File #2399: "2018_Book_ViennaConventionOnTheLawOfTrea.pdf"

1|Preface|5
1|Contents|7
1|Contributors|14
1|Table of Cases|16
2|Arbitral Tribunals|16
2|Committee of Jurists, League of Nations|19
2|EFTA Court|19
2|European Commission of Human Rights (ECommHR)|19
2|European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)|19
2|Court of Justice of the European Communities/European Union|21
3|1. Court of Justice (ECJ)|21
3|2. Court of First Instance (CFI)/General Court (GC)|22
3|3. Civil Service Tribunal|23
2|Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACommHR)|23
2|Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)|23
2|International Criminal Court (ICC)|23
2|International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)|24
2|International Court of Justice (ICJ)|24
2|International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)|31
2|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)|31
2|International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg)|32
2|International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)|32
2|National Courts|32
3|1. Argentina|32
3|2. Australia|32
3|3. Austria|33
3|4. Bangladesh|33
3|5. Belgium|33
3|6. Canada|33
3|7. Denmark|33
3|8. Dominican Republic|33
3|9. France|33
3|10. Germany|34
3|11. Greece|34
3|12. Hong Kong|34
3|13. Hungary|34
3|14. India|34
3|15. Israel|35
3|16. Italy|35
3|17. Netherlands|35
3|18. New Zealand|35
3|19. Peru|35
3|20. Poland|36
3|21. Russian Federation|36
3|22. South Africa|36
3|23. Spain|36
3|24. Switzerland|36
3|25. United Kingdom|36
3|26. United States|37
2|Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)|38
2|Special Court for Sierra Leone|39
2|Special Tribunal for Lebanon|40
2|UN Human Rights Committee (HRC)|40
2|WTO Appellate Body and Panel Decisions|40
3|1. Appellate Body|40
3|2. Panels|41
1|Abbreviations|42
1|General Bibliography|53
2|General Works|53
2|Reports of ILC Special Rapporteurs|54
2|Draft Articles|55
2|Conference Documents|56
1|Introduction: On the Role of Treaties in the Development of International Law|57
2|References|62
1|Preamble|63
2|Preamble|64
3|A. Purpose and Function|65
3|B. Negotiating History|65
3|C. Elements of the Preamble|66
4|I. 1st Recital: Fundamental Role of Treaties in History|66
4|II. 2nd Recital: Treaties as a Source of International Law and a Means of Peaceful Cooperation|66
4|III. 3rd Recital: Free Consent, Good Faith and Pacta Sunt Servanda|67
4|IV. 4th Recital: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes|67
4|V. 5th Recital: Condition under Which the Respect for Obligations Arising from Treaties Can Be Maintained|69
4|VI. 6th Recital: Principles of UN Charter|69
4|VII. 7th Recital: Codification and Progressive Development|70
4|VIII. 8th Recital: Role of Customary International Law|70
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|71
4|I. 7th and 8th Recital of the VCLT II: Relationship Between VCLT I and II|71
4|II. 10th Recital of the VCLT II: Specific Features of Treaties to which International Organizations are Parties|71
4|III. 11th Recital of the VCLT II: Functional Treaty Making Capacity|72
4|IV. 12th Recital of the VCLT II: Compliance with Constituent Instruments|72
4|V. 13th Recital of the VCLT II: Relationship between Member States and IOs|72
3|References|72
1|Part I: Introduction|74
2|Article 1|75
3|Scope of the present Convention|75
3|A. Purpose and Function|75
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|76
3|C. Elements of Article 1|78
4|I. Treaties|78
4|II. States|78
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|81
3|References|82
2|Article 2|83
3|Use of terms|83
3|A. Purpose and Function|84
3|B. Elements of Article 2|85
4|I. Treaty (para 1 lit a)|85
5|1. Historical Background and Negotiating History|85
5|2. Designation in International Practice|86
5|3. Designation Within the Convention|86
5|4. Classification of Treaties|87
5|5. Number of Parties|89
5|6. Form|90
5|7. Governing Law|91
5|8. Intention to Establish a Legal Relationship|95
5|9. Non-legally Binding Agreements|97
4|II. Ratification, Acceptance, Approval and Accession (para 1 lit b)|99
4|III. Full Powers (para 1 lit c)|99
4|IV. Reservation (para 1 lit d)|99
4|V. Negotiating State (para 1 lit e)|99
4|VI. Contracting State and Party (para 1 lit f-g)|100
4|VII. Third State (para 1 lit h)|101
4|VIII. International Organizations (para 1 lit i)|101
4|IX. Use of Terms in Domestic Law (para 2)|102
3|C. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|104
4|I. Treaties (para 1 lit a)|104
4|II. International Organization (para 1 lit i)|105
4|III. Rules of the Organization (para 1 lit j)|105
3|References|106
2|Article 3|109
3|International agreements not within the scope of the present Convention|109
3|A. Purpose and Function|110
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|110
3|C. Elements of Article 3|110
4|I. International Agreements|110
4|II. Oral Agreements|111
4|III. States|112
4|IV. Other Subjects of International Law|112
5|1. Original Agreement-Making Capacity|112
5|2. Derived Agreement-Making Capacity|113
6|a) Allocation Through International Agreement|113
6|b) Allocation Through Unilateral Act|113
3|D. Legal Consequences|114
4|I. Legal Force (lit a)|114
4|II. Application of Identical Rules of a Different Source (lit b)|115
4|III. Mélange of the Legal Regimes Governing One Treaty (lit c)|115
3|E. Agreements with Component Units of Federal States|115
4|I. Statehood of Component Units|115
4|II. Negotiating History|116
4|III. Agreement-Making Capacity|118
4|IV. Legal Consequences of Ultra Vires Acts|120
4|V. Responsibility for Breaches|121
4|VI. Agreements Between Component Units of Two Federal States|121
4|VII. Agreements Between Component Units of One Federal State|122
3|F. Agreements with Dependent Territories|122
3|G. Agreements with the Holy See|125
3|H. Agreements with the International Committee of the Red Cross|125
3|I. Agreements with the Order of Malta|126
3|J. Agreements with Non-Recognized States|126
3|K. Agreements with Liberation Movements|128
3|L. Agreements with Opposition Movements (Civil War Factions)|129
3|M. Agreements with Indigenous Peoples|131
3|N. Agreements with Non-Governmental Organizations|133
3|O. Agreements with Individuals or Corporations (State Contracts)|135
3|P. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|138
3|References|138
2|Article 4|143
3|Non-retroactivity of the present Convention|143
3|A. Purpose and Function|143
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|144
3|C. Elements of Article 4|144
4|I. Rules of the Convention Reflecting Customary Law|144
4|II. Rules Not Reflecting Customary Law|147
4|III. Non-retroactivity of the Convention|148
4|IV. Timeline: `Conclusion´ and `Entry into Force´|149
4|V. Application of the VCLT to the VCLT|150
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|150
3|References|151
2|Article 5|152
3|Treaties constituting international organizations and treaties adopted within an international organization|152
3|A. Purpose and Function|152
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|153
3|C. Elements of Article 5|154
4|I. Constituent Instruments of International Organizations|154
4|II. Constituent Instruments of the European Union|155
4|III. Treaties Adopted Within an International Organization|156
3|D. Legal Consequences|158
4|I. Constituent Instruments of International Organizations|158
5|1. Primacy of the Rules of the International Organization Over the VCLT|158
5|2. Limits of Primacy|159
4|II. Treaties Adopted Within International Organizations|160
4|III. Inter se Agreements Between Member States|161
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|162
3|References|162
1|Part II: Conclusion and Entry into Force of Treaties|164
2|Section 1 Conclusion of Treaties|165
2|Article 6|167
3|Capacity of States to conclude treaties|167
3|A. Purpose and Function|167
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|168
3|C. Elements of Article 6|169
4|I. State|169
4|II. Treaties|169
4|III. Legal Capacity to Conclude Treaties|169
4|IV. Limitations of the Treaty-Making Capacity of States|170
5|1. Limitations Under the VCLT|170
5|2. Limitations Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter|171
5|3. Limitations Under Customary Law|171
5|4. Limitations of the Power to Conclude Treaties|172
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|173
4|I. Historical Background|173
4|II. Negotiating History of the 1986 Convention|174
4|III. Capacity of International Organizations to Conclude Treaties|175
4|IV. Competence of International Organizations to Conclude Treaties (Treaty-Making Power)|178
3|References|179
2|Article 7|181
3|Full powers|181
3|A. Purpose and Function|181
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|182
3|C. Elements of Article 7|185
4|I. Full Powers|185
4|II. Dispense|187
4|III. Reliance on the Function of a Representative|189
5|1. Heads of State, Heads of Government and Foreign Ministers|189
5|2. Heads of Diplomatic Missions|191
5|3. Representatives Accredited to an International Conference, Organization or Organ|191
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|193
3|References|194
2|Article 8|196
3|Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization|196
3|A. Purpose and Function|196
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|196
3|C. Elements of Article 8|197
4|I. Lack of Authority of the Acting Person|197
4|II. The Act Relating to the Conclusion of the Treaty|198
4|III. No Legal Effect|199
4|IV. Subsequent Confirmation|199
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|200
3|References|201
2|Article 9|202
3|Adoption of the text|202
3|A. Purpose and Function|202
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|202
3|C. Elements of Article 9|204
4|I. Adoption by the Consent of All Participating States (para 1)|204
4|II. Adoption at International Conferences (para 2)|206
4|III. Adoption Within an International Organization|210
4|IV. Legal Effects of Adoption|211
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|212
3|References|213
2|Article 10|214
3|Authentication of the text|214
3|A. Purpose and Function|214
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|215
3|C. Elements of Article 10|216
4|I. Authentication by Procedure (lit a)|216
4|II. Authentication by Act (lit b)|217
4|III. Legal Effect of Authentication|218
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|218
