File #2384: "2018_Book_GuideToTheWTOAndGATT.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|6
1|Acknowledgements|12
1|Contents|14
1|About the Author|25
1|Abbreviations|26
1|1 World Trade Organisation: Its Birth and Background|28
2|1 International Economic Relations Before Second World War|28
2|2 International Economic Relations After Second World War|30
2|3 Havana Charter for International Trade Organisation (ITO)|31
2|4 GATT: A Historical Accident|34
2|5 GATT: An Overview|35
2|6 GATT: The Basic Purposes|36
2|7 GATT Tariff Negotiations|40
2|8 From Geneva to Tokyo|42
2|9 The Uruguay Round Negotiations|47
2|10 The Uruguay Round—Punta-Del-Este and Beyond|50
2|11 Negotiations of Key Elements—A Brief Review|51
2|12 From Uruguay to Doha and Beyond|57
2|13 The Demise of the 2008 Geneva Ministerial Conference|59
2|14 Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package and Revival of Doha—2013 to 2014|61
1|2 World Trade Organisation (WTO): The Structural Dimensions|65
2|1 General|65
2|2 The Objectives of WTO|66
2|3 Functions of WTO|67
2|4 Structure of WTO|68
2|5 Decision-Making|71
2|6 Amendments to Agreements|72
2|7 Membership, Accession and Withdrawal|73
2|8 Miscellaneous Provisions|74
2|9 WTO and Global Economic Policymaking|74
2|10 WTO and Trade Policy Review|75
1|3 WTO Dispute Settlement System Mechanisms|80
2|1 Introduction|80
2|2 Dispute Settlement in GATT 1947|81
2|3 Article XXIII and the Role of Panels|82
2|4 Dispute Settlement in GATT 1947 and Its Refinements|84
2|5 WTO, GATT 1994 and The Dispute Settlement Understanding|85
2|6 DSU and Its Applicability|87
2|7 Dispute Settlement Mechanisms|88
2|8 Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation|93
2|9 The Establishment of Panels|93
2|10 Terms of Reference of Panels|95
2|11 Composition of Panels|96
2|12 Functions, Procedures and Responsibility of Panels|97
2|13 Adoption of Panel Reports|99
2|14 Appellate Review and Standing Appellate Body|99
2|15 Surveillance of Implementation of Recommendations and Rulings|100
2|16 Compensation and The Suspension of Concessions|101
2|17 Non-violation|104
2|18 Jurisprudence of Litigating Process and Its Future|105
2|Appendix|111
1|4 Legal Framework of GATT, 1994|112
2|1 General|116
2|2 Interpretation and Application of Article I|119
2|3 Customs Duties and Charges Imposed on or in Connection with Importation or Exportation or the International Transfer of Payment for Imports or Exports|121
2|4 Like Product|126
1|5 Schedules of Concessions (Article II)|129
2|1 General|131
2|2 Scope and Application of Article II|133
2|3 Classification and Valuation for Custom Purpose|135
2|4 Maintenance of Treatment Versus Modification of Concession|136
2|5 Conclusion|137
1|6 National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation (Art. III)|139
2|1 General|141
2|2 Relevance of Trade Effects|143
2|3 Application of Article III to Regional/Local Government/State Trading Monopolies|145
2|4 Measures Imposed at the Time or Point of Importation|146
2|5 Article III—an Analysis|147
2|6 General|161
1|7 Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (Anti-dumping Agreement)|164
2|1 Scope and Application of Article VI|167
2|2 Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties (Article VI) of GATT|168
2|3 The Uruguay Round Anti-dumping Code|169
2|4 Determination of Injury|179
2|5 Definition of Domestic Industry|182
2|6 Initiation and Subsequent Investigation|183
2|7 Evidence|185
2|8 Provisional Measures|187
2|9 Price Undertakings|187
2|10 Imposition and Collection of Anti-dumping Duties|187
2|11 Duration and Review of Anti-dumping Duties and Price Undertakings|188
2|12 Public Notice and Explanation of Determination|189
2|13 Anti-dumping Action on Behalf of a Third Country|190
2|14 Developing Country Members|191
2|15 Committee on Anti-dumping|191
2|16 Consultation and Dispute Settlement|191
2|17 Final Provisions|192
2|18 Anti-circumvention|193
1|8 Agreement on the Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994 (Customs Valuation Agreement)|194
2|1 General|196
2|2 Administration of the WTO Customs Valuation Code|198
