File #2304: "2018_Book_SustainableShippingInAChanging.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|6
1|Contents|8
1|Introduction to the New Maritime Arctic|11
2|1 Introduction|12
2|2 Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment: Policy Framework|13
2|3 Forces of Change|15
2|4 Current Arctic Marine Traffic and Key Routes|16
2|5 New IMO Polar Code|18
2|6 Chapter Themes and Issues|19
2|7 Challenges and the Future|20
2|References|21
1|Part I: The Polar Code and Beyond|22
2|The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)|23
3|1 Introduction|24
3|2 International Regulatory Framework for Shipping in Polar Waters|25
3|3 International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)|26
4|3.1 Background|26
4|3.2 Status and Structure of the Code|27
4|3.3 Objectives of the Code|28
4|3.4 General Requirements|28
4|3.5 Maritime Safety Related Requirements|28
4|3.6 Marine Environmental Related Requirements|30
4|3.7 Related IMO Guidelines and Recommendations|32
4|3.8 Further Work Related to the Polar Code|35
3|4 Associated SOLAS and MARPOL Amendments Making the Polar Code Mandatory|36
3|5 Training and Certification Requirements for Officers and Crews on Ships Operating in Polar Areas|39
3|6 Other Polar Shipping Related Issues|40
4|6.1 Objectives of the Code|40
4|6.2 Use and Carriage of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) in the Arctic|40
4|6.3 Other Issues|41
3|7 Conclusion|42
3|References|43
2|Arctic Maritime Safety: The Human Element Seen from the Captain´s Table|44
3|1 Introduction|45
3|2 Risks of Arctic Shipping|46
3|3 The Human Element and Human Error|47
3|4 The Element of Uncertainty|49
3|5 Human Resources|52
3|6 Multicultural Shipping|52
3|7 Continuous Improvement of Safety and Crew Involvement|53
3|8 Communication|54
3|9 Conclusion and Discussion|55
3|References|56
2|Beyond the Polar Code: IMO Measures for Assuring Safe and Environmentally Sound Arctic Navigation|58
3|1 Introduction|59
3|2 Current Work on the Polar Code|59
4|2.1 Risk Assessment|59
4|2.2 Additional Performance and Test Standards|60
4|2.3 Extending the Polar Code to Non-SOLAS Ships|61
4|2.4 Polar Code-Related Amendments to the Survey Guidelines|61
3|3 Potential New Measures|62
4|3.1 Routeing and Reporting Systems; Vessel Traffic Services|62
5|3.1.1 Mandatory Ship Reporting Systems in Straits|65
4|3.2 Port State Control|66
4|3.3 ISPS Code|66
4|3.4 Special Protection for Arctic Ocean Areas under the Cognizance of MEPC (Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 2014a)|67
5|3.4.1 MARPOL Special Areas|67
5|3.4.2 Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs)|68
5|3.4.3 Emission Control Areas (ECAs)|70
6|3.4.3.1 Black Carbon|70
6|3.4.3.2 Arctic Council|71
5|3.4.4 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)|72
4|3.5 Ballast Water Controls|73
4|3.6 Anti-Fouling|74
3|4 Conclusions|74
3|References|75
1|Part II: Arctic Ship Monitoring/Tracking|79
2|Arctic Environment Preservation Through Grounding Avoidance|80
3|1 Introduction|81
3|2 New Technology to Navigate the Global Ocean|82
3|3 The Arctic Routes|83
3|4 Increasing Arctic Casualties and Groundings|84
3|5 Challenges of Arctic Navigation|85
4|5.1 Navigation Charts|86
4|5.2 Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)|88
4|5.3 Aids to Navigation (AtoN)|88
4|5.4 Communications|88
4|5.5 Environmental Sensing|89
3|6 Enhanced Environmental Situational Awareness|90
4|6.1 Navigation Sonar|90
4|6.2 Virtual Aids to Navigation|91
4|6.3 Georeferencing|92
3|7 Grounding Avoidance Strategies|92
4|7.1 M/V Clipper Adventurer|93
4|7.2 M/V Exxon Valdez|95
4|7.3 M/V Rena|96
4|7.4 M/V Costa Concordia|97
4|7.5 MSV Fennica|98
4|7.6 M/V Petrozavodsk|99
3|8 Safety Management System|99
3|9 Conclusions|100
3|References|101
2|From Sensing to Sense-Making: Assessing and Visualizing Ship Operational Limitations in the Canadian Arctic Using Open-Access ...|104
3|1 Introduction|105
3|2 Assessing Ship Operational Limits in Ice|106
4|2.1 Polar Operational Limitations Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS)|108
4|2.2 Ice Risk Visualization Using POLARIS Scenario Risk Maps|108
3|3 Example Use Case: Strategic Appraisal of Ice Conditions|112
4|3.1 Use 1: Varying Ship Classification|112
4|3.2 Use 2: Temporal Variation of RIO|113
4|3.3 Use 3: Impact of Statistical Aggregation on RIO|114
3|4 Discussion|115
3|5 Conclusions|117
3|References|118
2|Vessel Tracking Using Automatic Identification System Data in the Arctic|119