3|References|218
2|Article 11|219
3|Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty|219
3|A. Purpose and Function|219
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|220
3|C. Elements of Article 11|222
4|I. Signature, Exchange of Instruments Constituting a Treaty, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession|222
4|II. Other Means Agreed Between the Parties|223
5|1. Bilateral Practice|223
5|2. Multilateral Practice|224
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|227
3|References|228
2|Article 12|230
3|Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by signature|230
3|A. Purpose and Function|230
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|231
3|C. Elements of Article 12|233
4|I. Acts Constituting Signature|233
4|II. The Legal Effect of Signature|234
5|1. Treaty Clauses|234
5|2. Intention Otherwise Established by the Negotiating States|235
5|3. Unilaterally Established Intention|237
5|4. No Discernable Intention|237
4|III. Unsigning|238
4|IV. Undesired Signature|240
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|240
3|References|240
2|Article 13|242
3|Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by an exchange of instruments constituting a treaty|242
3|A. Purpose and Function|242
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|243
3|C. Elements of Article 13|244
4|I. Exchange of Instruments|244
4|II. Legal Effect|245
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|246
3|References|246
2|Article 14|247
3|Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by ratification, acceptance or approval|247
3|A. Purpose and Function|247
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|248
3|C. Elements of Article 14|251
4|I. The Acts|251
5|1. Ratification|251
5|2. Acceptance|253
5|3. Approval|255
4|II. Legal Effect|255
5|1. Treaty Clauses|255
5|2. Ratification Requirement `Otherwise Established´|256
5|3. Signature Subject to Ratification|256
5|4. Restricted Full Powers|257
4|III. Tacit Ratification|257
4|IV. Delays and Deadlines|258
4|V. Lack of Ratification, Acceptance or Approval|260
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|261
3|References|262
2|Article 15|264
3|Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by accession|264
3|A. Purpose and Function|264
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|265
3|C. Elements of Article 15|267
4|I. Accession|267
4|II. Allowance of Accession|268
5|1. Treaty Clauses|268
6|a) States|268
6|b) Non-state Entities|271
6|c) International Organizations|272
5|2. Otherwise Established Agreement Between Negotiating States|273
5|3. Subsequent Allowance|273
4|III. Accession to International Organizations|274
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|276
3|References|277
2|Article 16|278
3|Exchange or deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession|278
3|A. Purpose and Function|278
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|278
3|C. Elements of Article 16|280
4|I. Exchange of Instruments|280
4|II. Deposit|281
4|III. Notification|282
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|282
3|References|283
2|Article 17|284
3|Consent to be bound by part of a treaty and choice of differing provisions|284
3|A. Purpose and Function|284
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|284
3|C. Elements of Article 17|286
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|286
3|References|288
2|Article 18|289
3|Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force|289
3|A. Purpose and Function|289
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|292
3|C. Elements of Article 18|295
4|I. Interim Obligation Triggered Before Consent to Be Bound (lit a)|295
5|1. Treaty Subject to Ratification, Acceptance or Approval|295
5|2. Signature or Exchange of Instruments|296
5|3. Making the Intention Clear Not to Become a Party|296
4|II. Interim Obligation Triggered by Consent to Be Bound (lit b)|299
5|1. Expressing Consent to Be Bound|299
5|2. Entry into Force Not Unduly Delayed|299
5|3. Withdrawal of Consent to Be Bound?|300
4|III. Contours of the Interim Obligation|301
5|1. Object and Purpose of the Treaty|302
5|2. Defeating Object and Purpose|303
5|3. Obligation to Refrain|305
4|IV. Treaties of International Organizations VCLT II|305
3|References|306
4|Further Reading|306
2|Section 2 Reservations|307
2|Article 19|309
3|Formulation of reservations|309
3|A. Definition, Purpose, and Function of Reservations|310
3|B. Historical Background|312
4|I. Nineteenth Century to World War I|312
4|II. The Inter-War Period|312
4|III. UN-Practice Before the 1951 Advisory Opinion of the ICJ|314
4|IV. The ICJ´s Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Genocide Convention|315
4|V. Further Developments in the General Assembly|316
3|C. Negotiating History|317
4|I. The Reports by Lauterpacht and Fitzmaurice|318
4|II. Special Rapporteur Waldock and the Discussion in the ILC|318
4|III. Amendments to the Final Draft During the Vienna Conference|321
4|IV. The Deliberations in the ILC Between 1993 and 2011 and the ``Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties´´ (2011)|322
3|D. Different Types of Reservations|324
3|E. Elements of Article 19|326
4|I. The ``Formulation´´ of Reservations|326
4|II. `Late´ Reservations|328
4|III. Explicitly Prohibited Reservations (lit a)|328
4|IV. Implicitly Prohibited Reservations (lit b)|331
5|1. General Considerations|331
5|2. The Notion of ``Specified´´ Reservations|332
4|V. Reservations Incompatible with Object and Purpose (lit c)|333
5|1. General Considerations and Scope of Application|333
5|2. The Notion of ``Object and Purpose´´|335
5|3. Practical Application of the `Object and Purpose´-Formula|336
6|a) Vague or General Reservations|336
6|b) Reservations to a Provision Reflecting a Customary Rule|338
6|c) Reservations to Provisions Concerning Rights from Which No Derogation Is Permissible Under Any Circumstances|340
6|d) Reservations Relating to Internal Law|341
6|e) Reservations to General Human Rights Treaties: Treaties Containing Numerous Interdependent Rights and Obligations|342
6|f) Reservations to Treaty Provisions Concerning Dispute Settlement or the Monitoring of the Implementation of the Treaty|345
6|g) Reservations to Provisions Embodying Rules of Ius Cogens|346
3|F. Legal Consequences of Impermissible Reservations|347
4|I. Substantive Issues|347
5|1. Nullity of the Reservation|347
6|a) The General Principle|347
6|b) The Role of the Other Parties to the Treaty|349
6|c) Questions of State Responsibility|350
5|2. Severability of Reservation and Ratification of the Treaty|351
4|II. Procedural Issues|354
5|1. Role of the Depositaries|354
5|2. Role of Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies|355
5|3. The Other Parties to the Treaty in Question|356
3|G. Customary Nature of Articles 19-23|357
3|H. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|358
3|References|358
4|Further Reading|361
2|Article 20|362
3|Acceptance of and objection to reservations|362
3|A. Function and Structure|363
3|B. Negotiating History|364
3|C. The Principle of Consent|365
3|D. The Notions of Acceptance and Objection|366
4|I. Acceptance|366
4|II. Objection|368
5|1. General Considerations|368
5|2. Authors of Objections|370
5|3. Conditional Objections|370
3|E. Elements of Art 20|371
4|I. Acceptance Not Required (para 1)|371
4|II. `Plurilateral Treaties´ (para 2)|371
4|III. `Constituent Treaties´ (para 3)|374
4|IV. Legal Effects (para 4)|377
5|1. Legal Effects of Acceptance (lit a and lit c)|377
5|2. Legal Effects of Objection (lit b)|379
4|V. Acceptance Through Non-objection (para 5)|380
3|F. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|382
3|References|382
2|Article 21|383
3|Legal effects of reservations and of objections to reservations|383
3|A. Function and Structure|383
3|B. Negotiating History|384
3|C. Elements of Article 21|386
4|I. The `Establishment´ of a Reservation (Chapeau)|386
5|1. Permissibility (Art 19)|386
5|2. Formal Validity (Art 23)|386
5|3. Consent (Art 20)|387
4|II. Legal Effects of Acceptance (para 1)|388
5|1. General Effects|388
5|2. Relations of the Reserving State Towards the Accepting State (para 1 lit a)|388
5|3. Relations of the Accepting State Towards the Reserving State (para 1 lit b)|389
6|a) Nature of the Reservation|389
6|b) Nature of the Treaty|390
4|III. Relations Between All Other States (para 2)|391
4|IV. Legal Effects of Objection (para 3)|391
5|1. General Remarks|391
5|2. Inapplicability of the Provisions Concerned|392
5|3. Extensive Effects|393
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|395
3|References|395
2|Article 22|397
3|Withdrawal of reservations and of objections to reservations|397
3|A. Function and Structure|397
3|B. Negotiating History|398
3|C. Elements of Article 22|399
4|I. Withdrawal of a Reservation (para 1)|399
5|1. The Unilateral Character of ``Withdrawal´´|399
5|2. Partial Withdrawal|399
5|3. Form of Withdrawal|400
5|4. Incentives for Withdrawal|402
5|5. Procedure for Withdrawal|402
6|a) Competent Authority|402
6|b) Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Withdrawal of Reservations|403
6|c) Communication of Withdrawal of a Reservation|404
4|II. Withdrawal of Objections (para 2)|404
4|III. Effects of the Withdrawal of Reservations and Objections (para 3 lit a and lit b)|405
5|1. Effects of the Withdrawal of a Reservation|405
6|a) Temporal Effects|405
7|aa) The General Principle Underlying para 3|405
7|bb) Exceptions to the Principle|407
7|cc) Model Clauses|407
6|b) Substantive Effect|408
6|c) Effect of Partial Withdrawal of a Reservation|410
5|2. Effects of the Withdrawal of an Objection|411
6|a) Substantive Effect|411
6|b) Temporal Effects|411
7|aa) General Rule|411
7|bb) Autonomous Determination by the Withdrawing State|412
7|cc) Effect of a Partial Withdrawal of an Objection|412
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|413
3|References|413
2|Article 23|414
3|Procedure regarding reservations|414
3|A. Function and Structure|414
3|B. Negotiating History|415
3|C. Elements of Article 23|416
4|I. Form and Communication of Reservations, Acceptances and Objections (para 1)|416
5|1. Written Form|416
5|2. Communication|416
6|a) Addressees|416
6|b) Reservations to Constituent Instruments of an International Organization|417
6|c) Written Form|418
6|d) Statement of Reasons|418
6|e) Procedure of Communication|419