2|3 Method of Actual Transaction Value|199
2|4 Guidelines on ‘Objective and Quantifiable Data’ and on Accounting Standards|203
2|5 Exchange Rates|203
2|6 Customs Valuation for Related Party Transactions|204
2|7 Calculation of Profit and General Expenses|205
2|8 Royalties and License Fees|205
2|9 Burden of Proof|206
2|10 Special Provisions for Developing Countries|206
2|11 The GATT Ministerial Decision Regarding Cases Where Customs Administration Have Reasons to Doubt the Truth or Accuracy of the Declared Value|207
2|12 Administration, Consultations and Dispute Settlement|208
2|13 Reservations and Review of the Code|209
2|14 Conclusions|209
1|9 WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin, 1994|214
2|1 Scope of Article IX|215
2|2 Marks of Origin (Article IX of GATT 1994 and WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin, 1994)|215
2|3 Rules of Origin in International Trade|216
2|4 Rules of Origin as a Factor of Production|218
2|5 Methods of Determining Origin|219
2|6 WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin: An Analysis|223
2|7 Procedural Reforms|225
2|8 Conclusion|227
1|10 Publication and Administration of Trade Regulations (Art. X)|228
2|1 Purpose of Article X|229
2|2 Notifications Provided for by Specific Provisions of the General Agreement Or Decisions of the Contracting Parties|231
1|11 WTO Ninth Ministerial Conference and Trade Facilitation Agreement, 2013|235
2|1 Introduction|235
2|2 Economic Benefits of Trade Facilitation|236
2|3 Trade Facilitation Agreement—An Analysis|238
2|4 TFA and S&D Treatment for Developing and Least Developed Countries|240
2|5 Categorisation—A Critique|240
1|12 General Elimination of Quantitative and Other Restrictions|243
1|13 Subsidies (Article XVI)|273
2|1 Jurisprudence of Subsidies Prior to 1994 (SCM Code)|275
1|14 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, 1994 (SCM CODE)|279
2|1 Background|279
2|2 Efforts to Deal with Subsidies Prior to the Uruguay Round|281
2|3 WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 1994 (SCM Code)|287
2|4 Export Subsidies|289
2|5 Trade Related Subsidies|291
2|6 Domestic Subsidies|291
2|7 Remedies|292
2|8 Actionable Subsidies—Yellow Light Subsidies|295
2|9 Serious Prejudice|295
2|10 Injury|297
2|11 Cumulation|297
2|12 Non-actionable Subsidies|298
2|13 Subsidies by Developing Countries|299
2|14 Calculation of the Amount of a Subsidy|301
2|15 Countervailing Measures|301
2|16 Determination of Dumping|303
2|17 Countermeasures in the SCM Agreement|308
2|18 Conclusion|309
1|15 State-Trading Enterprises (Article XVII)|312
2|1 General|315
1|16 Governmental Assistance to Economic Development (Article XVIII)|318
2|1 General|327
2|2 Article XVIII: Section A|328
2|3 Article XVIII: Section B|328
2|4 Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the GATT, 1994|330
2|5 Article XVIII: Section C|332
2|6 Article XVIII: Section D|332
1|17 Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products (Art. XIX)|334
2|1 Article XIX—Escape Clause Actions|335
2|2 Unforeseen Developments|336
2|3 Escape Clause Action and Remedies|337
1|18 WTO Agreement on Safeguards 1994|339
2|1 Introduction|339
2|2 WTO Agreement on Safeguards—An Analysis|341
2|3 Increase in Imports|346
2|4 Investigation|347
2|5 Determination of Serious Injury or Threat of Serious Injury|348
2|6 Causation|351
2|7 Application of Safeguard Measures|352
2|8 Duration and Review of Safeguards|354
2|9 Prohibition and Elimination of Certain Measures Including VER and OMA|355
2|10 Notification and Consultation|356
2|11 Surveillance and Dispute Settlement|358
2|12 Conclusion|359
1|19 General Exceptions (Art. XX)|360
2|1 General|361
2|2 Necessary to Protect Public Morals|363
2|3 Necessary to Protect Human, Animal or Plant Life or Health|363
2|4 Aspect of Measure to Be Justified as Necessary|364
2|5 Relating to the Importation or Exportation of Gold and Silver|365
2|6 Necessary to Secure Compliance: The Protection of Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights, and the Prevention of Deceptive Practices|366
2|7 Relating to the Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources|367
