.3 Delineation and Definitions|18
2|1.4 Outline|21
2|References|24
1|2 Human Rights Framework|25
2|Abstract|25
2|2.1 Introduction|26
2|2.2 Protection of the Suspect or Accused|30
3|2.2.1 Right to a Fair Trial|30
4|2.2.1.1 Introduction|30
4|2.2.1.2 Fair Trial Analysis|32
4|2.2.1.3 Types of (Unlawful) Conduct|35
5|Torture or Other Ill-Treatment|35
5|Denial of Access to Counsel in Investigative Phase|42
5|Coercion, Compulsion and Deception in the Context of ‘Questioning’|46
5|Covert Surveillance and the Interception of Communication|53
5|Entrapment|56
5|Non-disclosure|60
4|2.2.1.4 Use of Evidence|63
4|2.2.1.5 ‘Balancing’ and Public Interest Considerations|70
3|2.2.2 Right to an Effective Remedy|77
4|2.2.2.1 Requirements of the Right to an Effective Remedy|77
4|2.2.2.2 Relationship to the Right to a Fair Trial|80
3|2.2.3 Right to Compensation in Case of Unlawful Arrest or Detention|85
3|2.2.4 Procedural Violations in the Context of Inter-State Cooperation in Criminal Matters|87
2|2.3 Protection of Others|95
3|2.3.1 States’ Duties in Responding to Serious Human Rights Violations|96
3|2.3.2 Applicability of States’ Duty to Prosecute to International Criminal Tribunals|108
2|2.4 Conclusion|110
2|References|113
1|3 Judicial Responses to Pre-Trial Procedural Violations in the Netherlands|116
2|Abstract|116
2|3.1 Introduction|117
2|3.2 Relevant Aspects of the Dutch Legal System|118
2|3.3 Theoretical Framework: Possible Points of Departure and Specific Rationales|121
3|3.3.1 The Concept of the Rule of Law|122
3|3.3.2 The (Protection of the) Subjective Rights of the Accused|130
3|3.3.3 The Need to Ensure the Accused’s Right to a Fair Trial|135
3|3.3.4 The Primacy of Crime Control|136
2|3.4 Legal Framework|137
3|3.4.1 Procedural Violations in the National Context|137
4|3.4.1.1 Article 359a of the CCP|137
5|Legislative History|137
5|General System|140
5|Judicial Responses|144
5|A. Declaration Without Further Consequences|144
5|B. Sentence Reduction|146
5|C. Exclusion of Evidence|148
5|D. Declaring the Prosecution Inadmissible|154
5|Discretion and Balancing|157
4|3.4.1.2 Other Standards|169
3|3.4.2 Procedural Violations in an International Context|171
2|3.5 Synthesis|175
2|3.6 Conclusion|186
2|References|188
1|4 Judicial Responses to Pre-Trial Procedural Violations in England and Wales|192
2|Abstract|192
2|4.1 Introduction|193
2|4.2 Relevant Aspects of the English Legal System|194
2|4.3 Theoretical Framework: Possible Rationales|196
3|4.3.1 The Reliability Rationale|197
3|4.3.2 The Disciplinary Rationale|199
3|4.3.3 The Protective (or Remedial) Rationale|200
3|4.3.4 The Integrity Rationale|204
2|4.4 Legal Framework|208
3|4.4.1 Procedural Violations in the National Context|208
4|4.4.1.1 Judicial Responses|208
5|Stay of Proceedings|208
5|Exclusion of Evidence|216
5|A. Section 76(2) of PACE|219
5|B. Exclusion of evidence obtained by torture|225
5|C. Common Law Exclusionary Discretion|227
5|D. Section 78(1) of PACE|229
5|Other Responses|243
4|4.4.1.2 Discretion and Balancing|244
3|4.4.2 Procedural Violations in an International Context|255
2|4.5 Synthesis|258
2|4.6 Conclusion|268
2|References|271
1|5 Law and Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals—General Overview|272
2|Abstract|272
2|5.1 Introduction|273
2|5.2 Features of International Criminal Procedure|274
2|5.3 Ad Hoc Tribunals|280
3|5.3.1 Stay of Proceedings|280
4|5.3.1.1 Permanent Stay of Proceedings|280
4|5.3.1.2 Non-Permanent Stay of Proceedings|290
3|5.3.2 Exclusion of Evidence|291
3|5.3.3 Financial Compensation|309
3|5.3.4 Sentence Reduction|313
3|5.3.5 Express Acknowledgement|315
2|5.4 ICC|316
3|5.4.1 Stay of Proceedings|316
4|5.4.1.1 Permanent Stay of Proceedings|317
4|5.4.1.2 Conditional Stay of Proceedings|330
3|5.4.2 Exclusion of Evidence|333
3|5.4.3 Financial Compensation|344
3|5.4.4 Sentence Reduction|348