6|f) Manifestly Impermissible Reservations|420
5|3. Competence to Formulate Reservations|421
4|II. Confirmation (paras 2 and 3)|423
4|III. Withdrawal of a Reservation or Objection to a Reservation (para 4)|424
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|425
3|Reference|425
2|Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties|426
3|Annex to Article 19-23|426
3|1. Definitions|426
4|1.1 Definition of Reservations|426
5|1.1.1 Statements Purporting to Limit the Obligations of Their Author|426
5|1.1.2 Statements Purporting to Discharge an Obligation by Equivalent Means|427
5|1.1.3 Reservations Relating to the Territorial Application of the Treaty|427
5|1.1.4 Reservations Formulated When Extending the Territorial Application of a Treaty|427
5|1.1.5 Reservations Formulated Jointly|427
5|1.1.6 Reservations Formulated by Virtue of Clauses Expressly Authorizing the Exclusion or the Modification of Certain Provisio...|427
4|1.2 Definition of Interpretative Declarations|427
5|1.2.1 Interpretative Declarations Formulated Jointly|428
4|1.3 Distinction Between Reservations and Interpretative Declarations|428
5|1.3.1 Method of Determining the Distinction Between Reservations and Interpretative Declarations|428
5|1.3.2 Phrasing and Name|428
5|1.3.3 Formulation of a Unilateral Statement When a Reservation Is Prohibited|428
4|1.4 Conditional Interpretative Declarations|428
4|1.5 Unilateral Statements Other than Reservations and Interpretative Declarations|429
5|1.5.1 Statements of Non-Recognition|429
5|1.5.2 Statements Concerning Modalities of Implementation of a Treaty at the Internal Level|429
5|1.5.3 Unilateral Statements Made Under a Clause Providing for Options|429
4|1.6 Unilateral Statements in Respect of Bilateral Treaties|429
5|1.6.1 ``Reservations´´ to Bilateral Treaties|429
5|1.6.2 Interpretative Declarations in Respect of Bilateral Treaties|430
5|1.6.3 Legal Effect of Acceptance of an Interpretative Declaration Made in Respect of a Bilateral Treaty by the Other Party|430
4|1.7 Alternatives to Reservations and Interpretative Declarations|430
5|1.7.1 Alternatives to Reservations|430
5|1.7.2 Alternatives to Interpretative Declarations|430
4|1.8 Scope of Definitions|430
3|2. Procedure|431
4|2.1 Form and Notification of Reservations|431
5|2.1.1 Form of Reservations|431
5|2.1.2 Statement of Reasons for Reservations|431
5|2.1.3 Representation for the Purpose of Formulating a Reservation at the International Level|431
5|2.1.4 Absence of Consequences at the International Level of the Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Formulation of Reser...|432
5|2.1.5 Communication of Reservations|432
5|2.1.6 Procedure for Communication of Reservations|432
5|2.1.7 Functions of Depositaries|432
4|2.2 Confirmation of Reservations|433
5|2.2.1 Formal Confirmation of Reservations Formulated When Signing a Treaty|433
5|2.2.2 Instances of Non-Requirement of Confirmation of Reservations Formulated When Signing a Treaty|433
5|2.2.3 Reservations Formulated Upon Signature When a Treaty Expressly So Provides|433
5|2.2.4 Form of Formal Confirmation of Reservations|433
4|2.3 Late Formulation of Reservations|433
5|2.3.1 Acceptance of the Late Formulation of a Reservation|434
5|2.3.2 Time Period for Formulating an Objection to a Reservation That Is Formulated Late|434
5|2.3.3 Limits to the Possibility of Excluding or Modifying the Legal Effect of a Treaty by Means Other than Reservations|434
5|2.3.4 Widening of the Scope of a Reservation|434
4|2.4 Procedure for Interpretative Declarations|434
5|2.4.1 Form of Interpretative Declarations|434
5|2.4.2 Representation for the Purpose of Formulating Interpretative Declarations|434
5|2.4.3 Absence of Consequences at the International Level of the Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Formulation of Inter...|435
5|2.4.4 Time at Which an Interpretative Declaration May Be Formulated|435
5|2.4.5 Communication of Interpretative Declarations|435
5|2.4.6 Non-Requirement of Confirmation of Interpretative Declarations Formulated When Signing a Treaty|435
5|2.4.7 Late Formulation of an Interpretative Declaration|435
5|2.4.8 Modification of an Interpretative Declaration|435
4|2.5 Withdrawal and Modification of Reservations and Interpretative Declarations|436
5|2.5.1 Withdrawal of Reservations|436
5|2.5.2 Form of Withdrawal|436
5|2.5.3 Periodic Review of the Usefulness of Reservations|436
5|2.5.4 Representation for the Purpose of Withdrawing a Reservation at the International Level|436
5|2.5.5 Absence of Consequences at the International Level of the Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Withdrawal of Reserv...|437
5|2.5.6 Communication of Withdrawal of a Reservation|437
5|2.5.7 Effects of Withdrawal of a Reservation|437
5|2.5.8 Effective Date of Withdrawal of a Reservation|437
5|2.5.9 Cases in Which the Author of a Reservation May Set the Effective Date of Withdrawal of the Reservation|438
5|2.5.10 Partial Withdrawal of Reservations|438
5|2.5.11 Effect of a Partial Withdrawal of a Reservation|438
4|2.5.12 Withdrawal of Interpretative Declarations|438
4|2.6 Formulation of Objections|438
5|2.6.1 Definition of Objections to Reservations|438
5|2.6.2 Right to Formulate Objections|439
5|2.6.3 Author of an Objection|439
5|2.6.4 Objections Formulated Jointly|439
5|2.6.5 Form of Objections|439
5|2.6.6 Right to Oppose the Entry into Force of the Treaty vis-à-vis the Author of the Reservation|439
5|2.6.7 Expression of Intention to Preclude the Entry into Force of the Treaty|439
5|2.6.8 Procedure for the Formulation of Objections|439
5|2.6.9 Statement of Reasons for Objections|440
5|2.6.10 Non-Requirement of Confirmation of an Objection Formulated Prior to Formal Confirmation of a Reservation|440
5|2.6.11 Confirmation of an Objection Formulated Prior to the Expression of Consent to Be Bound by a Treaty|440
5|2.6.12 Time Period for Formulating Objections|440
5|2.6.13 Objections Formulated Late|440
4|2.7 Withdrawal and Modification of Objections to Reservations|440
5|2.7.1 Withdrawal of Objections to Reservations|440
5|2.7.2 Form of Withdrawal of Objections to Reservations|440
5|2.7.3 Formulation and Communication of the Withdrawal of Objections to Reservations|441
5|2.7.4 Effect on Reservation of Withdrawal of an Objection|441
5|2.7.5 Effective Date of Withdrawal of an Objection|441
5|2.7.6 Cases in Which the Author of an Objection May Set the Effective Date of Withdrawal of the Objection|441
5|2.7.7 Partial Withdrawal of an Objection|441
5|2.7.8 Effect of a Partial Withdrawal of an Objection|441
5|2.7.9 Widening of the Scope of an Objection to a Reservation|441
4|2.8 Formulation of Acceptances of Reservations|442
5|2.8.1 Forms of Acceptance of Reservations|442
5|2.8.2 Tacit Acceptance of Reservations|442
5|2.8.3 Express Acceptance of Reservations|442
5|2.8.4 Form of Express Acceptance of Reservations|442
5|2.8.5 Procedure for Formulating Express Acceptance of Reservations|442
5|2.8.6 Non-Requirement of Confirmation of an Acceptance Formulated Prior to Formal Confirmation of a Reservation|442
5|2.8.7 Unanimous Acceptance of Reservations|442
5|2.8.8 Acceptance of a Reservation to the Constituent Instrument of an International Organization|443
5|2.8.9 Organ Competent to Accept a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument|443
5|2.8.10 Modalities of the Acceptance of a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument|443
5|2.8.11 Acceptance of a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument That Has Not Yet Entered into Force|443
5|2.8.12 Reaction by a Member of an International Organization to a Reservation to Its Constituent Instrument|443
5|2.8.13 Final Nature of Acceptance of a Reservation|444
4|2.9 Formulation of Reactions to Interpretative Declarations|444
5|2.9.1 Approval of an Interpretative Declaration|444
5|2.9.2 Opposition to an interpretative declaration|444
5|2.9.3 Recharacterization of an Interpretative Declaration|444
5|2.9.4 Right to Formulate Approval or Opposition, or to Recharacterize|444
5|2.9.5 Form of Approval, Opposition and Recharacterization|444
5|2.9.6 Statement of Reasons for Approval, Opposition and Recharacterization|445
5|2.9.7 Formulation and Communication of Approval, Opposition or Recharacterization|445
5|2.9.8 Non-Presumption of Approval or Opposition|445
5|2.9.9 Silence with Respect to an Interpretative Declaration|445
3|3. Permissibility of Reservations and Interpretative Declarations|445
4|3.1 Permissible Reservations|445
5|3.1.1 Reservations Prohibited by the Treaty|445
5|3.1.2 Definition of Specified Reservations|446
5|3.1.3 Permissibility of Reservations Not Prohibited by the Treaty|446
5|3.1.4 Permissibility of Specified Reservations|446
5|3.1.5 Incompatibility of a Reservation with the Object and Purpose of the Treaty|446
6|3.1.5.1 Determination of the Object and Purpose of the Treaty|446
6|3.1.5.2 Vague or General Reservations|446
6|3.1.5.3 Reservations to a Provision Reflecting a Customary Rule|447
6|3.1.5.4 Reservations to Provisions Concerning Rights from Which No Derogation Is Permissible Under Any Circumstances|447
6|3.1.5.5 Reservations Relating to Internal Law|447
6|3.1.5.6 Reservations to Treaties Containing Numerous Interdependent Rights and Obligations|447
6|3.1.5.7 Reservations to Treaty Provisions Concerning Dispute Settlement or the Monitoring of the Implementation of the Treaty|447
4|3.2 Assessment of the Permissibility of Reservations|448
5|3.2.1 Competence of the Treaty Monitoring Bodies to Assess the Permissibility of Reservations|448
5|3.2.2 Specification of the Competence of Treaty Monitoring Bodies to Assess the Permissibility of Reservations|448
5|3.2.3 Consideration of the Assessments of Treaty Monitoring Bodies|448
5|3.2.4 Bodies Competent to Assess the Permissibility of Reservations in the Event of the Establishment of a Treaty Monitoring B...|448
5|3.2.5 Competence of Dispute Settlement Bodies to Assess the Permissibility of Reservations|449
4|3.3 Consequences of the Non-Permissibility of a Reservation|449
5|3.3.1 Irrelevance of Distinction Among the Grounds for Non-Permissibility|449
5|3.3.2 Non-Permissibility of Reservations and International Responsibility|449
5|3.3.3 Absence of Effect of Individual Acceptance of a Reservation on the Permissibility of the Reservation|449
4|3.4 Permissibility of Reactions to Reservations|449
5|3.4.1 Permissibility of the Acceptance of a Reservation|449