2|8 Undertaken in Pursuance of Obligations Under Any Commodity Agreement|369
2|9 Stabilisation Schemes|370
2|10 Local Short Supply|370
1|20 Consultations (Article XXII), Nullification and Impairment of Benefits (Article XXIII)|373
2|1 General|374
1|21 Territorial Application, Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas (Article XXIV)|376
2|1 General|382
2|2 Increase in Bound Rate of Duty|385
2|3 Review|386
2|4 Duties and Other Restrictive Regulations of Commerce Eliminated|388
2|5 Observance of the Provisions of This Agreement by Regional and Local Governments and Authorities|391
2|6 Jurisprudence of the Regional Trade Arrangements (RTAs)|391
2|7 RTAs in GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement: State of Play|395
1|22 Joint Action by the Contracting Parties (Article XXV)|401
2|1 General|402
2|2 Scope of the Waiver Under Paragraph 5 of Article XXV|403
2|3 Across-the-Board Tariff Reductions|413
2|4 Principal Supplier Rights Where a Concession Affects a Major Part of a Contracting Party’s Exports|414
2|5 Negotiating Rights and Trade in New Products|415
2|6 Renegotiation and Institution of a Tariff Quota|415
2|7 Procedures for Negotiations|416
2|8 Reciprocity as Regards Developing Countries|419
2|9 General|421
2|10 General|422
2|11 General|423
2|12 General|424
2|13 General|424
2|14 General|425
2|15 General|426
1|23 Trade and Development (Articles XXXVI–XXXVIII)|427
2|1 General|431
2|2 Committee on Trade and Development|432
1|24 WTO Agreement on Agriculture|434
2|1 The Background|434
2|2 WTO Agreement on Agriculture: An Analysis|436
2|3 The Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) Calculation|441
2|4 Export Subsidies in the Agreement on Agriculture|442
2|5 Prevention of Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments|443
2|6 Disciplines on Export Prohibitions and Restrictions|443
2|7 Peace Clause-Hold Back Subsidies|444
2|8 Doha Development Agenda (DDA) and Agriculture|445
2|9 Non-agriculture Market Access (NAMA)|448
2|10 WTO, Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package|450
2|11 The Future|451
1|25 WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing|454
2|1 Introduction|454
2|2 Background of the MFA and Its Implication|455
2|3 Results of the Uruguay Round Negotiations|457
2|4 Major Elements of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing|458
2|5 Circumvention and Procedures for Penalties|463
2|6 Textiles Monitoring Body|463
2|7 Termination of ATC|464
2|8 Policy Implications of the Implementation of the Agreement|464
1|26 WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)|465
2|1 General|465
2|2 The Exceptions|468
2|3 SPS Levels and Measures that are Stricter than the International Standard|468
2|4 SPS Measures that are Weaker than the International Standard|471
2|5 International Standards|472
2|6 The Jurisprudence as Evolved by the DSB on SPS Agreement|475
2|7 Summary|482
1|27 WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)|483
2|1 General|483
2|2 Tokyo Round|485
2|3 The Uruguay Round|486
2|4 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: An Analysis|487
2|5 International and Regional Systems|495
2|6 Transparency Obligations|495
2|7 Technical Assistance to Other Members|496
2|8 Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Country Members|496
2|9 Institutions, Consultations and Dispute Settlement|498
2|10 Reservations|498
2|11 Review|499
2|12 The GATT Versus TBT|499
2|13 SPS Versus TBT|500
2|14 Conclusion|502
1|28 WTO Agreement on Pre-shipment Inspection|503
2|1 Introduction|503
2|2 Obligations of User Members|505
2|3 Obligations of Exporter Members|508
2|4 Binding Arbitration|509
2|5 Review, Consultation and Dispute Settlement|509
2|6 Committee|509
2|7 Conclusion|510
1|29 WTO Agreement on Import-Licensing Procedures|511
2|1 Introduction|511
2|2 General Provisions|511
2|3 Automatic Import Licensing|513
2|4 Non-automatic Import Licensing|514
2|5 No Transition Period|515
2|6 Committee on Import Licensing|515
2|7 Notification of Changed Rules|516
2|8 Consultation and Dispute Settlement|516
