File #2364: "2018_Book_GangsAndSpirituality.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|5
1|Acknowledgements|15
1|Contents|17
1|List of Figures|19
1|List of Tables|20
1|Part I Introduction|21
1|1 Gangs in Global Perspective|22
2|Understanding Gang Desistance: Focusing on Masculinity and Spirituality|22
2|Focus for and Content of the Book, Research Methods and Chapter Summaries|25
3|Overview of Part I and Chapter Summaries|26
3|Overview of Parts II–IV and Research Methods|26
3|Parts II–IV Chapter Summaries|29
2|Contribution to the Field|32
2|References|33
1|Part II Gangs, Masculinity and Spirituality: Existing Theories and Insights|36
1|2 Gang Members ‘Doing Masculinity’|37
2|Social Constructions of Masculinity, Marginalisation and Violence|38
2|Gang Culture, Crime and Masculinity: International Perspectives|41
2|The Masculinization of Gang Desistance and Reformatory Interventions|47
2|Concluding Discussion|49
2|References|51
1|3 Religious and Spiritual Desistance From Gangs|56
2|Introduction: Religion, Spirituality and Desistance|56
2|Religion, Social Control and Social Capital|58
2|Identity Reconstruction, Emotional Transitions and ‘Stories of Change’|61
2|Masculinity, Gangs and Religion|63
2|Spirituality, Cognitive Change, Psychosocial Processes and Desistance|65
2|Concluding Discussion|69
2|References|71
1|Part III Los Angeles, USA: From Gangs and Guns to Love and Compassion|77
1|4 Amplified Masculinity Among Los Angeles Homeboys|78
2|Racial Oppression, Multiple Marginality and Gangs in Los Angeles|79
2|Insights into the Experiences of Male Latino Gang Members in Los Angeles|81
3|Multiple Disadvantage, Marginalisation and Gang Involvement|83
3|Guns, Money, Violence and Amplified Masculinity|86
3|Prison Gangs, Criminal Credentials and Elevation of Masculine Status|91
3|Initial Turning Points, Transitions and Challenges|94
2|Concluding Discussion|98
2|References|99
1|5 Love, Compassion and Therapeutic Communities in Homeboy Industries|103
2|Background to and Focus of Homeboy Industries|104
2|Participant Observation and Follow-up Interviews in Homeboy Industries|105
3|Recruitment, Supervision and Mentoring|106
3|Community-Building, Compassion and Mutual Transformation|108
3|Spirituality, Meditation, Group Therapy and Healing|114
3|Dismantling Gang Masculinity and Nurturing Broader Versions of Manhood|119
2|Concluding Discussion|122
2|References|125
1|Part IV Scotland and Denmark: From Violence, Offending and Prison Life to Religiosity, Yoga and Breathing|128
1|6 Masculinity, Morality and Offending in Scotland and Denmark|129
2|Scotland and Denmark: A Comparative Perspective|130
2|Background to Gang Issues in Scotland and Denmark|131
3|Scotland|131
3|Denmark|132
2|Insights into the Experiences of Gang Members and Offenders: Scotland and Denmark|133
3|‘Products’ of Their Environments: Early Disadvantage, Social Exclusion and Trauma|137
3|‘Like the Premier League’: Anger, Morality and Re-asserting Masculinity Through Gangs|140
3|Striving Towards a ‘Normal Life’: Reflections on ‘Feared’ and ‘Possible’ Selves|148
2|Concluding Discussion|150
2|References|151
1|7 Support in Times of Trouble: Chaplaincy in Scottish and Danish Prisons|155
2|The Religious, Spiritual and Pastoral Service of Prison Chaplains|156
2|Insights into the Impact of Chaplaincy in Scottish and Danish Prisons|158
3|Social and Emotional Support and Reducing Pressure from the ‘Prison Code’|160
3|‘Times of Trouble’, Religion, Prayer, Values and Identities|165
3|Broadening Perspectives and Community Re-Entry Support|172
2|Concluding Discussion|174
2|References|177