5|3.4.2 Permissibility of an Objection to a Reservation|449
4|3.5 Permissibility of an Interpretative Declaration|450
5|3.5.1 Permissibility of an Interpretative Declaration Which Is in Fact a Reservation|450
4|3.6 Permissibility of Reactions to Interpretative Declarations|450
3|4. Legal Effects of Reservations and Interpretative Declarations|450
4|4.1 Establishment of a Reservation with Regard to Another State or International Organization|450
5|4.1.1 Establishment of a Reservation Expressly Authorized by a Treaty|450
5|4.1.2 Establishment of a Reservation to a Treaty Which Has to Be Applied in Its Entirety|451
5|4.1.3 Establishment of a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument of an International Organization|451
4|4.2 Effects of an Established Reservation|451
5|4.2.1 Status of the Author of an Established Reservation|451
5|4.2.2 Effect of the Establishment of a Reservation on the Entry into Force of a Treaty|451
5|4.2.3 Effect of the Establishment of a Reservation on the Status of the Author as a Party to the Treaty|451
5|4.2.4 Effect of an Established Reservation on Treaty Relations|452
5|4.2.5 Non-Reciprocal Application of Obligations to Which a Reservation Relates|452
5|4.2.6 Interpretation of Reservations|452
4|4.3 Effect of an Objection to a Valid Reservation|452
5|4.3.1 Effect of an Objection on the Entry into Force of the Treaty as Between the Author of the Objection and the Author of a ...|453
5|4.3.2 Effect of an Objection to a Reservation That Is Formulated Late|453
5|4.3.3 Entry into Force of the Treaty Between the Author of a Reservation and the Author of an Objection|453
5|4.3.4 Non-Entry into Force of the Treaty for the Author of a Reservation When Unanimous Acceptance Is Required|453
5|4.3.5 Non-Entry into Force of the Treaty as Between the Author of a Reservation and the Author of an Objection with Maximum Ef...|453
5|4.3.6 Effect of an Objection on Treaty Relations|453
5|4.3.7 Effect of an Objection on Provisions Other than Those to Which the Reservation Relates|454
5|4.3.8 Right of the Author of a Valid Reservation Not to Comply with the Treaty Without the Benefit of Its Reservation|454
4|4.4 Effect of a Reservation on Rights and Obligations Independent of the Treaty|455
5|4.4.1 Absence of Effect on Rights and Obligations Under Other Treaties|455
5|4.4.2 Absence of Effect on Rights and Obligations Under Customary International Law|455
5|4.4.3 Absence of Effect on a Peremptory Norm of General International Law (jus cogens)|455
4|4.5 Consequences of an Invalid Reservation|455
5|4.5.1 Nullity of an Invalid Reservation|455
5|4.5.2 Reactions to a Reservation Considered Invalid|455
5|4.5.3 Status of the Author of an Invalid Reservation in Relation to the Treaty|456
4|4.6 Absence of Effect of a Reservation on the Relations Between the Other Parties to the Treaty|456
4|4.7 Effect of Interpretative Declarations|456
5|4.7.1 Clarification of the Terms of the Treaty by an Interpretative Declaration|456
5|4.7.2 Effect of the Modification or the Withdrawal of an Interpretative Declaration|456
5|4.7.3 Effect of an Interpretative Declaration Approved by All the Contracting States and Contracting Organizations|457
3|5. Reservations, Acceptances of Reservations, Objections to Reservations, and Interpretative Declarations in Cases of Successi...|457
4|5.1 Reservations in Cases of Succession of States|457
5|5.1.1 Newly Independent States|457
5|5.1.2 Uniting or Separation of States|457
5|5.1.3 Irrelevance of Certain Reservations in Cases Involving a Uniting of States|458
5|5.1.4 Maintenance of the Territorial Scope of Reservations Formulated by the Predecessor State|458
5|5.1.5 Territorial Scope of Reservations in Cases Involving a Uniting of States|458
5|5.1.6 Territorial Scope of Reservations of the Successor State in Cases of Succession Involving Part of Territory|459
5|5.1.7 Timing of the Effects of Non-Maintenance by a Successor State of a Reservation Formulated by the Predecessor State|460
5|5.1.8 Late Formulation of a Reservation by a Successor State|460
4|5.2 Objections to Reservations in Cases of Succession of States|460
5|5.2.1 Maintenance by the Successor State of Objections Formulated by the Predecessor State|460
5|5.2.2 Irrelevance of Certain Objections in Cases Involving a Uniting of States|460
5|5.2.3 Maintenance of Objections to Reservations of the Predecessor State|461
5|5.2.4 Reservations of the Predecessor State to Which no Objections Have Been Made|461
5|5.2.5 Right of a Successor State to Formulate Objections to Reservations|461
5|5.2.6 Objections by a Successor State Other than a Newly Independent State in Respect of Which a Treaty Continues in Force|461
4|5.3 Acceptances of Reservations in Cases of Succession of States|462
5|5.3.1 Maintenance by a Newly Independent State of Express Acceptances Formulated by the Predecessor State|462
4|5.3.2 Maintenance by a Successor State Other than a Newly Independent State of Express Acceptances Formulated by the Predecess...|462
5|5.3.3 Timing of the Effects of Non-Maintenance by a Successor State of an Express Acceptance Formulated by the Predecessor Sta...|462
4|5.4 Legal Effects of Reservations, Acceptances and Objections in Cases of Succession of States|462
4|5.5 Interpretative Declarations in Cases of Succession of States|463
2|Section 3 Entry into Force and Provisional Application of Treaties|464
2|Article 24|466
3|Entry into force|466
3|A. Purpose and Function|466
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|467
3|C. Elements of Article 24|469
4|I. Treaty|469
4|II. Negotiating States|469
4|III. Agreement on the Entry into Force (para 1)|469
4|IV. Lack of Agreement: Consent to Be Bound by the Treaty|476
4|V. Ratification After Entry into Force (para 3)|477
4|VI. Matters Arising Before Entry into Force (para 4)|478
3|D. The Role of the Depositary in the Determination of the Exact Date of Entry into Force|479
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|481
3|References|481
2|Article 25|483
3|Provisional application|483
3|A. Purpose and Function|483
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|488
3|C. Elements of Article 25|490
4|I. Treaty|490
4|II. Applied Provisionally|491
4|III. Some Other Manner (para 1 lit b)|491
4|IV. Negotiating States|493
4|V. Pending Its Entry into Force|494
4|VI. Unilateral Termination of the Provisional Application (para 2)|494
4|VII. Legal Effects of Provisional Application|495
4|VIII. Provisional Application and National Law|497
3|D. Relation to Other Provisions|502
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|503
3|References|503
1|Part III: Observance, Application and Interpretation of Treaties|505
2|Section 1 Observance of Treaties|506
2|Article 26|508
3|Pacta sunt servanda|508
3|A. Purpose and Function|508
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|509
4|I. Historical Background|509
4|II. Negotiating History|510
3|C. Will, Consent and Obligation|512
3|D. Foundation|513
4|I. Naturalism and Cognate Schools|513
4|II. Good Faith|514
4|III. Basic Norm, Rule of Recognition|515
4|IV. International Customary Law|516
4|V. General Principle of Law|516
3|E. Elements of Article 26|517
4|I. Every Treaty|517
5|1. Treaties (Art 2)|517
5|2. International Agreements (Art 3)|517
5|3. Internationalized Contracts|517
5|4. Interstate Agreements Governed by Domestic Law|519
4|II. In Force|519
4|III. Legally Binding Force (Obligations)|520
5|1. Reciprocal Obligations|520
5|2. Non-reciprocal Obligations|522
5|3. Obligations erga omnes partes|523
4|IV. Duty to Perform|524
5|1. Good Faith Performance of the Treaty|524
5|2. Duty Not to Defeat Object and Purpose of the Treaty|525
4|V. Compliance (International Relations Theories)|526
3|F. The Rule pacta sunt servanda Within Domestic Law|527
3|G. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|528
3|References|530
2|Article 27|534
3|Internal law and observance of treaties|534
3|A. Purpose and Function|534
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|536
3|C. Elements of Article 27|537
4|I. Treaties in Force|537
4|II. Provisions of Internal Law|537
4|III. Failure to Perform a Treaty|538
5|1. Breach of a Treaty Obligation|538
5|2. Reservations Safeguarding Internal Law|539
3|D. Legal Consequences|540
4|I. No Recognized Ground of Justification|540
4|II. International Responsibility|543
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|543
3|References|544
2|Section 2 Application of Treaties|546
2|Article 28|548
3|Non-retroactivity of treaties|548
3|A. Purpose and Function|548
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|549
3|C. Elements of Article 28|551
4|I. Unless a Different Intention Appears from the Treaty or Is Otherwise Established|551
4|II. Bind a Party|553
4|III. Act/Fact|554
4|IV. Situation|554
4|V. Took Place/Ceased to Exist|555
4|VI. Entry into Force of the Treaty with Respect to That Party|558
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|559
3|References|559
2|Article 29|561
3|Territorial scope of treaties|561
3|A. Purpose and Function|561
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|562
3|C. Elements of Article 29|563
4|I. Unless a Different Intention Appears from the Treaty or Is Otherwise Established|563
4|II. Treaty|566
4|III. Bind|568
4|IV. Entire Territory of Each State Party|569
4|V. `Moving Treaty Frontiers´ Rule|571
4|VI. Extra-Territorial Application of Treaties|574
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|575
3|References|576
2|Article 30|578
3|Application of successive treaties relating to the same subject matter|578
3|A. Purpose and Function|579
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|580
3|C. Elements of Article 30|582
4|I. Successive Treaties|582
4|II. Relating to the Same Subject Matter|583
4|III. Primacy of the UN Charter (para 1)|584
4|IV. Conflict Clauses (para 2)|585
4|V. Treaties Lacking a Conflict Clause (paras 3 and 4)|587
4|VI. State Responsibility (para 5)|590
4|VII. Unresolved Treaty Conflicts|591
3|D. Legal Consequence|592
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|592
3|References|593
2|Section 3 Interpretation of Treaties|595
2|Article 31|597
3|General rule of interpretation|597
3|A. Purpose and Function|598
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|602
3|C. General Issues of Treaty Interpretation|605
4|I. Interpretation Is Always Required|605
4|II. The Points of Reference for Interpretation|606