2|9 Review of the Implementation and Operation of Agreement|516
2|10 Reservations to the Agreement|517
1|30 WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement)|518
2|1 General|518
2|2 Objectives of the TRIPs Agreement|520
2|3 Structure of TRIPs Agreement|521
2|4 General Provisions and Basic Principles|522
2|5 Substantive Standards|525
2|6 Control of Anti-competitive Practices in Contractual Licences|539
2|7 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights|539
2|8 Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Inter Partes Procedures|542
2|9 Transparency and Dispute Settlement|543
2|10 Institutional Arrangements|543
2|11 Emerging Issues|545
2|12 Conclusion|547
1|31 WTO General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS)|548
2|1 Background|548
2|2 General Agreement on Trade in Services: An Analysis|549
2|3 General Obligations and Disciplines [Part II]|552
2|4 Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers|556
2|5 Payments and Transfers|557
2|6 Safeguards|558
2|7 Subsidies|559
2|8 Government Procurement|559
2|9 GATS Exceptions to General Obligations|560
2|10 Specific Commitments (Part III)|562
2|11 Preparation and Modification of Schedule|565
2|12 Dispute Resolution Under GATS|565
2|13 Council for Trade in Services|566
2|14 Progressive Liberalisation of Services|566
2|15 Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services Under GATS|567
2|16 Financial Services Under GATS|569
1|32 WTO, Trade and Investment|571
2|1 The Background|571
2|2 The Havana Charter|573
2|3 Multilateral Disciplines on International Investments: Pre-uruguay Round/WTO|574
2|4 The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)|577
2|5 The International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)|579
2|6 Multilateral Agreement on Investments (MAI)|580
2|7 Post Uruguay Round; WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures; TRIMs|582
2|8 TRIMs: An Analysis|584
2|9 Consultation and Dispute Settlement|588
2|10 Review by the Council for Trade in Goods|589
2|11 Inadequacies of the TRIMs Agreement|590
2|12 Illustrative List|590
2|13 Conclusion|591
1|33 WTO and Competition Policy|592
2|1 Introduction|592
2|2 Articles VIII and IX of GATS|593
2|3 The Elements of Competition Law|595
2|4 WTO and International Law of Competition Policy|599
1|34 WTO and Labour Standards|604
2|1 General|604
2|2 Labour Standards: GATT/WTO Contexts|606
2|3 WTO and Enforcement of Labour Standards|611
2|4 Conclusion|613
1|35 WTO, International Trade and Human Rights|614
2|1 Introduction|614
2|2 Trade-Related Human Rights|615
2|3 The WTO Legal Framework for Trade-Related Human Rights Measures|616
2|4 Article-XX and the DSB|618
2|5 International Human Rights and Its Linkages with WTO|619
2|6 Conclusion|620
1|36 Trade and Environmental Issues in the WTO|622
2|1 Origins of Trade and Environmental Conflict|622
2|2 The Environmental Challenge|625
2|3 Trade and Environment and Other GATT Provisions|627
2|4 Environment and WTO Preamble|634
2|5 Environment and Other WTO Agreements|637
2|6 Trade and Environmental Issues|640
2|7 Conclusion|643
1|37 Developing Countries in the GATT/WTO|645
2|1 Introduction|645
2|2 Developing Countries and the GATT, 1947|646
2|3 First Seven Years of GATT|647
2|4 From Herberler Report to the Adoption of Trade and Development Chapter in the GATT, 1965|648
2|5 Tokyo Round and the Enabling Clause|651
2|6 S&D Treatment and Graduation|652
2|7 New International Economic Order (Nieo) and the Less Developing Countries|652
2|8 International Economic Scenario and the Less Developing Countries Prior to Uruguay Round|653
2|9 Newly Industrialised Countries and the GATT|654
2|10 Developing Countries and the Uruguay Round|655
2|11 Developing Countries and the Multilateral Agreements of the GATT/WTO|657
2|12 Less Developing, Least Developed Countries and the Individual WTO Multilateral Agreements: An Assessment|659
2|13 WTO and Other Issues|674
2|14 Developing Countries and the Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package 2013–2014|677
2|15 Conclusion|679
1|List of Cases|681
1|World Trade Organisation: Agreements|688