3|5.4.5 Express Acknowledgement|349
2|5.5 Comparison|350
3|5.5.1 Stay of Proceedings|350
3|5.5.2 Exclusion of Evidence|355
3|5.5.3 Financial Compensation|358
3|5.5.4 Sentence Reduction|359
3|5.5.5 Express Acknowledgement|359
2|5.6 Conclusion|359
2|References|361
1|6 Law and Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals—Specific Contexts|363
2|Abstract|363
2|6.1 Introduction|364
2|6.2 Judicial Responses to Procedural Violations Connected to Arrest and Detention|366
3|6.2.1 Ad Hoc Tribunals|366
3|6.2.2 ICC|387
3|6.2.3 Comparison and Analysis|399
2|6.3 Judicial Responses to Procedural Violations Connected to Disclosure|407
3|6.3.1 Ad Hoc Tribunals|408
3|6.3.2 ICC|426
3|6.3.3 Comparison and Analysis|437
2|6.4 Conclusion|442
2|References|444
1|7 Assessment of the International Criminal Tribunals’ Law and Practice|446
2|Abstract|446
2|7.1 Introduction|447
2|7.2 Evaluation in Light of Human Rights Standards|448
3|7.2.1 The Right to a Fair Trial|448
3|7.2.2 The Right to an Effective Remedy|457
3|7.2.3 The Right to Compensation in Case of Unlawful Arrest or Detention|464
3|7.2.4 Procedural Violations in the Context of Inter-State Cooperation in Criminal Matters|466
2|7.3 Comparison to National Law and Practice|469
3|7.3.1 Exclusion of Evidence|470
4|7.3.1.1 No Blanket Exclusionary Rule; a Matter of Discretion, Clear-Cut Cases Aside|470
4|7.3.1.2 Substantial Doubt as to Reliability|473
4|7.3.1.3 Serious Damage to the Integrity of the Proceedings|474
3|7.3.2 Stay of Proceedings|489
4|7.3.2.1 A Matter of Discretion, Clear-Cut Cases Aside|489
4|7.3.2.2 Different Grounds|490
4|7.3.2.3 Impossibility of a Fair Trial|493
4|7.3.2.4 The Need to Preserve the Integrity of the Proceedings|497
3|7.3.3 Other Responses|507
3|7.3.4 Procedural Issues|510
2|7.4 Further Analysis|512
3|7.4.1 The Most Suitable Rationale for Responding to Procedural Violations|513
3|7.4.2 The Merits of Judicial Discretion|520
3|7.4.3 The Distinctive Features of International Criminal Procedure|524
2|7.5 Concluding Remarks|527
2|References|527
1|8 Conclusion|530
2|Abstract|530
2|References|540
1|Bibliography|541
2|Outline placeholder|0
3|Books and Monographs, Book Chapters and Journal Articles|541
3|NGO Reports and Publications|549
3|News Items|549
3|Online Resources and Blogposts|550
1|List of Cases|551
2|Outline placeholder|0
3|International Courts and Tribunals, and Treaty Bodies|551
4|European Commission on Human Rights|551
4|European Court of Human Rights|551
4|Human Rights Committee (United Nations)|553
4|Inter-American Court of Human Rights|554
4|International Court of Justice|554
4|International Criminal Court|554
4|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (United Nations)|557
4|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (United Nations)|559
4|Special Tribunal for Lebanon|561
3|National Courts|562
4|The Netherlands|562
5|Dutch Supreme Court|562
5|Courts of Appeal|563
4|United Kingdom|563
5|England and Wales|563
4|Other|565
1|List of Instruments|566
2|Outline placeholder|0
3|International and Regional Treaties and Conventions|566
3|Resolutions, Reports and Regulations of International Organizations|566
4|Assembly of States Parties (ICC)|566
4|European Union|566
4|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (United Nations)|567
4|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (United Nations)|567
3|Official Statements, Records, Reports, and Letters|567
4|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (United Nations)|567
4|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (United Nations)|567
4|United Nations Organs and Bodies|567
5|General Assembly|567
5|Human Rights Committee|568
3|National Legislation|568
4|The Netherlands|568
4|United Kingdom|568
5|England and Wales|569
4|Other|569
1|Index|570
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations|11
1|1 Introduction|13