4|III. Who Is Competent to Interpret a Treaty?|606
4|IV. The Temporal Element of Interpretation|610
4|V. Does One Size Fit All?|613
4|VI. Rules of Interpretation Outside the VCLT?|615
3|D. Elements of Art 31|617
4|I. The General Rule (Para 1)|617
5|1. Ordinary Meaning of the Terms|618
5|2. Context|620
5|3. Object and Purpose|622
5|4. In Good Faith|625
4|II. Certain Elements of `Context´ (Para 2)|626
4|III. Interpretative Means Additional to the Context (Para 3)|630
5|1. Subsequent Agreements (lit a)|631
5|2. Subsequent Practice (lit b)|633
5|3. Relevant Rules of International Law: The Systemic Approach (lit c)|641
4|IV. Special Instead of Ordinary Meaning (Para 4)|651
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|652
3|References|652
4|Further Reading|654
2|Article 32|655
3|Supplementary means of interpretation|655
3|A. Purpose and Function|655
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|656
3|C. Elements of Art 32|658
4|I. Supplementary Means of Interpretation|658
5|1. Preparatory Work of the Treaty|658
5|2. Circumstances of Conclusion|662
5|3. Other Supplementary Means|664
4|II. Admissible Use of the Supplementary Means|666
5|1. Confirm the Meaning|667
5|2. Determine the Meaning|668
5|3. Recourse|669
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|670
3|References|670
4|Further Reading|671
2|Article 33|672
3|Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages|672
3|A. Purpose and Function|672
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|674
3|C. Elements of Art 33|676
4|I. Equal Authority of Different Languages (para 1)|676
5|1. Authentic Languages|676
5|2. The General Rule of Equal Authority|679
5|3. Different Agreement of the Parties|680
4|II. Other Authentic Versions (para 2)|682
4|III. Presumption of Identical Meaning (para 3)|683
4|IV. Reconciling Different Meanings (para 4)|685
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|687
3|References|687
4|Further Reading|688
2|Section 4 Treaties and Third States|689
2|Article 34|691
3|General rule regarding third States|691
3|A. Purpose and Function|691
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|692
3|C. Elements of Article 34|695
4|I. Treaty|695
4|II. Third State|695
4|III. Obligations|699
5|1. Obligations stricto sensu|700
5|2. Incidentally Unfavorable Effects|700
5|3. Indirect Obligations|700
4|IV. Rights|707
4|V. Consent|708
3|D. Legal Consequences of Violations|708
3|E. Third States and Objective Regimes|709
4|I. Negotiating History|711
4|II. Treaties Giving Rise to erga omnes Obligations|715
4|III. Dispositive or `Real´ Treaties|717
4|IV. Constitutive or Semi-legislative and Status Treaties|722
4|V. Conclusion|729
3|F. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|729
3|References|731
2|Article 35|735
3|Treaties providing for obligations for third States|735
3|A. Purpose and Function|735
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|736
3|C. Elements of Article 35|737
4|I. Obligation|737
4|II. Third State|737
4|III. Treaty|737
4|IV. Parties|737
4|V. Intention to Establish an Obligation|737
4|VI. Consent|738
4|VII. In Writing|741
3|D. Legal Consequences|743
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|744
3|References|746
2|Article 36|747
3|Treaties providing for rights for third States|747
3|A. Purpose and Function|747
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|748
3|C. Elements of Article 36|752
4|I. Right|752
4|II. Third State|753
4|III. Treaty|753
4|IV. Parties|753
4|V. Intention to Accord a Right|753
4|VI. Assent|755
4|VII. Presumption of Assent|760
3|D. Legal Consequences|760
4|I. Time of Emergence of the Right|760
4|II. Presumption of Assent|761
4|III. Compliance with the Conditions for the Exercise of the Right (para 2)|762
3|E. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|763
3|References|764
2|Article 37|765
3|Revocation or modification of obligations or rights of third States|765
3|A. Purpose and Function|765
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|766
3|C. Scope of the Provision|769
3|D. Elements of Article 37|771
4|I. Obligation (para 1)|771
4|II. Third State (paras 1 and 2)|771
4|III. In Conformity with Article 35 (para 1)|771
4|IV. Revocation or Modification (para 1)|771
4|V. Consent (para 1)|772
4|VI. Unless It Is Established That They Had Otherwise Agreed (para 1)|773
4|VII. Right (para 2)|774
4|VIII. In Conformity with Article 36 (para 2)|774
4|IX. Revocation or Modification (para 2)|774
4|X. By the Parties (para 2)|774
4|XI. If It Is Established (para 2)|775
4|XII. Intended Not to Be Revocable or Subject to Modification (para 2)|775
4|XIII. Consent (para 2)|776
3|E. Customary Law Status|776
3|F. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|777
3|References|777
2|Article 38|778
3|Rules in a treaty becoming binding on third States through international custom|778
3|A. Purpose and Function|778
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|780
3|C. Elements of Article 38|781
4|I. Nothing in Articles 34-37 Precludes|781
4|II. A Rule Set Forth in a Treaty|781
4|III. Becoming Binding Upon a Third State|782
4|IV. Customary Rule of International Law|784
4|V. Recognized as Such|787
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|789
3|References|789
1|Part IV: Amendment and Modification of Treaties|790
2|Article 39|791
3|General rule regarding the amendment of treaties|791
3|A. Purpose and Function|791
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|792
3|C. Elements of Article 39|794
4|I. Amendment|794
4|II. Agreement|794
4|III. Between the Parties|797
4|IV. Application of the Rules of Part II|798
4|V. Except Insofar as the Treaty May Otherwise Provide|798
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|799
3|References|799
2|Article 40|801
3|Amendment of multilateral treaties|801
3|A. Purpose and Function|801
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|803
3|C. Elements of Article 40|804
4|I. Unless the Treaty Otherwise Provides (para 1)|804
4|II. Proposal and Rights of Other Contracting States (para 2)|805
4|III. Right to Become a Party to the Treaty as Amended (para 3)|806
4|IV. States Parties Not Becoming a Party to the Amending Agreement (para 4)|807
4|V. State Becoming a Party to the Treaty After the Entry into Force of the Amending Agreement (para 5)|808
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|809
3|References|809
2|Article 41|811
3|Agreements to modify multilateral treaties between certain of the parties only|811
3|A. Purpose and Function|811
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|813
3|C. Elements of Article 41|815
4|I. Modification Provided for by the Treaty (para 1 lit a)|815
4|II. Modification Not Prohibited by the Treaty (para 1 lit b)|816
4|III. Notification (para 2)|818
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|819
3|References|819
1|Part V: Invalidity, Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties|821
2|Section 1 General Provisions|822
2|Article 42|824
3|Validity and continuance in force of treaties|824
3|A. Purpose and Function|824
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|827
3|C. Elements of Article 42|828
4|I. Validity of a Treaty or of the Consent of a State to Be Bound by a Treaty (para 1)|828
4|II. Application of the Present Convention (para 1)|829
4|III. Termination, Denunciation or Withdrawal (para 2)|830
4|IV. Application of the Provisions of the Treaty (para 2)|831
4|V. Application of the Present Convention (para 2)|832
4|VI. Suspension of the Operation of a Treaty (para 2)|834
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|835
3|References|836
2|Article 43|838
3|Obligations imposed by international law independently of a treaty|838
3|A. Purpose and Function|838
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|839
3|C. Elements of Article 43|841
4|I. Invalidity, Termination, Denunciation, Withdrawal or Suspension as a Result of the Application of the Present Convention or...|841
4|II. Shall Not in Any Way Impair the Duty of Any State to Fulfil Any Obligation Embodied in the Treaty|841
4|III. To Which It Would Be Subject Under International Law|842
4|IV. Independently of the Treaty|842
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|843
3|References|844
2|Article 44|845
3|Separability of treaty provisions|845
3|A. Purpose and Function|846
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|847
3|C. Elements of Article 44|849
4|I. Principle of Integrity in the Case of Termination or Suspension According to the Treaty or to Art 56 (para 1)|849
4|II. Principle of Integrity in the Case of Invalidity, Termination or Suspension According to the VCLT (para 2)|849
4|III. Compulsory Separability in the Case of Invalidity, Termination or Suspension According to the VCLT (para 3)|850
4|IV. Facultative Separability in the Case of Invalidity Due to Fraud or Corruption (para 4)|853
4|V. Compulsory Integrity in the Case of Invalidity Due to Coercion or Conflict with ius cogens (para 5)|854
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|855
3|References|855
2|Article 45|856
3|Loss of a right to invoke a ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty|856
3|A. Purpose and Function|856
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|858
3|C. Elements of Article 45|859
4|I. Loss of a Right Under Articles 46-50, 60 and 62|859
4|II. After Becoming Aware of the Facts|860
4|III. Express Agreement (lit a)|861
4|IV. Implied Acquiescence (lit b)|861
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|863
3|References|864
2|Section 2 Invalidity of Treaties|865
2|Article 46|867
3|Provisions of internal law regarding competence to conclude treaties|867
3|A. Purpose and Function|867
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|868
4|I. Historical Background|868
4|II. Negotiating History|872
3|C. Elements of Article 46|875
4|I. Violations of Internal Law May Not Be Invoked|875
4|II. Exception: Manifest Violation of Internal Law of Fundamental Importance Regarding Competence to Conclude Treaties|876
5|1. Internal Law|877
5|2. Regarding Competence to Conclude Treaties|879
5|3. Fundamental Importance|881
5|4. Manifest Violation|883
4|III. Invocation as a Ground for Invalidating Consent|888
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|889
4|I. Extension of Art 46 to Treaties Concluded by International Organizations|889
4|II. Application of the Elements of Art 46 to International Organizations|890