1|Bibliography|689
1|Books and Articles|689
1|Index|706
1|Acknowledgements|12
1|Contents|14
1|About the Author|25
1|Abbreviations|26
1|1 World Trade Organisation: Its Birth and Background|28
2|1 International Economic Relations Before Second World War|28
2|2 International Economic Relations After Second World War|30
2|3 Havana Charter for International Trade Organisation (ITO)|31
2|4 GATT: A Historical Accident|34
2|5 GATT: An Overview|35
2|6 GATT: The Basic Purposes|36
2|7 GATT Tariff Negotiations|40
2|8 From Geneva to Tokyo|42
2|9 The Uruguay Round Negotiations|47
2|10 The Uruguay Round—Punta-Del-Este and Beyond|50
2|11 Negotiations of Key Elements—A Brief Review|51
2|12 From Uruguay to Doha and Beyond|57
2|13 The Demise of the 2008 Geneva Ministerial Conference|59
2|14 Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package and Revival of Doha—2013 to 2014|61
1|2 World Trade Organisation (WTO): The Structural Dimensions|65
2|1 General|65
2|2 The Objectives of WTO|66
2|3 Functions of WTO|67
2|4 Structure of WTO|68
2|5 Decision-Making|71
2|6 Amendments to Agreements|72
2|7 Membership, Accession and Withdrawal|73
2|8 Miscellaneous Provisions|74
2|9 WTO and Global Economic Policymaking|74
2|10 WTO and Trade Policy Review|75
1|3 WTO Dispute Settlement System Mechanisms|80
2|1 Introduction|80
2|2 Dispute Settlement in GATT 1947|81
2|3 Article XXIII and the Role of Panels|82
2|4 Dispute Settlement in GATT 1947 and Its Refinements|84
2|5 WTO, GATT 1994 and The Dispute Settlement Understanding|85
2|6 DSU and Its Applicability|87
2|7 Dispute Settlement Mechanisms|88
2|8 Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation|93
2|9 The Establishment of Panels|93
2|10 Terms of Reference of Panels|95
2|11 Composition of Panels|96
2|12 Functions, Procedures and Responsibility of Panels|97
2|13 Adoption of Panel Reports|99
2|14 Appellate Review and Standing Appellate Body|99
2|15 Surveillance of Implementation of Recommendations and Rulings|100
2|16 Compensation and The Suspension of Concessions|101
2|17 Non-violation|104
2|18 Jurisprudence of Litigating Process and Its Future|105
2|Appendix|111
1|4 Legal Framework of GATT, 1994|112
2|1 General|116
2|2 Interpretation and Application of Article I|119
2|3 Customs Duties and Charges Imposed on or in Connection with Importation or Exportation or the International Transfer of Payment for Imports or Exports|121
2|4 Like Product|126
1|5 Schedules of Concessions (Article II)|129
2|1 General|131
2|2 Scope and Application of Article II|133
2|3 Classification and Valuation for Custom Purpose|135
2|4 Maintenance of Treatment Versus Modification of Concession|136
2|5 Conclusion|137
1|6 National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation (Art. III)|139
2|1 General|141
2|2 Relevance of Trade Effects|143
2|3 Application of Article III to Regional/Local Government/State Trading Monopolies|145
2|4 Measures Imposed at the Time or Point of Importation|146
2|5 Article III—an Analysis|147
2|6 General|161
1|7 Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (Anti-dumping Agreement)|164
2|1 Scope and Application of Article VI|167
2|2 Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties (Article VI) of GATT|168
2|3 The Uruguay Round Anti-dumping Code|169
2|4 Determination of Injury|179
2|5 Definition of Domestic Industry|182
2|6 Initiation and Subsequent Investigation|183
2|7 Evidence|185
2|8 Provisional Measures|187
2|9 Price Undertakings|187
2|10 Imposition and Collection of Anti-dumping Duties|187
2|11 Duration and Review of Anti-dumping Duties and Price Undertakings|188
2|12 Public Notice and Explanation of Determination|189
2|13 Anti-dumping Action on Behalf of a Third Country|190
2|14 Developing Country Members|191
2|15 Committee on Anti-dumping|191
2|16 Consultation and Dispute Settlement|191
2|17 Final Provisions|192
2|18 Anti-circumvention|193
1|8 Agreement on the Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994 (Customs Valuation Agreement)|194
2|1 General|196
2|2 Administration of the WTO Customs Valuation Code|198
2|3 Method of Actual Transaction Value|199
