File #2338: "2018_Book_TheContextualElementsOfTheCrim.pdf"
Text
1|Acknowledgements|7
1|Contents|8
1|Abbreviations|12
1|1 Introduction|14
2|Abstract|14
2|1.1 Background|15
2|1.2 The Concept of Genocide: A Malformed Concept|16
3|1.2.1 The Early Academic Concept of Genocide|16
3|1.2.2 The Legal Definition of Genocide|18
3|1.2.3 The Social Scientists’ Definition of Genocide|20
2|1.3 The Debate and Position of Context in the Legal Definition of the Crime of Genocide|22
2|1.4 Setting the Objectives of the Book|26
2|1.5 The Organization of the Book|27
2|1.6 Terminological References|29
2|References|29
1|2 The Nature and Difficulties of the Concept of ‘Contextual’ Elements|32
2|Abstract|32
2|2.1 Contextual Elements in International Crimes|33
3|2.1.1 The Concept of ‘Contextual Elements’: Conceptual Ground Clearing|33
3|2.1.2 The Different Roles of Contextual Elements: Constitutive, Jurisdictional or Evidentiary|36
3|2.1.3 The Different Facets of ‘Contextual Elements’|39
3|2.1.4 Difficulties with the Concept of Contextual Elements|40
2|2.2 Does the Crime of Genocide Have a Context?|44
3|2.2.1 The Suggested Contextual Elements for Genocide|44
2|2.3 Why ‘Contextual Elements’? The Rationale, Function and Significance of This Phrase|49
3|2.3.1 The Making of Core International Crimes|50
3|2.3.2 The Role of Context and Criteria for Selection of Core International Crimes|53
2|2.4 Concluding Remarks|55
2|References|56
1|3 Contextual Elements in the Early Legal Concept of Genocide|58
2|Abstract|58
2|3.1 Introduction|59
2|3.2 Mass Atrocities, State Crimes, and Conceptualization of Genocide in Positive International Law|60
3|3.2.1 Genocide and Its Context in Lemkin’s Understanding|60
3|3.2.2 Early Use of the Context of Genocide in Nuremberg and Subsequent Trials|65
3|3.2.3 Context in the Codification of the Normative Concept of Genocide|73
4|3.2.3.1 Importing Context Through Equation with Other Crimes|74
4|3.2.3.2 Conceptualization of Genocide as a State Crime|76
4|3.2.3.3 Importing Attendant Circumstances Within the Constituent Elements of Genocide|81
4|3.2.3.4 The Need for a Novel and Narrowly Constructed Definition of Genocide|85
2|3.3 The Post-Codification Period: Maintaining the Distinction Between Holocaust-Based Conceptions and the New Formal Concept of Genocide|87
3|3.3.1 Commission of Genocide and the Need for a Plan or Pattern of Similar Conduct|87
3|3.3.2 The Scale of Genocide as a Qualifying Element of the Crime|90
2|3.4 Concluding Remarks|93
2|References|95
1|4 Contextual Elements in Prevailing Case Law: Application of the Legal Definition of Genocide or an Interpretative Contortion|97
2|Abstract|97
2|4.1 Introduction|98
2|4.2 Does a Contextual Element Exist Under Prevailing Case Law?|99
3|4.2.1 The Judicial Approach to the Wording of the Definition of Genocide|99
2|4.3 Tweaking the Law to Fit the Facts: Going Beyond the Literal Meaning|104
3|4.3.1 Sloppy Language and the Importation of Context Through the Back Door|104
3|4.3.2 Blanket Application of the Inference Rule and the Leap into the Social Scientist’s Sphere|106
3|4.3.3 The Need to Compartmentalize Contextual Factual Circumstances and the Legal Ingredients|110
3|4.3.4 Rules of Interpretation and Their Role in Circumventing Contextual Elements|114
2|4.4 Case Law of Internationalized and Domestic Tribunals|120
2|4.5 Concluding Remarks|125
2|References|126
1|5 Towards a New Assessment? Contextual Elements in the Rome Statute|128
2|Abstract|128
2|5.1 Introduction|129