5|1. Rules of the Organization|890
5|2. Regarding Competence to Conclude Treaties|890
5|3. Fundamental Importance|891
5|4. Manifest Violation|892
3|E. Customary International Law Status|896
3|References|896
4|Further Reading|898
2|Article 47|899
3|Specific restrictions on authority to express the consent of a State|899
3|A. Purpose and Function|899
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|900
4|I. Historical Background|900
4|II. Negotiating History|902
3|C. Elements of Article 47|903
4|I. A Representative´s Omission to Observe a Specific Restriction on Authority to Express Consent to Be Bound May Not Be Invoked|903
5|1. Specific Restriction Relating to a Particular Treaty|903
5|2. Restriction on Authority to Express Consent of a State to Be Bound by a Treaty|904
5|3. Omission to Observe Restriction May Not Be Invoked|905
4|II. Exception: Notification of the Restriction to the Other Negotiating States Prior to the Representative Expressing Consent|906
4|III. Invocation as a Ground for Invalidating Consent|907
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|907
3|E. Customary International Law Status|908
3|References|908
2|Article 48|909
3|Error|909
3|A. Purpose and Function|909
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|911
4|I. Historical Background|911
4|II. Negotiating History|912
3|C. Elements of Article 48|913
4|I. Error|913
5|1. Notion of Error|913
5|2. Error in a Treaty|913
5|3. Error Relating to a Fact or Situation|916
6|a) Fact or Situation Assumed to Exist at the Time the Treaty Was Concluded|920
6|b) Fact or Situation Forming an Essential Basis of Its Consent|920
4|II. Exception: Inexcusable Error|923
5|1. Contribution to the Error|924
5|2. Error Despite Being Put on Notice|925
4|III. Invocation as a Ground for Invalidating Consent|926
4|IV. Error Relating Only to the Wording of the Text of a Treaty (para 3)|927
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|927
3|E. Customary International Law Status|927
3|References|928
4|Further Reading|928
2|Article 49|929
3|Fraud|929
3|A. Purpose and Function|929
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|931
4|I. Historical Background|931
4|II. Negotiating History|932
3|C. Elements of Article 49|933
4|I. Fraud|933
5|1. Fraudulent Conduct|934
6|a) Misrepresentation|934
6|b) Intention to Deceive|938
5|2. Conduct of Another Negotiating State|939
5|3. Induced Conclusion of a Treaty|940
6|a) Causation of Error|940
6|b) Inducement of Consent|941
4|II. Invocation as a Ground for Invalidating Consent|942
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|942
3|E. Customary International Law Status|943
3|References|943
2|Article 50|945
3|Corruption of a representative of a State|945
3|A. Purpose and Function|945
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|946
4|I. Historical Background|946
4|II. Negotiating History|946
3|C. Elements of Article 50|947
4|I. Corruption of a Representative of Another State|947
4|II. Directly or Indirectly by Another Negotiating State|948
4|III. Procurement of the Expression of Consent Through Corruption|949
4|IV. Invocation as a Ground for Invalidating Consent|950
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|950
3|E. Customary International Law Status|951
3|References|951
2|Article 51|953
3|Coercion of a representative of a State|953
3|A. Purpose and Function|953
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|954
4|I. Historical Background|954
4|II. Negotiating History|956
3|C. Elements of Article 51|957
4|I. Coercion of a Representative of a State|957
5|1. Means of Coercion: Acts or Threats|958
5|2. Object of Coercion: Directed Against the Representative Expressing Consent to Be Bound by a Treaty|959
5|3. Source of Coercion|962
4|II. Procurement of Expression of Consent Through Coercion|962
4|III. Expression of Consent Shall Be Without Any Legal Effect|963
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|964
3|E. Customary International Law Status|964
3|References|965
2|Article 52|966
3|Coercion of a State by the threat or use of force|966
3|A. Purpose and Function|966
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|968
4|I. Historical Background|968
4|II. Negotiating History|971
3|C. Elements of Article 52|973
4|I. Treaty|973
4|II. Conclusion|974
4|III. Has Been Procured: Causality|975
5|1. Causal Link Between Force and the Conclusion of a Treaty|975
5|2. Degree of Force|977
4|IV. Use of Force in Violation of the UN Charter|978
4|V. Threat of Force|981
3|D. Legal Consequence|983
4|I. Voidness ex lege|983
4|II. Ab initio|984
4|III. Procedure|985
3|E. Confirmation by Executing|985
3|F. Security Council ex post Approval|986
3|G. Evidence|987
3|H. Customary Law|988
3|I. Retroactivity|988
3|J. UNCLOT Declaration|989
3|K. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|991
3|References|991
2|Article 53|994
3|Treaties conflicting with a peremptory norm of general international law (``jus cogens´´)|994
3|A. Purpose and Function|995
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|996
4|I. Historical Background|996
4|II. Negotiating History|998
3|C. Theoretical Basis for ius cogens´ Legal Authority|1004
3|D. Elements of Article 53|1006
4|I. For the Purpose of the Convention|1006
4|II. International Community of States as a Whole|1006
4|III. Norm of General International Law|1008
5|1. Traditional Sources of International Law|1008
6|a) Customary Law|1009
6|b) Multilateral Treaties|1009
6|c) Decisions of International Organizations|1010
6|d) General Principles of Law|1010
5|2. Autonomous Source of International Law?|1010
4|IV. Peremptory in Character|1012
5|1. No Derogation Permitted|1012
5|2. Restrains in Modification Process|1013
5|3. Hierarchically Superior Rule?|1014
4|V. Accepted and Recognized as ius cogens|1015
5|1. Peremptory Character of Customary Rules|1015
5|2. Peremptory Character of Multilateral Treaty Provisions|1016
5|3. Peremptory Character of General Principles of Law|1016
5|4. Dissenters and Persistent Objectors|1017
4|VI. Normative Conflict|1019
4|VII. At the Time of the Treaty´s Conclusion|1020
3|E. Legal Consequence|1020
4|I. Voidness of the `Treaty´|1020
4|II. Ab initio|1020
4|III. Procedure|1021
3|F. Further Legal Consequences|1021
4|I. Remedial Action|1021
4|II. State Responsibility|1022
4|III. Reservations to Peremptory Treaty Provisions|1022
4|IV. Decisions of International Organizations|1023
4|V. Customary Law|1025
4|VI. General Principles of Law Recognized in foro domestico|1025
4|VII. Unilateral Acts|1025
4|VIII. National Law|1027
4|IX. Individual Criminal Responsibility|1028
4|X. Individual Civil Liability|1029
4|XI. Immunity|1030
4|XII. Universal Jurisdiction|1031
3|G. Substantive Norms of ius cogens|1032
3|H. Relation to erga omnes|1034
3|I. Regional ius cogens and ius cogens inter partes|1035
3|J. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1036
3|References|1036
2|Section 3 Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties|1042
2|Article 54|1044
3|Termination of or withdrawal from a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties|1044
3|A. Purpose and Function|1044
4|I. Section 3 in General|1044
4|II. Article 54 in Particular|1047
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1048
3|C. Elements of Article 54|1049
4|I. Two Alternatives: Termination or Withdrawal|1049
5|1. Use of Terms: Terminological Inconsistency|1049
5|2. Termination of a Treaty|1050
5|3. Withdrawal of a Party|1051
4|II. Conditions for Permissible Termination or Withdrawal|1052
5|1. Conformity with Treaty Provisions (lit a)|1052
5|2. Consent After Consultation (lit b)|1056
6|a) Subsequent Consent of All Parties|1056
6|b) Prior Consultation with Other Contracting States|1059
6|c) Possible Exceptions to the Consent Rule of lit b|1060
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1061
3|References|1061
2|Article 55|1063
3|Reduction of the parties to a multilateral treaty below the number necessary for its entry into force|1063
3|A. Purpose and Function|1063
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1064
3|C. Elements of Article 55|1065
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1066
3|References|1066
2|Article 56|1067
3|Denunciation of or withdrawal from a treaty containing no provision regarding termination, denunciation or withdrawal|1067
3|A. Purpose and Function|1067
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1069
4|I. Second Report by Fitzmaurice (1957)|1069
4|II. Second Report by Waldock (1963)|1069
4|III. Debates in the ILC (1963-1966)|1071
4|IV. Debates in the Vienna Conference (1968-1969)|1072
3|C. Elements of Article 56|1073
4|I. Introduction and Terminology|1073
4|II. Rebuttable Presumption Against Right of Denunciation or Withdrawal (para 1)|1074
5|1. Conditions Triggering Presumption: Treaty´s Failure to Regulate Termination|1074
5|2. Rebuttal Variant a: Contrary Intention of Parties (lit a)|1076
5|3. Rebuttal Variant b: Nature of Treaty (lit b)|1078
5|4. Examples of Treaties Containing No Withdrawal Provision|1080
6|a) Withdrawal from the United Nations?|1080
6|b) Withdrawal from Treaties on Dispute Settlement?|1081
6|c) Denunciation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?|1083
6|d) Withdrawal from the European Union|1085
4|III. Period of Notice (para 2)|1085
4|IV. Article 56 as Part of Customary International Law|1086
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1087
3|References|1088
2|Article 57|1089
3|Suspension of the operation of a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties|1089
3|A. Purpose and Function|1089
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1090
3|C. Elements of Article 57|1091
4|I. Suspension: Meaning, Duration and Reactivation|1091
4|II. Partial Suspension ratione personae and ratione materiae|1092
4|III. Implied Right of Unilateral Suspension?|1093
4|IV. Conditions of Permissible Suspension|1093
5|1. Conformity with Treaty Provisions (lit a)|1093
5|2. Consent After Consultation (lit b)|1095
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1095
3|References|1096
2|Article 58|1097
3|Suspension of the operation of a multilateral treaty by agreement between certain of the parties only|1097
3|A. Purpose and Function|1097
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1098
3|C. Elements of Article 58|1101
4|I. Temporary and Partial Suspension (para 1)|1101
5|1. Temporary Suspension|1102