3|1 Introduction|120
4|1.1 Norwegian SAT-AIS|120
4|1.2 Purpose of This Chapter|121
4|1.3 AIS Requirements, Equipment Classes and Message Types|121
3|2 Trends in Number of Ships Observed in the Arctic|122
4|2.1 Number of Ships Per Month|122
4|2.2 Annual Growth Rates|122
4|2.3 Observations and Predictions for 2015|123
4|2.4 Count of Ships by Ship Type|125
4|2.5 Discussion|126
3|3 Geographic Distribution|127
4|3.1 Number of Ships in Sectors|127
4|3.2 Growth in the Sectors|128
5|3.2.1 Recent Growth of Class A and Class B|130
4|3.3 Count of Ships by Flag State|130
4|3.4 Count of Ships in the Northeast Passage|133
3|4 Seasonal Variations in Ship Tracks|134
3|5 Annual Variations in Ship Density|135
3|6 Quality of Service|135
3|7 Summary|138
3|References|139
2|Detection and Tracking of Ships in the Canadian Arctic|141
3|1 Introduction|141
3|2 Present and Future Capabilities|142
3|3 Situational Awareness|145
3|4 Conclusions|151
3|References|151
2|Knowledge Discovery of Human Activities at Sea in the Arctic Using Remote Sensing and Vessel Tracking Systems|153
3|1 Introduction|154
3|2 Data|154
4|2.1 Ship Data|155
4|2.2 Geophysical Data|155
4|2.3 Auxiliary Data|156
3|3 Methodology|156
3|4 Results|157
4|4.1 Monitoring a Local Area|157
4|4.2 Analysis of an Individual Ship Track|158
4|4.3 Analysis of All Ship Tracks|159
4|4.4 Arctic-Wide Seasonal Changes|159
3|5 Discussion|161
3|References|163
1|Part III: Arctic Governance|165
2|The Place of Joint Development in the Sustainable Governance of the Arctic|166
3|1 Introduction|168
3|2 The Arctic Legal Regime|168
4|2.1 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|169
4|2.2 Joint Development|171
3|3 Proposed Regime Contents|173
4|3.1 Joint Development Zone (Designated Zone)|173
4|3.2 Body Corporate/Institution (Agency/Authority/Commission)|173
4|3.3 The Constitution of the Body Corporate/Institution|174
4|3.4 Arctic Natural Resources Development Code|174
3|4 Conclusion|174
3|References|175
2|Arctic Strategies of the EU and Non-Arctic States: Identifying Some Common Elements|176
3|1 Introduction: Non-Arctic States ``Queuing Up´´ at the Arctic Council|177
3|2 Foundations on International Environmental Law, the EU and the Arctic|179
3|3 EU Council Conclusions on the Arctic|183
3|4 Joint Communications on the Arctic|183
3|5 Resolutions of the European Parliament on the Arctic|185
3|6 The German Example of an Arctic Strategy by a Non-Arctic State|185
3|7 Common Features of Arctic Strategies of Other Non-Arctic States|186
3|8 Conclusions and Outlook|188
3|References|189
3|Books and Book Chapters|189
3|EU Documents|190
3|Journal Articles (Including Online Articles and Digital Object Identifiers)|191
3|Other Online Documents|192
2|Legal Regime of Marine Insurance in Arctic Shipping: Safety and Environmental Implications|193
3|1 Introduction|194
4|1.1 Background and Preliminary Observations|194
4|1.2 Purpose|195
4|1.3 Structure|196
3|2 Marine Insurance and Regulation of Arctic Shipping|197
4|2.1 Evolution and Precepts of Marine Insurance|197
4|2.2 Regulation of Arctic Shipping|198
4|2.3 Salient Features of the IMO Polar Code|199
4|2.4 Principles of Marine Insurance|202
3|3 Arctic Shipping, Enhanced Risks and Marine Insurance Implications|204
4|3.1 Marine Insurance in Arctic Shipping: General Issues and Considerations|204
4|3.2 English Marine Insurance HandM Regime|206
5|3.2.1 Institute Clauses and International Hull Clauses in HandM Policies|206
5|3.2.2 Seaworthiness|208
4|3.3 Nordic Marine Insurance Regime: NMIP Clauses|212
4|3.4 Third Party Liability in Respect of Environmental Risks and PandI Cover|214
5|3.4.1 PandI Clubs|215
5|3.4.2 Indemnification of Pollution Liability|216
3|4 Environmental Salvage in the Arctic and Its Marine Insurance Implications|219
3|5 Summary and Conclusion|220
3|Appendix 1: Institute Warranties 1976|221
3|Appendix 2: Clause 32 Navigating Limits of International Hull Clauses 2003|222
3|Appendix 3: Clause 3-15 Trading Areas of Nordic Marine Insurance Plan 2013|224
3|Appendix 4: Clause 3-22 Safety Regulations of Nordic Marine Insurance Plan 2013|224
3|Appendix 5: Cefor Trading Areas Clause: Clause to Replace Clause 3-15 and Clause 3-22, Sub-Clause 3 of the Nordic Marine Insur...|225
3|References|225
3|Suggested Reading|227
2|Arctic High Seas Governance of Biodiversity|228
3|1 Introduction to the Governance of the Central Arctic Ocean Under the Law of the Sea|229