2|5.2 The Drafting History: Relationship Between the ‘Elements of Crimes’ and the Rome Statute|131
3|5.2.1 The Last ‘Common Element’: Its Content and Aims|131
3|5.2.2 ‘Elements of Crimes’: The Need and Relevance|134
3|5.2.3 ‘Elements of Crimes’: Constituent and Binding or Legally Redundant Elements|138
2|5.3 Phrasing and Interpretation|142
3|5.3.1 The Words ‘Shall Assist’ in Article 9 of the Rome Statute|142
3|5.3.2 The Words ‘Shall Apply’ in Article 21 of the Rome Statute|146
2|5.4 The Case for New Assessment Under the New ‘Rome Regime’|149
3|5.4.1 The Jurisdictional Aspect of Contextual Elements|150
3|5.4.2 Trivialization of the Court: Raising of the Threshold|156
2|5.5 Concluding Remarks|162
2|References|163
1|6 A Critique of the Contextual Elements|165
2|Abstract|165
2|6.1 Introduction|166
2|6.2 Clarity or Confusion: Do We Really Need Context for Genocide?|166
3|6.2.1 The Doctrinal Debate|166
2|6.3 The Case for Inclusion of ‘Contextual Elements’ as a Constitutive Element|174
3|6.3.1 Adhering to the Historical Foundation of the Crime: The Difficulties of Recalibrating the Relationship with the Legal Definition|174
3|6.3.2 Avoiding Trivialization of the Crime of Genocide|178
2|6.4 The Case for Exclusion of ‘Contextual Elements’ as Constitutive Elements|181
3|6.4.1 The Need for Clarity and Certainty|181
3|6.4.2 The Need for Strict Interpretation|185
2|6.5 Keep It Relevant: The Case for Reconciliation of ‘Contextual Elements’ with the Legal Definition of Genocide|188
3|6.5.1 Manoeuvring the Ambiguities of Context: The Dividing Line Between Alleging and Proving Genocide|188
3|6.5.2 Beyond the Individualistic Intent: Secondary Liability and the Need for Contextual Elements|193
2|References|197
1|7 Conclusion|200
2|References|204
1|Table of Cases|206
1|Table of Treaties and Legislation|211
1|Bibliography|213
1|Index|230
1|Contents|8
1|Abbreviations|12
1|1 Introduction|14
2|Abstract|14
2|1.1 Background|15
2|1.2 The Concept of Genocide: A Malformed Concept|16
3|1.2.1 The Early Academic Concept of Genocide|16
3|1.2.2 The Legal Definition of Genocide|18
3|1.2.3 The Social Scientists’ Definition of Genocide|20
2|1.3 The Debate and Position of Context in the Legal Definition of the Crime of Genocide|22
2|1.4 Setting the Objectives of the Book|26
2|1.5 The Organization of the Book|27
2|1.6 Terminological References|29
2|References|29
1|2 The Nature and Difficulties of the Concept of ‘Contextual’ Elements|32
2|Abstract|32
2|2.1 Contextual Elements in International Crimes|33
3|2.1.1 The Concept of ‘Contextual Elements’: Conceptual Ground Clearing|33
3|2.1.2 The Different Roles of Contextual Elements: Constitutive, Jurisdictional or Evidentiary|36
3|2.1.3 The Different Facets of ‘Contextual Elements’|39
3|2.1.4 Difficulties with the Concept of Contextual Elements|40
2|2.2 Does the Crime of Genocide Have a Context?|44
3|2.2.1 The Suggested Contextual Elements for Genocide|44
2|2.3 Why ‘Contextual Elements’? The Rationale, Function and Significance of This Phrase|49
3|2.3.1 The Making of Core International Crimes|50
3|2.3.2 The Role of Context and Criteria for Selection of Core International Crimes|53
2|2.4 Concluding Remarks|55
2|References|56
1|3 Contextual Elements in the Early Legal Concept of Genocide|58
2|Abstract|58
2|3.1 Introduction|59
2|3.2 Mass Atrocities, State Crimes, and Conceptualization of Genocide in Positive International Law|60
3|3.2.1 Genocide and Its Context in Lemkin’s Understanding|60
3|3.2.2 Early Use of the Context of Genocide in Nuremberg and Subsequent Trials|65