5|2. Partial Suspension|1103
6|a) ratione personae: Suspension inter se|1103
6|b) ratione materiae: Suspension ``of Provisions´´|1103
5|3. inter se Agreement|1105
5|4. Conditions of Permissible Partial Suspension|1105
6|a) Possibility Provided for by the Treaty (lit a)|1105
6|b) Suspension Compatible with Treaty (lit b)|1106
4|II. Prior Notification of Other Parties (para 2)|1108
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1110
3|References|1110
2|Article 59|1111
3|Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty implied by conclusion of a later treaty|1111
3|A. Purpose and Function|1111
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1113
3|C. Elements of Article 59|1114
4|I. Termination by Tacit Consent Implied from Conclusion of Later Treaty (para 1)|1114
5|1. Later Treaty Relating to Same Subject-Matter (Substantive Identity)|1114
5|2. Conclusion by All Parties (Personal Congruence)|1115
5|3. Alternative Litmus Tests for Finding Implicit Consent to Terminate Treaty|1117
6|a) Alternative 1: Establishment of Terminative Intention of Parties (lit a)|1117
6|b) Alternative 2: Absolute Incompatibility of Both Treaties (lit b)|1119
5|4. Consultation with Other Contracting States?|1120
4|II. Suspension by Tacit Consent Implied from Conclusion of Later Treaty (para 2)|1120
4|III. Procedural Requirements of Arts 65 et seq|1121
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1121
3|References|1121
2|Article 60|1123
3|Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence of its breach|1123
3|A. Purpose and Function|1124
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1127
3|C. Elements of Article 60|1131
4|I. The Notion of ``Material Breach´´ (para 3)|1131
5|1. The ILC´s Restrictive Approach to Self-Help Reaction Against Treaty Violations|1131
5|2. Repudiation Alternative (lit a)|1132
5|3. Violation of Essential Provision Alternative (lit b)|1133
5|4. Special Rules for Fundamental Breach?|1135
4|II. Procedural Safeguards|1136
4|III. Material Breach of Bilateral Treaties (para 1)|1137
4|IV. Material Breach of Multilateral Treaties (para 2)|1138
5|1. Preserving the Stability of Multilateral Treaties as a Goal|1138
5|2. Rights of Other Parties Reacting Collectively (lit a)|1140
5|3. Rights of an Individual Party Specially Affected by Breach (lit b)|1142
5|4. Rights of Any Other Individual Party (lit c)|1143
5|5. Relation Between Collective Responses (lit a) and Individual Responses (lit b and c) to Material Breaches|1143
5|6. Additional Constraints on Reactive Rights Paralleling Those with Regard to Bilateral Treaties|1144
4|V. Residuary Character (para 4) and Relationship with Other Rules of International Law|1144
5|1. Overriding Provisions in the Specific Treaty Broken|1144
5|2. Relationship with Other Provisions of the Convention|1145
5|3. Relationship with Similar Rules of International Law|1146
6|a) Exceptio Inadimpleti Contractus|1146
6|b) Countermeasures|1146
4|VI. Inapplicability to Treaties of a Humanitarian Character (para 5)|1148
4|VII. Article 60 as a Codification of Customary International Law|1151
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1151
3|References|1152
2|Article 61|1154
3|Supervening impossibility of performance|1154
3|A. Purpose and Function|1154
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1155
3|C. Elements of Article 61|1159
4|I. Narrow Concept of Impossibility|1159
5|1. Loss of Indispensable Object Leading to Absolute Impossibility of Performance|1159
5|2. Supervening Impossibility|1161
5|3. Objective and Subjective Impossibility|1161
4|II. Permanent Impossibility (para 1 cl 1)|1162
4|III. Temporary Impossibility (para 1 cl 2)|1163
4|IV. Impossibility Illegally Caused by One Party (para 2)|1163
4|V. Legal Consequences|1165
5|1. Procedural Requirements, Substantive Options and Subjective Impossibility with Regard to Multilateral Treaties|1165
5|2. Which Party Can Invoke the Impossibility?|1166
5|3. Equitable Adjustment of Partial Performance Accomplished Before Impossibility Supervenes?|1167
4|VI. Relationship with Other Rules of International Law|1168
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1169
3|References|1169
2|Article 62|1170
3|Fundamental change of circumstances|1170
3|A. Purpose and Function|1171
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1174
3|C. Elements of Article 62|1180
4|I. Coverage and Exceptional Character|1180
4|II. Para 1: Five Cumulative Conditions|1181
5|1. Supervening Change of Circumstances (Chapeau)|1182
6|a) Factual Changes|1182
6|b) Three Exceptions: Factual Changes Outside the Scope of Article 62|1183
6|c) Political Changes|1184
6|d) Legal Changes|1185
6|e) Personal Scope of Change|1186
6|f) Supervening Character of Change|1186
5|2. Fundamental Character of Change (Chapeau)|1187
5|3. Change Not Foreseen by Parties (Chapeau)|1188
5|4. Existence of Circumstances Constituting an Essential Basis of the Consent of the Parties (lit a)|1190
5|5. Radical Transformation of Extent of Remaining Obligations (lit b)|1191
4|III. Para 2: Two Exceptions|1192
5|1. Boundary Treaties (lit a)|1192
6|a) Discussions in the ILC and at the Conference: The Principle of Self-Determination|1193
6|b) Declarations by States Parties and Objections Thereto in the Ratification Phase|1194
6|c) Which Treaties Are Covered by the Exception?|1195
5|2. Fundamental Change Illegally Caused by Party Invoking It (lit b)|1197
5|3. Further Exceptions?|1199
4|IV. Para 3: Suspension as an Alternative|1200
4|V. Legal Consequences|1202
5|1. Potential Range: From Consensual Adaptation of the Treaty to Unilateral Withdrawal|1202
5|2. Which Party Can Invoke the Fundamental Change of Circumstances?|1203
5|3. Equitable Compensation for Benefits Derived from Partial Performance?|1204
4|VI. Codification of a Rule of Customary International Law and a General Principle of Law|1204
4|VII. Relation to Other Rules of International Law|1206
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1207
3|References|1207
2|Article 63|1209
3|Severance of diplomatic or consular relations|1209
3|A. Purpose and Function|1209
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1210
3|C. Elements of Article 63|1214
4|I. Severance of Diplomatic Relations|1214
4|II. Severance of Consular Relations|1215
4|III. Regular Consequence: Irrelevance for Legal Relations Established by Treaty|1216
4|IV. Exceptional Consequence: Relevance for Legal Relations Established by Treaty|1216
5|1. Conditions Under Which Exception Applies|1216
6|a) Impossibility of Performance|1216
6|b) Special Rules for Certain Treaty Types?|1219
6|c) Law of Treaties Leaves Discretion of States as to Maintenance of Diplomatic and Consular Relations Unaffected|1220
5|2. Indeterminacy of Exact Legal Consequence if Exception Applies|1221
4|V. Codification of Rule of Customary International Law|1223
4|VI. Relationship with Other Rules of International Law|1223
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1224
3|References|1225
2|Article 64|1226
3|Emergence of a new peremptory norm of general international law (``jus cogens´´)|1226
3|A. Purpose and Function|1226
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1227
3|C. Elements of Article 64|1228
4|I. New Peremptory Norm of General International Law|1228
4|II. Existing Treaty|1228
5|1. Treaty|1228
5|2. Prior to the Emergence of ius cogens|1229
4|III. Normative Conflict|1229
4|IV. Separability of Treaty Provision|1229
3|D. Legal Consequences|1229
4|I. Voidness ex nunc (Inter-Temporal Law)|1229
4|II. Termination|1230
3|E. Procedure|1231
3|F. Customary International Law Status|1231
3|G. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1232
3|References|1233
2|Section 4 Procedure|1234
2|Article 65|1236
3|Procedure to be followed with respect to invalidity, termination, withdrawal from or suspension of the operation of a treaty|1236
3|A. Purpose and Function|1237
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1240
3|C. Elements of Article 65|1246
4|I. Invoking a Defect in Consent or a Ground for Impeaching the Validity of a Treaty Under the Provisions of the Present Conven...|1246
4|II. Party (para 1)|1247
4|III. Notification (para 1)|1249
4|IV. Objection (para 2)|1250
4|V. Length of Period to Reply (para 2)|1251
4|VI. Legal Consequences (para 2)|1252
4|VII. Seek a Solution (para 3)|1253
4|VIII. The Means Indicated in Article 33 UN Charter (para 3)|1254
4|IX. Other Agreements on Settlement of Disputes (para 4)|1254
4|X. Notification in Answer to Another Party (para 5)|1255
4|XI. Evaluation|1255
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1256
3|References|1256
2|Article 66|1258
3|Procedures for judicial settlement, arbitration and conciliation|1258
3|A. Purpose and Function|1258
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1260
3|C. Elements of Article 66|1261
4|I. Opening Sentence|1261
4|II. Any One of the Parties|1261
4|III. Dispute on the Interpretation of Articles 53 and 64 (lit a)|1262
5|1. Arbitration|1262
5|2. International Court of Justice|1262
4|IV. Dispute on the Application and Interpretation of the Other Articles of Part V (lit b)|1264
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1264
4|I. Purpose and Function|1264
4|II. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1265
4|III. Elements of Article 66 VCLT II|1266
3|References|1266
2|Annex to Article 66|1268
3|A. Purpose and Function|1269
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1271
3|C. Elements of the Annex|1272
4|I. Establishing a Conciliation Commission (paras 1 and 2)|1272
4|II. Procedure and Intervention (para 3)|1273
4|III. Functions of the Conciliation Commission (paras 4-6)|1274
4|IV. The Role of the Secretary-General (para 7)|1275
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1275
3|References|1276
2|Article 67|1277
3|Instruments for declaring invalid, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty|1277
3|A. Purpose and Function|1277
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1278
3|C. Elements of Article 67|1279
4|I. Notification in Writing (para 1)|1279
4|II. Communication in Cases of Article 65 paras 2 and 3 (para 2)|1280
4|III. Legal Effects|1281
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1282
3|References|1282
2|Article 68|1283
3|Revocation of notifications and instruments provided for in articles 65 and 67|1283
3|A. Purpose and Function|1283
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1284