2|4 Guidelines on ‘Objective and Quantifiable Data’ and on Accounting Standards|203
2|5 Exchange Rates|203
2|6 Customs Valuation for Related Party Transactions|204
2|7 Calculation of Profit and General Expenses|205
2|8 Royalties and License Fees|205
2|9 Burden of Proof|206
2|10 Special Provisions for Developing Countries|206
2|11 The GATT Ministerial Decision Regarding Cases Where Customs Administration Have Reasons to Doubt the Truth or Accuracy of the Declared Value|207
2|12 Administration, Consultations and Dispute Settlement|208
2|13 Reservations and Review of the Code|209
2|14 Conclusions|209
1|9 WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin, 1994|214
2|1 Scope of Article IX|215
2|2 Marks of Origin (Article IX of GATT 1994 and WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin, 1994)|215
2|3 Rules of Origin in International Trade|216
2|4 Rules of Origin as a Factor of Production|218
2|5 Methods of Determining Origin|219
2|6 WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin: An Analysis|223
2|7 Procedural Reforms|225
2|8 Conclusion|227
1|10 Publication and Administration of Trade Regulations (Art. X)|228
2|1 Purpose of Article X|229
2|2 Notifications Provided for by Specific Provisions of the General Agreement Or Decisions of the Contracting Parties|231
1|11 WTO Ninth Ministerial Conference and Trade Facilitation Agreement, 2013|235
2|1 Introduction|235
2|2 Economic Benefits of Trade Facilitation|236
2|3 Trade Facilitation Agreement—An Analysis|238
2|4 TFA and S&D Treatment for Developing and Least Developed Countries|240
2|5 Categorisation—A Critique|240
1|12 General Elimination of Quantitative and Other Restrictions|243
1|13 Subsidies (Article XVI)|273
2|1 Jurisprudence of Subsidies Prior to 1994 (SCM Code)|275
1|14 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, 1994 (SCM CODE)|279
2|1 Background|279
2|2 Efforts to Deal with Subsidies Prior to the Uruguay Round|281
2|3 WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 1994 (SCM Code)|287
2|4 Export Subsidies|289
2|5 Trade Related Subsidies|291
2|6 Domestic Subsidies|291
2|7 Remedies|292
2|8 Actionable Subsidies—Yellow Light Subsidies|295
2|9 Serious Prejudice|295
2|10 Injury|297
2|11 Cumulation|297
2|12 Non-actionable Subsidies|298
2|13 Subsidies by Developing Countries|299
2|14 Calculation of the Amount of a Subsidy|301
2|15 Countervailing Measures|301
2|16 Determination of Dumping|303
2|17 Countermeasures in the SCM Agreement|308
2|18 Conclusion|309
1|15 State-Trading Enterprises (Article XVII)|312
2|1 General|315
1|16 Governmental Assistance to Economic Development (Article XVIII)|318
2|1 General|327
2|2 Article XVIII: Section A|328
2|3 Article XVIII: Section B|328
2|4 Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the GATT, 1994|330
2|5 Article XVIII: Section C|332
2|6 Article XVIII: Section D|332
1|17 Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products (Art. XIX)|334
2|1 Article XIX—Escape Clause Actions|335
2|2 Unforeseen Developments|336
2|3 Escape Clause Action and Remedies|337
1|18 WTO Agreement on Safeguards 1994|339
2|1 Introduction|339
2|2 WTO Agreement on Safeguards—An Analysis|341
2|3 Increase in Imports|346
2|4 Investigation|347
2|5 Determination of Serious Injury or Threat of Serious Injury|348
2|6 Causation|351
2|7 Application of Safeguard Measures|352
2|8 Duration and Review of Safeguards|354
2|9 Prohibition and Elimination of Certain Measures Including VER and OMA|355
2|10 Notification and Consultation|356
2|11 Surveillance and Dispute Settlement|358
2|12 Conclusion|359
1|19 General Exceptions (Art. XX)|360
2|1 General|361
2|2 Necessary to Protect Public Morals|363
2|3 Necessary to Protect Human, Animal or Plant Life or Health|363
2|4 Aspect of Measure to Be Justified as Necessary|364
2|5 Relating to the Importation or Exportation of Gold and Silver|365
2|6 Necessary to Secure Compliance: The Protection of Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights, and the Prevention of Deceptive Practices|366
2|7 Relating to the Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources|367