1|8 ‘Warriors’ to ‘Peacemakers’: Yoga, Breathing and Meditation in Denmark|180
2|‘Sudarshan Kriya Yoga’, Its Psychological Impact and Rehabilitative Potential|181
2|Breathe Smart and Prison Smart Programmes in Denmark|183
2|The Impact of SKY on Danish Gang Members and Offenders|184
3|Anger Management, Emotional Release, Empathy and Spiritual Engagement|186
3|Masculinizing SKY, Confronting Emotions and Re-conceptualising Morality|192
3|Addiction, Drugs, Depression and Progressive Desistance Journeys|195
2|Concluding Discussion|198
2|References|201
1|Part V Hong Kong: From Triad-Affiliated Gangsters to Christian Brothers|204
1|9 Foot Soldiers, Gangsters and Drug Addicts in Hong Kong|205
2|Contextual Background for Youth Gangs and Organised Crime in Hong Kong|206
2|Research into the Experiences of Male Gang Members in Hong Kong|209
3|Family Strains, Relative Disadvantage, Cultural Values and Masculinity|211
3|‘Triadization’, Drugs and Organised Crime|215
3|‘Push’ and ‘Pull’ Factors and Initial Transitions|221
2|Concluding Discussion|223
2|References|225
1|10 From Criminal Gangsters to Men of God|228
2|Religion, Evangelical Christianity and Identity Change|229
2|Background to and Focus of Hong Kong Christian Society (HKCS)|230
2|Participant Observation and Follow-Up Interviews in HKCS|231
3|Outreach Work, Religious Engagement and Employability|233
3|Community-Building and Holistic Forms of Christian Worship, Study and Prayer|236
3|Transforming Journeys and Re-framing Masculinity|244
2|Concluding Discussion|246
2|References|250
1|Part VI Conclusion|252
1|11 From Masculine Criminal Distinction to Masculine Spiritual Distinction|253
2|Global Pathways into Gang Membership and Criminality|253
2|Global Pathways Out of Gang Membership and Criminality|258
2|Final Reflections and Implications|263
2|References|265
1|Index|269
1|Acknowledgements|15
1|Contents|17
1|List of Figures|19
1|List of Tables|20
1|Part I Introduction|21
1|1 Gangs in Global Perspective|22
2|Understanding Gang Desistance: Focusing on Masculinity and Spirituality|22
2|Focus for and Content of the Book, Research Methods and Chapter Summaries|25
3|Overview of Part I and Chapter Summaries|26
3|Overview of Parts II–IV and Research Methods|26
3|Parts II–IV Chapter Summaries|29
2|Contribution to the Field|32
2|References|33
1|Part II Gangs, Masculinity and Spirituality: Existing Theories and Insights|36
1|2 Gang Members ‘Doing Masculinity’|37
2|Social Constructions of Masculinity, Marginalisation and Violence|38
2|Gang Culture, Crime and Masculinity: International Perspectives|41
2|The Masculinization of Gang Desistance and Reformatory Interventions|47
2|Concluding Discussion|49
2|References|51
1|3 Religious and Spiritual Desistance From Gangs|56
2|Introduction: Religion, Spirituality and Desistance|56
2|Religion, Social Control and Social Capital|58
2|Identity Reconstruction, Emotional Transitions and ‘Stories of Change’|61
2|Masculinity, Gangs and Religion|63
2|Spirituality, Cognitive Change, Psychosocial Processes and Desistance|65
2|Concluding Discussion|69
2|References|71
1|Part III Los Angeles, USA: From Gangs and Guns to Love and Compassion|77
1|4 Amplified Masculinity Among Los Angeles Homeboys|78
2|Racial Oppression, Multiple Marginality and Gangs in Los Angeles|79
2|Insights into the Experiences of Male Latino Gang Members in Los Angeles|81
3|Multiple Disadvantage, Marginalisation and Gang Involvement|83
3|Guns, Money, Violence and Amplified Masculinity|86
3|Prison Gangs, Criminal Credentials and Elevation of Masculine Status|91
3|Initial Turning Points, Transitions and Challenges|94