3|2 UNGA Resolution A/69/L.95|230
3|3 Implications of the Proposed New Regime for Shipping and Marine Operations in the Central Arctic Ocean|231
4|3.1 Oslo-Paris Convention (OSPAR) Example|232
4|3.2 IMO Example|233
4|3.3 An Example of the Regional Approach|233
3|4 Implementing an Eco-System Governance Approach for the Central Arctic Ocean|234
4|4.1 Participation and Transparency|235
4|4.2 Monitoring and Enforcement|235
4|4.3 Public-Private Partnerships|236
4|4.4 Interactions with Sectoral Approaches|236
3|5 Conclusions|237
3|References|237
2|The Legal Status of the Northwest Passage: Canada´s Jurisdiction or International Law in Light of Recent Developments in Arcti...|241
3|1 Introduction|242
3|2 Brief Overview of the Northwest Passage|243
4|2.1 Strategic/Political|244
4|2.2 Economy|245
4|2.3 Environment|245
3|3 The Legal Status of the Northwest Passage: A Dormant Issue or a Resurfaced Dispute?|246
4|3.1 Internal and Historic Waters|246
4|3.2 International Law and Qualification for International Straits|248
5|3.2.1 Geographical Location of the Northwest Passage|248
5|3.2.2 The Actual Use of the Northwest Passage for International Navigation|249
3|4 Conclusion|249
3|References|250
3|Journal Article|250
3|Book|251
3|Online Document|251
3|Case Law|252
1|Part IV: Protection and Response in the Arctic Marine Environment|253
2|Arctic Oil Spill Intervention: In Search of an Integrated Approach for the High Seas|254
3|1 Introduction|255
3|2 Arctic Maritime Zones and Operational Discharge Under UNCLOS and MARPOL 73/78|256
3|3 Operational Discharge v. Accidental Oil Pollution|259
3|4 Arctic Intervention Regime for Accidental Oil Pollution in the High Seas|261
3|5 Towards an Integrated Intervention Plan for the Arctic High Seas|265
3|6 Conclusion|268
3|References|270
2|Arctic Vessel Traffic and Indigenous Communities in the Bering Strait Region of Alaska|273
3|1 Introduction|274
3|2 Recent Kawerak Work Related to Vessel Traffic|276
3|3 Indigenous Community Concerns|283
3|4 Measures to Address Indigenous Concerns|288
3|5 Conclusion|290
3|References|291
2|Challenges for the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas in Response to Arctic Marine Operations and Shipping|294
3|1 Introduction|295
4|1.1 Definitions and Parameters|296
4|1.2 Conceptualizing MPAs Broadly|297
4|1.3 Current Arctic MPAs|299
4|1.4 MPAs Targeting Shipping|299
4|1.5 Identifying Marine Areas for Protection from Shipping|300
3|2 Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment|302
3|3 IMO Polar Code|303
3|4 Mechanisms to Establish MPAs in Response to Marine Operations and Shipping|304
4|4.1 Protective Measures in UNCLOS|305
5|4.1.1 Territorial Sea (UNCLOS Part II)|305
5|4.1.2 Straits Used for International Navigation|306
5|4.1.3 Exclusive Economic Zone (UNCLOS Part V)|306
6|4.1.3.1 General|306
6|4.1.3.2 Article 211(6)|307
6|4.1.3.3 Article 234|307
5|4.1.4 High Seas|308
4|4.2 MARPOL Special Areas|309
4|4.3 PSSAs|310
5|4.3.1 Associated Protective Measures (APMs)|311
4|4.4 Others|312
3|5 Arctic Challenges|313
4|5.1 Environmental Challenges for MPA Designation|313
4|5.2 Rights and Concerns of Indigenous Peoples and Local Inhabitants|313
4|5.3 MPAs in the Central Arctic Ocean|314
4|5.4 Marine Infrastructure|314
4|5.5 Compliance and Enforcement|315
3|6 Conclusions|316
3|References|316
1|Part V: Training and Capacity Building|320
2|The Effects Toward Maritime Higher-Education in China After the Entry into Force of the Polar Code|321
3|1 Introduction|322
3|2 Requirements of Polar Code Involving Education, Training and Certification|322
3|3 Current Maritime Higher-Education in China|323
3|4 The Effects Toward Maritime Higher-Education|324
4|4.1 The Courses and Textbooks|324
5|4.1.1 Arctic Navigation Routes and Geographical Demarcation|324
5|4.1.2 Legal Issues in Polar Waters|325
5|4.1.3 Voyage Planning|325
5|4.1.4 Communication in Polar Waters|326
4|4.2 Training and Assessment|326
4|4.3 Selection of Instructors|327
4|4.4 Development of Simulators in Polar Waters|328
5|4.4.1 Ship Mathematical Motion Models in Polar Waters|329
5|4.4.2 Real World Vision Virtual Display|329
5|4.4.3 Electronic Chart|329
5|4.4.4 Convenient Function Setting Module|329
3|5 Conclusion|329
3|References|330
2|Continuing to Improve Oil Spill Response in the Arctic: A Joint Industry Programme|331
3|1 Introduction|333
3|2 Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology: Joint Industry Programme|333
3|3 Project 1 Fate of Dispersed Oil Under Ice|334