2|8 Undertaken in Pursuance of Obligations Under Any Commodity Agreement|369
2|9 Stabilisation Schemes|370
2|10 Local Short Supply|370
1|20 Consultations (Article XXII), Nullification and Impairment of Benefits (Article XXIII)|373
2|1 General|374
1|21 Territorial Application, Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas (Article XXIV)|376
2|1 General|382
2|2 Increase in Bound Rate of Duty|385
2|3 Review|386
2|4 Duties and Other Restrictive Regulations of Commerce Eliminated|388
2|5 Observance of the Provisions of This Agreement by Regional and Local Governments and Authorities|391
2|6 Jurisprudence of the Regional Trade Arrangements (RTAs)|391
2|7 RTAs in GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement: State of Play|395
1|22 Joint Action by the Contracting Parties (Article XXV)|401
2|1 General|402
2|2 Scope of the Waiver Under Paragraph 5 of Article XXV|403
2|3 Across-the-Board Tariff Reductions|413
2|4 Principal Supplier Rights Where a Concession Affects a Major Part of a Contracting Party’s Exports|414
2|5 Negotiating Rights and Trade in New Products|415
2|6 Renegotiation and Institution of a Tariff Quota|415
2|7 Procedures for Negotiations|416
2|8 Reciprocity as Regards Developing Countries|419
2|9 General|421
2|10 General|422
2|11 General|423
2|12 General|424
2|13 General|424
2|14 General|425
2|15 General|426
1|23 Trade and Development (Articles XXXVI–XXXVIII)|427
2|1 General|431
2|2 Committee on Trade and Development|432
1|24 WTO Agreement on Agriculture|434
2|1 The Background|434
2|2 WTO Agreement on Agriculture: An Analysis|436
2|3 The Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) Calculation|441
2|4 Export Subsidies in the Agreement on Agriculture|442
2|5 Prevention of Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments|443
2|6 Disciplines on Export Prohibitions and Restrictions|443
2|7 Peace Clause-Hold Back Subsidies|444
2|8 Doha Development Agenda (DDA) and Agriculture|445
2|9 Non-agriculture Market Access (NAMA)|448
2|10 WTO, Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package|450
2|11 The Future|451
1|25 WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing|454
2|1 Introduction|454
2|2 Background of the MFA and Its Implication|455
2|3 Results of the Uruguay Round Negotiations|457
2|4 Major Elements of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing|458
2|5 Circumvention and Procedures for Penalties|463
2|6 Textiles Monitoring Body|463
2|7 Termination of ATC|464
2|8 Policy Implications of the Implementation of the Agreement|464
1|26 WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)|465
2|1 General|465
2|2 The Exceptions|468
2|3 SPS Levels and Measures that are Stricter than the International Standard|468
2|4 SPS Measures that are Weaker than the International Standard|471
2|5 International Standards|472
2|6 The Jurisprudence as Evolved by the DSB on SPS Agreement|475
2|7 Summary|482
1|27 WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)|483
2|1 General|483
2|2 Tokyo Round|485
2|3 The Uruguay Round|486
2|4 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: An Analysis|487
2|5 International and Regional Systems|495
2|6 Transparency Obligations|495
2|7 Technical Assistance to Other Members|496
2|8 Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Country Members|496
2|9 Institutions, Consultations and Dispute Settlement|498
2|10 Reservations|498
2|11 Review|499
2|12 The GATT Versus TBT|499
2|13 SPS Versus TBT|500
2|14 Conclusion|502
1|28 WTO Agreement on Pre-shipment Inspection|503
2|1 Introduction|503
2|2 Obligations of User Members|505
2|3 Obligations of Exporter Members|508
2|4 Binding Arbitration|509
2|5 Review, Consultation and Dispute Settlement|509
2|6 Committee|509
2|7 Conclusion|510
1|29 WTO Agreement on Import-Licensing Procedures|511
2|1 Introduction|511
2|2 General Provisions|511
2|3 Automatic Import Licensing|513
2|4 Non-automatic Import Licensing|514
2|5 No Transition Period|515
2|6 Committee on Import Licensing|515
2|7 Notification of Changed Rules|516
2|8 Consultation and Dispute Settlement|516
2|9 Review of the Implementation and Operation of Agreement|516