2|Concluding Discussion|98
2|References|99
1|5 Love, Compassion and Therapeutic Communities in Homeboy Industries|103
2|Background to and Focus of Homeboy Industries|104
2|Participant Observation and Follow-up Interviews in Homeboy Industries|105
3|Recruitment, Supervision and Mentoring|106
3|Community-Building, Compassion and Mutual Transformation|108
3|Spirituality, Meditation, Group Therapy and Healing|114
3|Dismantling Gang Masculinity and Nurturing Broader Versions of Manhood|119
2|Concluding Discussion|122
2|References|125
1|Part IV Scotland and Denmark: From Violence, Offending and Prison Life to Religiosity, Yoga and Breathing|128
1|6 Masculinity, Morality and Offending in Scotland and Denmark|129
2|Scotland and Denmark: A Comparative Perspective|130
2|Background to Gang Issues in Scotland and Denmark|131
3|Scotland|131
3|Denmark|132
2|Insights into the Experiences of Gang Members and Offenders: Scotland and Denmark|133
3|‘Products’ of Their Environments: Early Disadvantage, Social Exclusion and Trauma|137
3|‘Like the Premier League’: Anger, Morality and Re-asserting Masculinity Through Gangs|140
3|Striving Towards a ‘Normal Life’: Reflections on ‘Feared’ and ‘Possible’ Selves|148
2|Concluding Discussion|150
2|References|151
1|7 Support in Times of Trouble: Chaplaincy in Scottish and Danish Prisons|155
2|The Religious, Spiritual and Pastoral Service of Prison Chaplains|156
2|Insights into the Impact of Chaplaincy in Scottish and Danish Prisons|158
3|Social and Emotional Support and Reducing Pressure from the ‘Prison Code’|160
3|‘Times of Trouble’, Religion, Prayer, Values and Identities|165
3|Broadening Perspectives and Community Re-Entry Support|172
2|Concluding Discussion|174
2|References|177
1|8 ‘Warriors’ to ‘Peacemakers’: Yoga, Breathing and Meditation in Denmark|180
2|‘Sudarshan Kriya Yoga’, Its Psychological Impact and Rehabilitative Potential|181
2|Breathe Smart and Prison Smart Programmes in Denmark|183
2|The Impact of SKY on Danish Gang Members and Offenders|184
3|Anger Management, Emotional Release, Empathy and Spiritual Engagement|186
3|Masculinizing SKY, Confronting Emotions and Re-conceptualising Morality|192
3|Addiction, Drugs, Depression and Progressive Desistance Journeys|195
2|Concluding Discussion|198
2|References|201
1|Part V Hong Kong: From Triad-Affiliated Gangsters to Christian Brothers|204
1|9 Foot Soldiers, Gangsters and Drug Addicts in Hong Kong|205
2|Contextual Background for Youth Gangs and Organised Crime in Hong Kong|206
2|Research into the Experiences of Male Gang Members in Hong Kong|209
3|Family Strains, Relative Disadvantage, Cultural Values and Masculinity|211
3|‘Triadization’, Drugs and Organised Crime|215
3|‘Push’ and ‘Pull’ Factors and Initial Transitions|221
2|Concluding Discussion|223
2|References|225
1|10 From Criminal Gangsters to Men of God|228
2|Religion, Evangelical Christianity and Identity Change|229
2|Background to and Focus of Hong Kong Christian Society (HKCS)|230
2|Participant Observation and Follow-Up Interviews in HKCS|231
3|Outreach Work, Religious Engagement and Employability|233
3|Community-Building and Holistic Forms of Christian Worship, Study and Prayer|236
3|Transforming Journeys and Re-framing Masculinity|244
2|Concluding Discussion|246
2|References|250
1|Part VI Conclusion|252
1|11 From Masculine Criminal Distinction to Masculine Spiritual Distinction|253
2|Global Pathways into Gang Membership and Criminality|253
2|Global Pathways Out of Gang Membership and Criminality|258
2|Final Reflections and Implications|263
2|References|265
1|Index|269