4|3.1 Context|334
4|3.2 Project Goal|334
4|3.3 Progress and Achievements|335
3|4 Project 2 Dispersant Testing Under Realistic Conditions|335
4|4.1 Context|335
4|4.2 Project Goal|336
4|4.3 Progress and Achievements|336
3|5 Project 3 Environmental Impacts from Arctic Oil Spills and Oil Spill Response Technologies|337
4|5.1 Project Goal|337
4|5.2 Progress and Achievements|337
3|6 Project 4 Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling in Ice|340
4|6.1 Project Goal|340
4|6.2 Progress and Achievements|341
3|7 Project 5 Oil Spill Detection and Mapping in Low Visibility and Ice|341
4|7.1 Context|341
4|7.2 Project Goal|341
4|7.3 Progress and Achievements|342
3|8 Project 6 Mechanical Recovery of Oil in Ice|343
4|8.1 Context|343
4|8.2 Project Goal|345
4|8.3 Progress and Achievements|345
3|9 Project 7 In Situ Burning of Oil in Ice-Affected Waters|345
4|9.1 Context|345
4|9.2 Progress and Achievements|346
3|10 Project 8 Aerial Ignition Systems for In Situ Burning|347
4|10.1 Context|347
4|10.2 Project Goal|347
4|10.3 Progress and Achievements|347
3|11 Project 9 Herders and In Situ Burning|348
4|11.1 Context|348
4|11.2 Project Goal|348
4|11.3 Progress and Achievement|349
3|12 Project 10 Field Research Using Herders to Advance In Situ Burning|350
4|12.1 Context|350
4|12.2 Project Goal|350
4|12.3 Progress and Achievements|351
3|13 Conclusions|352
3|References|353
2|Emergency Management in Maritime Mass Rescue Operations: The Case of the High Arctic|354
3|1 Introduction|355
3|2 Literature Overview|356
4|2.1 Mass Rescue and Emergency Management|356
4|2.2 Joint Operations, Cross Border Support and Emergency Management|358
4|2.3 The Role of Coordination|360
3|3 Method|363
4|3.1 Case Study|363
3|4 The Case of the Joint Norwegian-Russian Rescue of MV Maxim Gorkiy|364
4|4.1 The Institutional Framework|364
4|4.2 The ``Maxim Gorkiy´´ Accident|365
3|5 Discussion|367
4|5.1 Managerial Roles and Emergency Management|367
4|5.2 Cross-Border Support and Coordination Roles|368
4|5.3 The High North Context|370
3|6 Conclusion|372
4|6.1 Implications for Industry|372
4|6.2 Implications for Further Research|373
3|References|373
2|Maritime Transport in the Arctic After the Introduction of the Polar Code: A Discussion of the New Training Needs|377
3|1 Introduction|378
3|2 Arctic Routes|379
3|3 Polar Code|380
3|4 New Training Needs|383
3|5 Concluding Thoughts|388
3|Appendix: Polar Water Operational Manual|390
3|References|391
1|Part VI: Sustainable Arctic Business Development|393
2|The Offshore Oil and Gas Operations in Ice Infested Water: Resource Configuration and Operational Process Management|394
3|1 Introduction|395
3|2 Theory|396
4|2.1 Operational Process Management|396
4|2.2 The Resource Configuration|396
3|3 Methodology|397
4|3.1 Research Strategy|397
4|3.2 Data Collection|398
4|3.3 Data Analysis|399
5|3.3.1 Data|399
6|3.3.1.1 Case 1 West-Greenland|399
7|Resource Configuration|401
7|Operational Process Management|403
6|3.3.1.2 Case 2 The Kara Sea Expedition, Northern Russia|405
7|Operational Process Management|406
7|Gathering Experience Data|410
6|3.3.1.3 Analysis|414
7|The Context and Resource Configuration|414
7|The Context, Resource Configuration and Operational Process Management|415
3|4 Conclusion|416
3|References|417
1|Part VII: Conclusion|419
2|Navigating the Future: Towards Sustainable Arctic Marine Operations and Shipping in a Changing Arctic|420
3|1 Introduction|420
3|2 The Legislative and Regulatory Context|422
3|3 Increasing Awareness|423
3|4 Conclusion|424
3|References|425
1|Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation|427
2|Annex 1: Identified Geographic Areas|433
2|Annex 2: Authorities and Contact Points|434
1|Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Recommendations|437
2|Enhancing Arctic Marine Safety|437
2|Protecting Arctic People and the Environment|438
2|Building the Arctic Marine Infrastructure|439
1|Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic|441
1|Agreement of Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic|451
1|Declaration Concerning the Prevention of Unregulated High Seas Fishing in the Central Arctic Ocean|464
1|The Ilulissat Declaration Arctic Ocean Conference Ilulissat, Greenland, 27-29 May 2008|467
1|Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (2010 Edition), International Maritime Organization|469
1|Meeting on High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, Reykjavik, Iceland, 15-18 March 2017|473