2|10 Reservations to the Agreement|517
1|30 WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement)|518
2|1 General|518
2|2 Objectives of the TRIPs Agreement|520
2|3 Structure of TRIPs Agreement|521
2|4 General Provisions and Basic Principles|522
2|5 Substantive Standards|525
2|6 Control of Anti-competitive Practices in Contractual Licences|539
2|7 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights|539
2|8 Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Inter Partes Procedures|542
2|9 Transparency and Dispute Settlement|543
2|10 Institutional Arrangements|543
2|11 Emerging Issues|545
2|12 Conclusion|547
1|31 WTO General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS)|548
2|1 Background|548
2|2 General Agreement on Trade in Services: An Analysis|549
2|3 General Obligations and Disciplines [Part II]|552
2|4 Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers|556
2|5 Payments and Transfers|557
2|6 Safeguards|558
2|7 Subsidies|559
2|8 Government Procurement|559
2|9 GATS Exceptions to General Obligations|560
2|10 Specific Commitments (Part III)|562
2|11 Preparation and Modification of Schedule|565
2|12 Dispute Resolution Under GATS|565
2|13 Council for Trade in Services|566
2|14 Progressive Liberalisation of Services|566
2|15 Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services Under GATS|567
2|16 Financial Services Under GATS|569
1|32 WTO, Trade and Investment|571
2|1 The Background|571
2|2 The Havana Charter|573
2|3 Multilateral Disciplines on International Investments: Pre-uruguay Round/WTO|574
2|4 The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)|577
2|5 The International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)|579
2|6 Multilateral Agreement on Investments (MAI)|580
2|7 Post Uruguay Round; WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures; TRIMs|582
2|8 TRIMs: An Analysis|584
2|9 Consultation and Dispute Settlement|588
2|10 Review by the Council for Trade in Goods|589
2|11 Inadequacies of the TRIMs Agreement|590
2|12 Illustrative List|590
2|13 Conclusion|591
1|33 WTO and Competition Policy|592
2|1 Introduction|592
2|2 Articles VIII and IX of GATS|593
2|3 The Elements of Competition Law|595
2|4 WTO and International Law of Competition Policy|599
1|34 WTO and Labour Standards|604
2|1 General|604
2|2 Labour Standards: GATT/WTO Contexts|606
2|3 WTO and Enforcement of Labour Standards|611
2|4 Conclusion|613
1|35 WTO, International Trade and Human Rights|614
2|1 Introduction|614
2|2 Trade-Related Human Rights|615
2|3 The WTO Legal Framework for Trade-Related Human Rights Measures|616
2|4 Article-XX and the DSB|618
2|5 International Human Rights and Its Linkages with WTO|619
2|6 Conclusion|620
1|36 Trade and Environmental Issues in the WTO|622
2|1 Origins of Trade and Environmental Conflict|622
2|2 The Environmental Challenge|625
2|3 Trade and Environment and Other GATT Provisions|627
2|4 Environment and WTO Preamble|634
2|5 Environment and Other WTO Agreements|637
2|6 Trade and Environmental Issues|640
2|7 Conclusion|643
1|37 Developing Countries in the GATT/WTO|645
2|1 Introduction|645
2|2 Developing Countries and the GATT, 1947|646
2|3 First Seven Years of GATT|647
2|4 From Herberler Report to the Adoption of Trade and Development Chapter in the GATT, 1965|648
2|5 Tokyo Round and the Enabling Clause|651
2|6 S&D Treatment and Graduation|652
2|7 New International Economic Order (Nieo) and the Less Developing Countries|652
2|8 International Economic Scenario and the Less Developing Countries Prior to Uruguay Round|653
2|9 Newly Industrialised Countries and the GATT|654
2|10 Developing Countries and the Uruguay Round|655
2|11 Developing Countries and the Multilateral Agreements of the GATT/WTO|657
2|12 Less Developing, Least Developed Countries and the Individual WTO Multilateral Agreements: An Assessment|659
2|13 WTO and Other Issues|674
2|14 Developing Countries and the Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package 2013–2014|677
2|15 Conclusion|679
1|List of Cases|681
1|World Trade Organisation: Agreements|688
1|Bibliography|689
1|Books and Articles|689
1|Index|706