2|Abstract|13
2|1.1 Framing the Issue|14
2|1.2 Purpose of the Book|16
2|1.3 Delineation and Definitions|18
2|1.4 Outline|21
2|References|24
1|2 Human Rights Framework|25
2|Abstract|25
2|2.1 Introduction|26
2|2.2 Protection of the Suspect or Accused|30
3|2.2.1 Right to a Fair Trial|30
4|2.2.1.1 Introduction|30
4|2.2.1.2 Fair Trial Analysis|32
4|2.2.1.3 Types of (Unlawful) Conduct|35
5|Torture or Other Ill-Treatment|35
5|Denial of Access to Counsel in Investigative Phase|42
5|Coercion, Compulsion and Deception in the Context of ‘Questioning’|46
5|Covert Surveillance and the Interception of Communication|53
5|Entrapment|56
5|Non-disclosure|60
4|2.2.1.4 Use of Evidence|63
4|2.2.1.5 ‘Balancing’ and Public Interest Considerations|70
3|2.2.2 Right to an Effective Remedy|77
4|2.2.2.1 Requirements of the Right to an Effective Remedy|77
4|2.2.2.2 Relationship to the Right to a Fair Trial|80
3|2.2.3 Right to Compensation in Case of Unlawful Arrest or Detention|85
3|2.2.4 Procedural Violations in the Context of Inter-State Cooperation in Criminal Matters|87
2|2.3 Protection of Others|95
3|2.3.1 States’ Duties in Responding to Serious Human Rights Violations|96
3|2.3.2 Applicability of States’ Duty to Prosecute to International Criminal Tribunals|108
2|2.4 Conclusion|110
2|References|113
1|3 Judicial Responses to Pre-Trial Procedural Violations in the Netherlands|116
2|Abstract|116
2|3.1 Introduction|117
2|3.2 Relevant Aspects of the Dutch Legal System|118
2|3.3 Theoretical Framework: Possible Points of Departure and Specific Rationales|121
3|3.3.1 The Concept of the Rule of Law|122
3|3.3.2 The (Protection of the) Subjective Rights of the Accused|130
3|3.3.3 The Need to Ensure the Accused’s Right to a Fair Trial|135
3|3.3.4 The Primacy of Crime Control|136
2|3.4 Legal Framework|137
3|3.4.1 Procedural Violations in the National Context|137
4|3.4.1.1 Article 359a of the CCP|137
5|Legislative History|137
5|General System|140
5|Judicial Responses|144
5|A. Declaration Without Further Consequences|144
5|B. Sentence Reduction|146
5|C. Exclusion of Evidence|148
5|D. Declaring the Prosecution Inadmissible|154
5|Discretion and Balancing|157
4|3.4.1.2 Other Standards|169
3|3.4.2 Procedural Violations in an International Context|171
2|3.5 Synthesis|175
2|3.6 Conclusion|186
2|References|188
1|4 Judicial Responses to Pre-Trial Procedural Violations in England and Wales|192
2|Abstract|192
2|4.1 Introduction|193
2|4.2 Relevant Aspects of the English Legal System|194
2|4.3 Theoretical Framework: Possible Rationales|196
3|4.3.1 The Reliability Rationale|197
3|4.3.2 The Disciplinary Rationale|199
3|4.3.3 The Protective (or Remedial) Rationale|200
3|4.3.4 The Integrity Rationale|204
2|4.4 Legal Framework|208
3|4.4.1 Procedural Violations in the National Context|208
4|4.4.1.1 Judicial Responses|208
5|Stay of Proceedings|208
5|Exclusion of Evidence|216
5|A. Section 76(2) of PACE|219
5|B. Exclusion of evidence obtained by torture|225
5|C. Common Law Exclusionary Discretion|227
5|D. Section 78(1) of PACE|229
5|Other Responses|243
4|4.4.1.2 Discretion and Balancing|244
3|4.4.2 Procedural Violations in an International Context|255
2|4.5 Synthesis|258
2|4.6 Conclusion|268
2|References|271
1|5 Law and Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals—General Overview|272
2|Abstract|272
2|5.1 Introduction|273
2|5.2 Features of International Criminal Procedure|274
2|5.3 Ad Hoc Tribunals|280
3|5.3.1 Stay of Proceedings|280
4|5.3.1.1 Permanent Stay of Proceedings|280
4|5.3.1.2 Non-Permanent Stay of Proceedings|290
3|5.3.2 Exclusion of Evidence|291
3|5.3.3 Financial Compensation|309
3|5.3.4 Sentence Reduction|313
3|5.3.5 Express Acknowledgement|315
2|5.4 ICC|316
3|5.4.1 Stay of Proceedings|316
4|5.4.1.1 Permanent Stay of Proceedings|317
4|5.4.1.2 Conditional Stay of Proceedings|330
3|5.4.2 Exclusion of Evidence|333