2|Chairman´s Statement|473
1|Contents|8
1|Introduction to the New Maritime Arctic|11
2|1 Introduction|12
2|2 Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment: Policy Framework|13
2|3 Forces of Change|15
2|4 Current Arctic Marine Traffic and Key Routes|16
2|5 New IMO Polar Code|18
2|6 Chapter Themes and Issues|19
2|7 Challenges and the Future|20
2|References|21
1|Part I: The Polar Code and Beyond|22
2|The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)|23
3|1 Introduction|24
3|2 International Regulatory Framework for Shipping in Polar Waters|25
3|3 International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)|26
4|3.1 Background|26
4|3.2 Status and Structure of the Code|27
4|3.3 Objectives of the Code|28
4|3.4 General Requirements|28
4|3.5 Maritime Safety Related Requirements|28
4|3.6 Marine Environmental Related Requirements|30
4|3.7 Related IMO Guidelines and Recommendations|32
4|3.8 Further Work Related to the Polar Code|35
3|4 Associated SOLAS and MARPOL Amendments Making the Polar Code Mandatory|36
3|5 Training and Certification Requirements for Officers and Crews on Ships Operating in Polar Areas|39
3|6 Other Polar Shipping Related Issues|40
4|6.1 Objectives of the Code|40
4|6.2 Use and Carriage of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) in the Arctic|40
4|6.3 Other Issues|41
3|7 Conclusion|42
3|References|43
2|Arctic Maritime Safety: The Human Element Seen from the Captain´s Table|44
3|1 Introduction|45
3|2 Risks of Arctic Shipping|46
3|3 The Human Element and Human Error|47
3|4 The Element of Uncertainty|49
3|5 Human Resources|52
3|6 Multicultural Shipping|52
3|7 Continuous Improvement of Safety and Crew Involvement|53
3|8 Communication|54
3|9 Conclusion and Discussion|55
3|References|56
2|Beyond the Polar Code: IMO Measures for Assuring Safe and Environmentally Sound Arctic Navigation|58
3|1 Introduction|59
3|2 Current Work on the Polar Code|59
4|2.1 Risk Assessment|59
4|2.2 Additional Performance and Test Standards|60
4|2.3 Extending the Polar Code to Non-SOLAS Ships|61
4|2.4 Polar Code-Related Amendments to the Survey Guidelines|61
3|3 Potential New Measures|62
4|3.1 Routeing and Reporting Systems; Vessel Traffic Services|62
5|3.1.1 Mandatory Ship Reporting Systems in Straits|65
4|3.2 Port State Control|66
4|3.3 ISPS Code|66
4|3.4 Special Protection for Arctic Ocean Areas under the Cognizance of MEPC (Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 2014a)|67
5|3.4.1 MARPOL Special Areas|67
5|3.4.2 Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs)|68
5|3.4.3 Emission Control Areas (ECAs)|70
6|3.4.3.1 Black Carbon|70
6|3.4.3.2 Arctic Council|71
5|3.4.4 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)|72
4|3.5 Ballast Water Controls|73
4|3.6 Anti-Fouling|74
3|4 Conclusions|74
3|References|75
1|Part II: Arctic Ship Monitoring/Tracking|79
2|Arctic Environment Preservation Through Grounding Avoidance|80
3|1 Introduction|81
3|2 New Technology to Navigate the Global Ocean|82
3|3 The Arctic Routes|83
3|4 Increasing Arctic Casualties and Groundings|84
3|5 Challenges of Arctic Navigation|85
4|5.1 Navigation Charts|86
4|5.2 Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)|88
4|5.3 Aids to Navigation (AtoN)|88
4|5.4 Communications|88
4|5.5 Environmental Sensing|89
3|6 Enhanced Environmental Situational Awareness|90
4|6.1 Navigation Sonar|90
4|6.2 Virtual Aids to Navigation|91
4|6.3 Georeferencing|92
3|7 Grounding Avoidance Strategies|92
4|7.1 M/V Clipper Adventurer|93
4|7.2 M/V Exxon Valdez|95
4|7.3 M/V Rena|96
4|7.4 M/V Costa Concordia|97
4|7.5 MSV Fennica|98
4|7.6 M/V Petrozavodsk|99
3|8 Safety Management System|99
3|9 Conclusions|100
3|References|101
2|From Sensing to Sense-Making: Assessing and Visualizing Ship Operational Limitations in the Canadian Arctic Using Open-Access ...|104
3|1 Introduction|105
3|2 Assessing Ship Operational Limits in Ice|106
4|2.1 Polar Operational Limitations Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS)|108
4|2.2 Ice Risk Visualization Using POLARIS Scenario Risk Maps|108
3|3 Example Use Case: Strategic Appraisal of Ice Conditions|112
4|3.1 Use 1: Varying Ship Classification|112
4|3.2 Use 2: Temporal Variation of RIO|113
4|3.3 Use 3: Impact of Statistical Aggregation on RIO|114
3|4 Discussion|115
3|5 Conclusions|117
3|References|118
2|Vessel Tracking Using Automatic Identification System Data in the Arctic|119
3|1 Introduction|120