3|C. Elements of Article 68|1285
4|I. Notification, Instrument|1285
4|II. Revocation|1285
4|III. Before Taking Effect|1286
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1286
3|References|1286
2|Section 5 Consequences of the Invalidity, Termination or Suspension of the Operation of a Treaty|1287
2|Article 69|1289
3|Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty|1289
3|A. Purpose and Function|1289
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1291
3|C. Elements of Article 69|1292
3|D. Legal Consequences|1293
4|I. Invalidity of the Treaty (para 1)|1293
4|II. Further Consequences (para 2)|1294
5|1. Establishment of the Position that Would Have Existed (para 2 lit a)|1294
5|2. Acts Performed in Good Faith (para 2 lit b)|1298
4|III. The Exception (para 3)|1299
4|IV. Extension to Multilateral Treaties (para 4)|1301
3|E. Procedure|1302
3|F. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1303
3|G. Customary Status|1303
3|References|1304
2|Article 70|1306
3|Consequences of the termination of a treaty|1306
3|A. Purpose and Function|1306
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1308
3|C. Elements of Article 70|1309
3|D. Legal Consequences|1314
4|I. Release from Obligation of Further Performance (para 1 lit a)|1314
4|II. Legal Situation Created by the Treaty (para 1 lit b)|1315
4|III. The Position of Third Parties|1317
4|IV. Multilateral Treaties (para 2)|1320
3|E. Procedure|1320
3|F. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1321
3|G. Customary Status|1322
3|References|1322
2|Article 71|1324
3|Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty which conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law|1324
3|A. Purpose and Function|1325
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1326
3|C. Elements of Article 71|1327
3|D. Legal Consequences|1329
4|I. Conflict with Existing Ius Cogens (para 1)|1329
5|1. Duty to Eliminate the Consequences (para 1 lit a)|1329
5|2. Duty to Bring Mutual Relations in Conformity with Ius Cogens (para 1 lit b)|1332
4|II. Conflict with Ius Cogens Superveniens (para 2)|1333
5|1. In General|1333
5|2. Release from the Obligation of Further Performance (para 2 lit a)|1334
5|3. Legal Situation Created by the Treaty (para 2 lit b)|1334
4|III. Severability|1335
3|E. Procedure|1336
4|I. Applicability of Arts 65-68|1336
4|II. Invocation|1338
3|F. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1339
3|G. Customary Status|1339
3|References|1340
2|Article 72|1342
3|Consequences of the suspension of the operation of a treaty|1342
3|A. Purpose and Function|1342
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1343
3|C. Elements of Article 72|1344
3|D. Legal Consequences|1345
4|I. Release from Obligation of Further Performance (para 1 lit a)|1345
4|II. Legal Relations Established by the Treaty (para 1 lit b)|1347
4|III. Obligation Not to Obstruct Resumption of Operation of Treaty (para 2)|1348
3|E. Procedure|1349
3|F. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1349
3|G. Customary Status|1349
3|References|1350
1|Part VI: Miscellaneous Provisions|1351
2|Article 73|1352
3|Cases of State succession, State responsibility and outbreak of hostilities|1352
3|A. Purpose and Function|1352
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1353
3|C. Elements of Article 73|1355
4|I. The Provisions of the Present Convention Shall Not Prejudge Any Question That May Arise in Regard to a Treaty|1355
4|II. Succession of States|1356
5|1. Concept|1356
5|2. Customary International Law and the 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties|1356
5|3. Applicable Customary Law Principles|1357
5|4. Relation Between the VCLT and the Rules on State Succession|1361
4|III. International Responsibility of States|1361
5|1. Concept|1361
5|2. Relation Between the VCLT and the Rules on State Responsibility|1363
4|IV. Outbreak of Hostilities|1367
5|1. Definition|1367
5|2. The Role of State Practice|1369
5|3. The Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties|1371
5|4. Criteria for Determining Whether a Treaty Continues to Operate|1373
5|5. Other Specific Rules|1378
5|6. Relation Between the VCLT and the Rules in the ILC Articles|1379
5|7. Evaluation|1380
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1381
4|I. Purpose and Function|1381
4|II. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1381
4|III. Elements of Art 74|1383
4|IV. Evaluation|1384
3|References|1384
2|Article 74|1387
3|Diplomatic and consular relations and the conclusion of treaties|1387
3|A. Purpose and Function|1387
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1388
3|C. Elements of Article 74|1390
4|I. Severance or Absence of Diplomatic and Consular Relations|1390
4|II. `Does Not Prevent the Conclusion of Treaties Between Those States´|1393
4|III. `The Conclusion of a Treaty Does Not in Itself Affect the Situation in Regard to Diplomatic or Consular Relations´|1394
4|IV. Non-recognition and the Conclusion of Treaties|1395
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1399
3|References|1399
2|Article 75|1401
3|Case of an aggressor State|1401
3|A. Purpose and Function|1401
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1404
3|C. Elements of Article 75|1406
4|I. Scope of the Article|1406
4|II. Aggressor State|1407
5|1. Definition of Aggression|1407
5|2. Competence to Determine an Act of Aggression|1410
4|III. In Consequence of Measures Taken in Conformity with the UN Charter|1413
4|IV. Legal Consequences|1415
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1416
3|References|1416
1|Part VII: Depositaries, Notifications, Corrections and Registration|1418
2|Article 76|1419
3|Depositaries of treaties|1419
3|A. Purpose and Function|1419
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1420
3|C. Elements of Article 76|1421
4|I. Depositary|1421
4|II. Designation of the Depositary|1422
4|III. One or More States|1424
4|IV. International Organization|1426
4|V. Chief Administrative Officer of the Organization|1427
4|VI. Functions of the Depositary|1428
4|VII. International in Character|1428
4|VIII. Obligation to Act Impartially|1428
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1430
3|References|1430
2|Article 77|1431
3|Functions of depositaries|1431
3|A. Purpose and Function|1432
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1432
3|C. Elements of Article 77|1434
4|I. Functions of a Depositary (para 1)|1434
4|II. Keeping Custody and Receiving (para 1 lit a and c)|1436
4|III. Preparing and Transmitting (para 1 lit b)|1437
4|IV. Examining (para 1 lit d)|1438
4|V. Informing (para 1 lit e and f)|1442
4|VI. Registering (para 1 lit g)|1443
4|VII. Performing the Functions Specified in Other Provisions (para 1 lit h)|1443
4|VIII. Original Text|1443
4|IX. Certified Copies|1444
4|X. Full Powers|1445
4|XI. Signatures|1445
4|XII. Instruments|1445
4|XIII. Parties|1445
4|XIV. States Entitled to Become Parties|1445
4|XV. Difference Appearing Between a State and the Depositary as to the Performance of the Latter´s Functions (para 2)|1446
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1447
3|References|1447
2|Article 78|1448
3|Notifications and communications|1448
3|A. Purpose and Function|1448
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1449
3|C. Elements of Article 78|1450
4|I. Notification|1450
4|II. Communication|1451
4|III. Except as the Treaty or the Present Convention Otherwise Provide|1451
4|IV. If There Is No Depositary|1452
4|V. If There Is a Depositary|1453
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1453
3|References|1453
2|Article 79|1454
3|Correction of errors in texts or in certified copies of treaties|1454
3|A. Purpose and Function|1455
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1455
3|C. Elements of Article 79|1456
4|I. Error|1456
4|II. Treaties Without a Depositary|1458
4|III. Treaties with a Depositary|1458
4|IV. Replacement Ab Initio|1460
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1460
3|References|1460
2|Article 80|1461
3|Registration and publication of treaties|1461
3|A. Purpose and Function|1461
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1462
3|C. Elements of Article 80|1464
4|I. Treaties|1464
4|II. Registration|1464
4|III. Filing and Recording|1465
4|IV. Publication|1465
4|V. Authorization of the Depositary|1466
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1466
3|References|1466
1|Part VIII: Final Provisions|1467
2|Article 81|1468
3|Signature|1468
3|A. Purpose and Function|1468
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1469
3|C. Elements of Article 81|1474
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1474
3|References|1475
2|Article 82|1476
3|Ratification|1476
3|A. Purpose and Function|1476
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1476
3|C. Elements of Article 82|1477
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1477
3|References|1477
2|Article 83|1478
3|Accession|1478
3|A. Purpose and Function|1478
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1478
3|C. Elements of Article 83|1479
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1479
3|References|1480
2|Article 84|1481
3|Entry into force|1481
3|A. Purpose and Function|1481
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1481
3|C. Elements of Article 84|1483
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1484
3|References|1485
2|Article 85|1486
3|Authentic texts|1486
3|A. Purpose and Function|1486
3|B. Historical Background and Negotiating History|1486
3|C. Elements of Article 85|1487
3|D. Treaties of International Organizations (VCLT II)|1487
3|References|1488
1|Annex Final Act of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties and Annexes thereto|1489
2|Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties|1492
1|Status of the Convention|1494
1|Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations...|1498
2|Part I - Introduction|1499
2|Part II - Conclusion and Entry into Force of Treaties|1502
2|Part III - Observance, Application and Interpretation of Treaties|1510
2|Part IV - Amendment and Modification of Treaties|1514
2|Part V - Invalidity, Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties|1516
2|Part VI - Miscellaneous Provisions|1527
2|Part VII - Depositaries, Notifications, Corrections and Registration|1528
2|Part VIII - Final Provisions|1530
2|Annex|1532
1|Status of the VCLT II|1535
1|Index|1538