3|5.4.3 Financial Compensation|344
3|5.4.4 Sentence Reduction|348
3|5.4.5 Express Acknowledgement|349
2|5.5 Comparison|350
3|5.5.1 Stay of Proceedings|350
3|5.5.2 Exclusion of Evidence|355
3|5.5.3 Financial Compensation|358
3|5.5.4 Sentence Reduction|359
3|5.5.5 Express Acknowledgement|359
2|5.6 Conclusion|359
2|References|361
1|6 Law and Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals—Specific Contexts|363
2|Abstract|363
2|6.1 Introduction|364
2|6.2 Judicial Responses to Procedural Violations Connected to Arrest and Detention|366
3|6.2.1 Ad Hoc Tribunals|366
3|6.2.2 ICC|387
3|6.2.3 Comparison and Analysis|399
2|6.3 Judicial Responses to Procedural Violations Connected to Disclosure|407
3|6.3.1 Ad Hoc Tribunals|408
3|6.3.2 ICC|426
3|6.3.3 Comparison and Analysis|437
2|6.4 Conclusion|442
2|References|444
1|7 Assessment of the International Criminal Tribunals’ Law and Practice|446
2|Abstract|446
2|7.1 Introduction|447
2|7.2 Evaluation in Light of Human Rights Standards|448
3|7.2.1 The Right to a Fair Trial|448
3|7.2.2 The Right to an Effective Remedy|457
3|7.2.3 The Right to Compensation in Case of Unlawful Arrest or Detention|464
3|7.2.4 Procedural Violations in the Context of Inter-State Cooperation in Criminal Matters|466
2|7.3 Comparison to National Law and Practice|469
3|7.3.1 Exclusion of Evidence|470
4|7.3.1.1 No Blanket Exclusionary Rule; a Matter of Discretion, Clear-Cut Cases Aside|470
4|7.3.1.2 Substantial Doubt as to Reliability|473
4|7.3.1.3 Serious Damage to the Integrity of the Proceedings|474
3|7.3.2 Stay of Proceedings|489
4|7.3.2.1 A Matter of Discretion, Clear-Cut Cases Aside|489
4|7.3.2.2 Different Grounds|490
4|7.3.2.3 Impossibility of a Fair Trial|493
4|7.3.2.4 The Need to Preserve the Integrity of the Proceedings|497
3|7.3.3 Other Responses|507
3|7.3.4 Procedural Issues|510
2|7.4 Further Analysis|512
3|7.4.1 The Most Suitable Rationale for Responding to Procedural Violations|513
3|7.4.2 The Merits of Judicial Discretion|520
3|7.4.3 The Distinctive Features of International Criminal Procedure|524
2|7.5 Concluding Remarks|527
2|References|527
1|8 Conclusion|530
2|Abstract|530
2|References|540
1|Bibliography|541
2|Outline placeholder|0
3|Books and Monographs, Book Chapters and Journal Articles|541
3|NGO Reports and Publications|549
3|News Items|549
3|Online Resources and Blogposts|550
1|List of Cases|551
2|Outline placeholder|0
3|International Courts and Tribunals, and Treaty Bodies|551
4|European Commission on Human Rights|551
4|European Court of Human Rights|551
4|Human Rights Committee (United Nations)|553
4|Inter-American Court of Human Rights|554
4|International Court of Justice|554
4|International Criminal Court|554
4|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (United Nations)|557
4|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (United Nations)|559
4|Special Tribunal for Lebanon|561
3|National Courts|562
4|The Netherlands|562
5|Dutch Supreme Court|562
5|Courts of Appeal|563
4|United Kingdom|563
5|England and Wales|563
4|Other|565
1|List of Instruments|566
2|Outline placeholder|0
3|International and Regional Treaties and Conventions|566
3|Resolutions, Reports and Regulations of International Organizations|566
4|Assembly of States Parties (ICC)|566
4|European Union|566
4|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (United Nations)|567
4|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (United Nations)|567
3|Official Statements, Records, Reports, and Letters|567
4|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (United Nations)|567
4|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (United Nations)|567
4|United Nations Organs and Bodies|567
5|General Assembly|567
5|Human Rights Committee|568
3|National Legislation|568
4|The Netherlands|568
4|United Kingdom|568
5|England and Wales|569
4|Other|569
1|Index|570