4|1.1 Norwegian SAT-AIS|120
4|1.2 Purpose of This Chapter|121
4|1.3 AIS Requirements, Equipment Classes and Message Types|121
3|2 Trends in Number of Ships Observed in the Arctic|122
4|2.1 Number of Ships Per Month|122
4|2.2 Annual Growth Rates|122
4|2.3 Observations and Predictions for 2015|123
4|2.4 Count of Ships by Ship Type|125
4|2.5 Discussion|126
3|3 Geographic Distribution|127
4|3.1 Number of Ships in Sectors|127
4|3.2 Growth in the Sectors|128
5|3.2.1 Recent Growth of Class A and Class B|130
4|3.3 Count of Ships by Flag State|130
4|3.4 Count of Ships in the Northeast Passage|133
3|4 Seasonal Variations in Ship Tracks|134
3|5 Annual Variations in Ship Density|135
3|6 Quality of Service|135
3|7 Summary|138
3|References|139
2|Detection and Tracking of Ships in the Canadian Arctic|141
3|1 Introduction|141
3|2 Present and Future Capabilities|142
3|3 Situational Awareness|145
3|4 Conclusions|151
3|References|151
2|Knowledge Discovery of Human Activities at Sea in the Arctic Using Remote Sensing and Vessel Tracking Systems|153
3|1 Introduction|154
3|2 Data|154
4|2.1 Ship Data|155
4|2.2 Geophysical Data|155
4|2.3 Auxiliary Data|156
3|3 Methodology|156
3|4 Results|157
4|4.1 Monitoring a Local Area|157
4|4.2 Analysis of an Individual Ship Track|158
4|4.3 Analysis of All Ship Tracks|159
4|4.4 Arctic-Wide Seasonal Changes|159
3|5 Discussion|161
3|References|163
1|Part III: Arctic Governance|165
2|The Place of Joint Development in the Sustainable Governance of the Arctic|166
3|1 Introduction|168
3|2 The Arctic Legal Regime|168
4|2.1 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|169
4|2.2 Joint Development|171
3|3 Proposed Regime Contents|173
4|3.1 Joint Development Zone (Designated Zone)|173
4|3.2 Body Corporate/Institution (Agency/Authority/Commission)|173
4|3.3 The Constitution of the Body Corporate/Institution|174
4|3.4 Arctic Natural Resources Development Code|174
3|4 Conclusion|174
3|References|175
2|Arctic Strategies of the EU and Non-Arctic States: Identifying Some Common Elements|176
3|1 Introduction: Non-Arctic States ``Queuing Up´´ at the Arctic Council|177
3|2 Foundations on International Environmental Law, the EU and the Arctic|179
3|3 EU Council Conclusions on the Arctic|183
3|4 Joint Communications on the Arctic|183
3|5 Resolutions of the European Parliament on the Arctic|185
3|6 The German Example of an Arctic Strategy by a Non-Arctic State|185
3|7 Common Features of Arctic Strategies of Other Non-Arctic States|186
3|8 Conclusions and Outlook|188
3|References|189
3|Books and Book Chapters|189
3|EU Documents|190
3|Journal Articles (Including Online Articles and Digital Object Identifiers)|191
3|Other Online Documents|192
2|Legal Regime of Marine Insurance in Arctic Shipping: Safety and Environmental Implications|193
3|1 Introduction|194
4|1.1 Background and Preliminary Observations|194
4|1.2 Purpose|195
4|1.3 Structure|196
3|2 Marine Insurance and Regulation of Arctic Shipping|197
4|2.1 Evolution and Precepts of Marine Insurance|197
4|2.2 Regulation of Arctic Shipping|198
4|2.3 Salient Features of the IMO Polar Code|199
4|2.4 Principles of Marine Insurance|202
3|3 Arctic Shipping, Enhanced Risks and Marine Insurance Implications|204
4|3.1 Marine Insurance in Arctic Shipping: General Issues and Considerations|204
4|3.2 English Marine Insurance HandM Regime|206
5|3.2.1 Institute Clauses and International Hull Clauses in HandM Policies|206
5|3.2.2 Seaworthiness|208
4|3.3 Nordic Marine Insurance Regime: NMIP Clauses|212
4|3.4 Third Party Liability in Respect of Environmental Risks and PandI Cover|214
5|3.4.1 PandI Clubs|215
5|3.4.2 Indemnification of Pollution Liability|216
3|4 Environmental Salvage in the Arctic and Its Marine Insurance Implications|219
3|5 Summary and Conclusion|220
3|Appendix 1: Institute Warranties 1976|221
3|Appendix 2: Clause 32 Navigating Limits of International Hull Clauses 2003|222
3|Appendix 3: Clause 3-15 Trading Areas of Nordic Marine Insurance Plan 2013|224
3|Appendix 4: Clause 3-22 Safety Regulations of Nordic Marine Insurance Plan 2013|224
3|Appendix 5: Cefor Trading Areas Clause: Clause to Replace Clause 3-15 and Clause 3-22, Sub-Clause 3 of the Nordic Marine Insur...|225
3|References|225
3|Suggested Reading|227
2|Arctic High Seas Governance of Biodiversity|228
3|1 Introduction to the Governance of the Central Arctic Ocean Under the Law of the Sea|229
3|2 UNGA Resolution A/69/L.95|230