3|3.2.3 Context in the Codification of the Normative Concept of Genocide|73
4|3.2.3.1 Importing Context Through Equation with Other Crimes|74
4|3.2.3.2 Conceptualization of Genocide as a State Crime|76
4|3.2.3.3 Importing Attendant Circumstances Within the Constituent Elements of Genocide|81
4|3.2.3.4 The Need for a Novel and Narrowly Constructed Definition of Genocide|85
2|3.3 The Post-Codification Period: Maintaining the Distinction Between Holocaust-Based Conceptions and the New Formal Concept of Genocide|87
3|3.3.1 Commission of Genocide and the Need for a Plan or Pattern of Similar Conduct|87
3|3.3.2 The Scale of Genocide as a Qualifying Element of the Crime|90
2|3.4 Concluding Remarks|93
2|References|95
1|4 Contextual Elements in Prevailing Case Law: Application of the Legal Definition of Genocide or an Interpretative Contortion|97
2|Abstract|97
2|4.1 Introduction|98
2|4.2 Does a Contextual Element Exist Under Prevailing Case Law?|99
3|4.2.1 The Judicial Approach to the Wording of the Definition of Genocide|99
2|4.3 Tweaking the Law to Fit the Facts: Going Beyond the Literal Meaning|104
3|4.3.1 Sloppy Language and the Importation of Context Through the Back Door|104
3|4.3.2 Blanket Application of the Inference Rule and the Leap into the Social Scientist’s Sphere|106
3|4.3.3 The Need to Compartmentalize Contextual Factual Circumstances and the Legal Ingredients|110
3|4.3.4 Rules of Interpretation and Their Role in Circumventing Contextual Elements|114
2|4.4 Case Law of Internationalized and Domestic Tribunals|120
2|4.5 Concluding Remarks|125
2|References|126
1|5 Towards a New Assessment? Contextual Elements in the Rome Statute|128
2|Abstract|128
2|5.1 Introduction|129
2|5.2 The Drafting History: Relationship Between the ‘Elements of Crimes’ and the Rome Statute|131
3|5.2.1 The Last ‘Common Element’: Its Content and Aims|131
3|5.2.2 ‘Elements of Crimes’: The Need and Relevance|134
3|5.2.3 ‘Elements of Crimes’: Constituent and Binding or Legally Redundant Elements|138
2|5.3 Phrasing and Interpretation|142
3|5.3.1 The Words ‘Shall Assist’ in Article 9 of the Rome Statute|142
3|5.3.2 The Words ‘Shall Apply’ in Article 21 of the Rome Statute|146
2|5.4 The Case for New Assessment Under the New ‘Rome Regime’|149
3|5.4.1 The Jurisdictional Aspect of Contextual Elements|150
3|5.4.2 Trivialization of the Court: Raising of the Threshold|156
2|5.5 Concluding Remarks|162
2|References|163
1|6 A Critique of the Contextual Elements|165
2|Abstract|165
2|6.1 Introduction|166
2|6.2 Clarity or Confusion: Do We Really Need Context for Genocide?|166
3|6.2.1 The Doctrinal Debate|166
2|6.3 The Case for Inclusion of ‘Contextual Elements’ as a Constitutive Element|174
3|6.3.1 Adhering to the Historical Foundation of the Crime: The Difficulties of Recalibrating the Relationship with the Legal Definition|174
3|6.3.2 Avoiding Trivialization of the Crime of Genocide|178
2|6.4 The Case for Exclusion of ‘Contextual Elements’ as Constitutive Elements|181
3|6.4.1 The Need for Clarity and Certainty|181
3|6.4.2 The Need for Strict Interpretation|185
2|6.5 Keep It Relevant: The Case for Reconciliation of ‘Contextual Elements’ with the Legal Definition of Genocide|188
3|6.5.1 Manoeuvring the Ambiguities of Context: The Dividing Line Between Alleging and Proving Genocide|188
3|6.5.2 Beyond the Individualistic Intent: Secondary Liability and the Need for Contextual Elements|193
2|References|197
1|7 Conclusion|200
2|References|204
1|Table of Cases|206
1|Table of Treaties and Legislation|211
1|Bibliography|213
1|Index|230