3|3 Implications of the Proposed New Regime for Shipping and Marine Operations in the Central Arctic Ocean|231
4|3.1 Oslo-Paris Convention (OSPAR) Example|232
4|3.2 IMO Example|233
4|3.3 An Example of the Regional Approach|233
3|4 Implementing an Eco-System Governance Approach for the Central Arctic Ocean|234
4|4.1 Participation and Transparency|235
4|4.2 Monitoring and Enforcement|235
4|4.3 Public-Private Partnerships|236
4|4.4 Interactions with Sectoral Approaches|236
3|5 Conclusions|237
3|References|237
2|The Legal Status of the Northwest Passage: Canada´s Jurisdiction or International Law in Light of Recent Developments in Arcti...|241
3|1 Introduction|242
3|2 Brief Overview of the Northwest Passage|243
4|2.1 Strategic/Political|244
4|2.2 Economy|245
4|2.3 Environment|245
3|3 The Legal Status of the Northwest Passage: A Dormant Issue or a Resurfaced Dispute?|246
4|3.1 Internal and Historic Waters|246
4|3.2 International Law and Qualification for International Straits|248
5|3.2.1 Geographical Location of the Northwest Passage|248
5|3.2.2 The Actual Use of the Northwest Passage for International Navigation|249
3|4 Conclusion|249
3|References|250
3|Journal Article|250
3|Book|251
3|Online Document|251
3|Case Law|252
1|Part IV: Protection and Response in the Arctic Marine Environment|253
2|Arctic Oil Spill Intervention: In Search of an Integrated Approach for the High Seas|254
3|1 Introduction|255
3|2 Arctic Maritime Zones and Operational Discharge Under UNCLOS and MARPOL 73/78|256
3|3 Operational Discharge v. Accidental Oil Pollution|259
3|4 Arctic Intervention Regime for Accidental Oil Pollution in the High Seas|261
3|5 Towards an Integrated Intervention Plan for the Arctic High Seas|265
3|6 Conclusion|268
3|References|270
2|Arctic Vessel Traffic and Indigenous Communities in the Bering Strait Region of Alaska|273
3|1 Introduction|274
3|2 Recent Kawerak Work Related to Vessel Traffic|276
3|3 Indigenous Community Concerns|283
3|4 Measures to Address Indigenous Concerns|288
3|5 Conclusion|290
3|References|291
2|Challenges for the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas in Response to Arctic Marine Operations and Shipping|294
3|1 Introduction|295
4|1.1 Definitions and Parameters|296
4|1.2 Conceptualizing MPAs Broadly|297
4|1.3 Current Arctic MPAs|299
4|1.4 MPAs Targeting Shipping|299
4|1.5 Identifying Marine Areas for Protection from Shipping|300
3|2 Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment|302
3|3 IMO Polar Code|303
3|4 Mechanisms to Establish MPAs in Response to Marine Operations and Shipping|304
4|4.1 Protective Measures in UNCLOS|305
5|4.1.1 Territorial Sea (UNCLOS Part II)|305
5|4.1.2 Straits Used for International Navigation|306
5|4.1.3 Exclusive Economic Zone (UNCLOS Part V)|306
6|4.1.3.1 General|306
6|4.1.3.2 Article 211(6)|307
6|4.1.3.3 Article 234|307
5|4.1.4 High Seas|308
4|4.2 MARPOL Special Areas|309
4|4.3 PSSAs|310
5|4.3.1 Associated Protective Measures (APMs)|311
4|4.4 Others|312
3|5 Arctic Challenges|313
4|5.1 Environmental Challenges for MPA Designation|313
4|5.2 Rights and Concerns of Indigenous Peoples and Local Inhabitants|313
4|5.3 MPAs in the Central Arctic Ocean|314
4|5.4 Marine Infrastructure|314
4|5.5 Compliance and Enforcement|315
3|6 Conclusions|316
3|References|316
1|Part V: Training and Capacity Building|320
2|The Effects Toward Maritime Higher-Education in China After the Entry into Force of the Polar Code|321
3|1 Introduction|322
3|2 Requirements of Polar Code Involving Education, Training and Certification|322
3|3 Current Maritime Higher-Education in China|323
3|4 The Effects Toward Maritime Higher-Education|324
4|4.1 The Courses and Textbooks|324
5|4.1.1 Arctic Navigation Routes and Geographical Demarcation|324
5|4.1.2 Legal Issues in Polar Waters|325
5|4.1.3 Voyage Planning|325
5|4.1.4 Communication in Polar Waters|326
4|4.2 Training and Assessment|326
4|4.3 Selection of Instructors|327
4|4.4 Development of Simulators in Polar Waters|328
5|4.4.1 Ship Mathematical Motion Models in Polar Waters|329
5|4.4.2 Real World Vision Virtual Display|329
5|4.4.3 Electronic Chart|329
5|4.4.4 Convenient Function Setting Module|329
3|5 Conclusion|329
3|References|330
2|Continuing to Improve Oil Spill Response in the Arctic: A Joint Industry Programme|331
3|1 Introduction|333
3|2 Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology: Joint Industry Programme|333
3|3 Project 1 Fate of Dispersed Oil Under Ice|334
4|3.1 Context|334
4|3.2 Project Goal|334
4|3.3 Progress and Achievements|335
3|4 Project 2 Dispersant Testing Under Realistic Conditions|335
4|4.1 Context|335
4|4.2 Project Goal|336
4|4.3 Progress and Achievements|336
3|5 Project 3 Environmental Impacts from Arctic Oil Spills and Oil Spill Response Technologies|337
4|5.1 Project Goal|337
4|5.2 Progress and Achievements|337
3|6 Project 4 Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling in Ice|340
4|6.1 Project Goal|340
4|6.2 Progress and Achievements|341
3|7 Project 5 Oil Spill Detection and Mapping in Low Visibility and Ice|341
4|7.1 Context|341
4|7.2 Project Goal|341
4|7.3 Progress and Achievements|342
3|8 Project 6 Mechanical Recovery of Oil in Ice|343
4|8.1 Context|343
4|8.2 Project Goal|345
4|8.3 Progress and Achievements|345
3|9 Project 7 In Situ Burning of Oil in Ice-Affected Waters|345
4|9.1 Context|345
4|9.2 Progress and Achievements|346
3|10 Project 8 Aerial Ignition Systems for In Situ Burning|347
4|10.1 Context|347
4|10.2 Project Goal|347
4|10.3 Progress and Achievements|347
3|11 Project 9 Herders and In Situ Burning|348
4|11.1 Context|348
4|11.2 Project Goal|348
4|11.3 Progress and Achievement|349
3|12 Project 10 Field Research Using Herders to Advance In Situ Burning|350
4|12.1 Context|350
4|12.2 Project Goal|350
4|12.3 Progress and Achievements|351
3|13 Conclusions|352
3|References|353
2|Emergency Management in Maritime Mass Rescue Operations: The Case of the High Arctic|354
3|1 Introduction|355
3|2 Literature Overview|356
4|2.1 Mass Rescue and Emergency Management|356
4|2.2 Joint Operations, Cross Border Support and Emergency Management|358
4|2.3 The Role of Coordination|360
3|3 Method|363
4|3.1 Case Study|363
3|4 The Case of the Joint Norwegian-Russian Rescue of MV Maxim Gorkiy|364
4|4.1 The Institutional Framework|364
4|4.2 The ``Maxim Gorkiy´´ Accident|365
3|5 Discussion|367
4|5.1 Managerial Roles and Emergency Management|367
4|5.2 Cross-Border Support and Coordination Roles|368
4|5.3 The High North Context|370
3|6 Conclusion|372
4|6.1 Implications for Industry|372
4|6.2 Implications for Further Research|373
3|References|373
2|Maritime Transport in the Arctic After the Introduction of the Polar Code: A Discussion of the New Training Needs|377
3|1 Introduction|378
3|2 Arctic Routes|379
3|3 Polar Code|380
3|4 New Training Needs|383
3|5 Concluding Thoughts|388
3|Appendix: Polar Water Operational Manual|390
3|References|391
1|Part VI: Sustainable Arctic Business Development|393
2|The Offshore Oil and Gas Operations in Ice Infested Water: Resource Configuration and Operational Process Management|394
3|1 Introduction|395
3|2 Theory|396
4|2.1 Operational Process Management|396
4|2.2 The Resource Configuration|396
3|3 Methodology|397
4|3.1 Research Strategy|397
4|3.2 Data Collection|398
4|3.3 Data Analysis|399
5|3.3.1 Data|399
6|3.3.1.1 Case 1 West-Greenland|399
7|Resource Configuration|401
7|Operational Process Management|403
6|3.3.1.2 Case 2 The Kara Sea Expedition, Northern Russia|405
7|Operational Process Management|406
7|Gathering Experience Data|410
6|3.3.1.3 Analysis|414
7|The Context and Resource Configuration|414
7|The Context, Resource Configuration and Operational Process Management|415
3|4 Conclusion|416
3|References|417
1|Part VII: Conclusion|419
2|Navigating the Future: Towards Sustainable Arctic Marine Operations and Shipping in a Changing Arctic|420
3|1 Introduction|420
3|2 The Legislative and Regulatory Context|422
3|3 Increasing Awareness|423
3|4 Conclusion|424
3|References|425
1|Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation|427
2|Annex 1: Identified Geographic Areas|433
2|Annex 2: Authorities and Contact Points|434
1|Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Recommendations|437
2|Enhancing Arctic Marine Safety|437
2|Protecting Arctic People and the Environment|438
2|Building the Arctic Marine Infrastructure|439
1|Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic|441
1|Agreement of Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic|451
1|Declaration Concerning the Prevention of Unregulated High Seas Fishing in the Central Arctic Ocean|464
1|The Ilulissat Declaration Arctic Ocean Conference Ilulissat, Greenland, 27-29 May 2008|467
1|Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (2010 Edition), International Maritime Organization|469
1|Meeting on High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, Reykjavik, Iceland, 15-18 March 2017|473
2|Chairman´s Statement|473