File #2401: "2018_Book_TransphobicHateCrime.pdf"
Text
1|Acknowledgements|6
1|Contents|7
1|About the Author|8
1|Introduction|9
2|References|15
1|1 Trans People and Their Experiences of Transphobia in Indigenous Cultures|17
2|Abstract|17
2|The Xaniths of Oman|18
2|The Hijra of India|19
2|Trans People in Mainland and Maritime South-East Asia and Brazil|21
2|First Nation Third Gender People|24
3|Aboriginal Transgender Identities and Culture|24
3|Native American Transgender Identities|25
3|Transgender Identities within other International Communities|29
2|References|33
1|2 Transphobic Hate Crime on a National and International Scale|36
2|Abstract|36
2|Prevalence of Transphobic Hate Crime|40
2|Inhibitors to Reporting|41
2|Types of Violence|44
2|Feelings of Safety and the Location of Transphobic Attacks|47
2|Case Studies|49
2|References|52
1|3 Legislation and the Protection of Trans People's Rights|56
2|Abstract|56
2|Hate Crime Legislation in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland|58
2|Secondary Victimisation|61
2|Victims’ Rights|61
2|Scotland|62
2|Northern Ireland|63
2|The Republic of Ireland|64
2|Hate Crime Legislation in EU Countries|64
2|United States of America|66
2|References|69
1|4 The Victim–Offender Relationship in Transphobic Hate Crime|71
2|Abstract|71
2|The Victim–Offender Relationship|74
2|Motivation|75
2|Types of Transphobic Hate Crime Acts|79
2|Perpetrator Age|80
2|Perpetrator Gender Identity and Ethnicity|81
2|Number of Offenders|81
2|Survivor Gender Identity and Ethnicity|82
2|Survivor Age|83
2|Relationship with the Police|83
2|References|86
1|5 Responses to Transphobic Hate Crime|89
2|Abstract|89
2|National and International Charity and Non-Governmental Responses|90
3|Gay London Police Monitoring Group (GALOP)|91
3|Gender Identity and Research Society (GIRES)|91
3|Gendered Intelligence|92
3|The Community Alliance to Combat Hate (CATCH)|92
3|Stonewall|93
2|USA|93
3|Anti-Violence Project (AVP)|93
3|National Coalition of Anti-Violence Projects (NCAVP)|94
3|American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)|94
2|Europe|95
3|Transgender Europe (Transgender EU)|95
3|International Lesbian Gay Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) Europe|96
3|European Union|96
3|The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)|97
3|The Council of Europe|97
3|United Nations|98
2|UK Reporting Practices|98
2|Reporting Online and via Social Media to the Police|99
3|True Vision|99
3|The Self-Evident App|99
2|Specialist Policing Response|104
2|Recording Practices|106
2|Judicial Responses|106
2|Alternatives to Imprisonment|108
2|LGBT Community Third-Party Reporting Initiatives|108
2|References|110
1|6 Conclusions and Recommendations|114
2|Abstract|114
2|Recommendations|118
2|References|120
1|Appendix|121
1|Index|123
1|Contents|7
1|About the Author|8
1|Introduction|9
2|References|15
1|1 Trans People and Their Experiences of Transphobia in Indigenous Cultures|17
2|Abstract|17
2|The Xaniths of Oman|18
2|The Hijra of India|19
2|Trans People in Mainland and Maritime South-East Asia and Brazil|21
2|First Nation Third Gender People|24
3|Aboriginal Transgender Identities and Culture|24
3|Native American Transgender Identities|25
3|Transgender Identities within other International Communities|29
2|References|33
1|2 Transphobic Hate Crime on a National and International Scale|36
2|Abstract|36
2|Prevalence of Transphobic Hate Crime|40
2|Inhibitors to Reporting|41
2|Types of Violence|44
2|Feelings of Safety and the Location of Transphobic Attacks|47
2|Case Studies|49
2|References|52
1|3 Legislation and the Protection of Trans People's Rights|56
2|Abstract|56
2|Hate Crime Legislation in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland|58
2|Secondary Victimisation|61
2|Victims’ Rights|61
2|Scotland|62
2|Northern Ireland|63
2|The Republic of Ireland|64
2|Hate Crime Legislation in EU Countries|64
2|United States of America|66
2|References|69
1|4 The Victim–Offender Relationship in Transphobic Hate Crime|71
2|Abstract|71
2|The Victim–Offender Relationship|74
2|Motivation|75
2|Types of Transphobic Hate Crime Acts|79
2|Perpetrator Age|80
2|Perpetrator Gender Identity and Ethnicity|81
2|Number of Offenders|81
2|Survivor Gender Identity and Ethnicity|82
2|Survivor Age|83
2|Relationship with the Police|83
2|References|86
1|5 Responses to Transphobic Hate Crime|89
2|Abstract|89
2|National and International Charity and Non-Governmental Responses|90
3|Gay London Police Monitoring Group (GALOP)|91
3|Gender Identity and Research Society (GIRES)|91
3|Gendered Intelligence|92
3|The Community Alliance to Combat Hate (CATCH)|92
3|Stonewall|93
2|USA|93
3|Anti-Violence Project (AVP)|93
3|National Coalition of Anti-Violence Projects (NCAVP)|94
3|American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)|94
2|Europe|95
3|Transgender Europe (Transgender EU)|95
3|International Lesbian Gay Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) Europe|96
3|European Union|96
3|The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)|97
3|The Council of Europe|97
3|United Nations|98
2|UK Reporting Practices|98
2|Reporting Online and via Social Media to the Police|99
3|True Vision|99
3|The Self-Evident App|99
2|Specialist Policing Response|104
2|Recording Practices|106
2|Judicial Responses|106
2|Alternatives to Imprisonment|108
2|LGBT Community Third-Party Reporting Initiatives|108
2|References|110
1|6 Conclusions and Recommendations|114
2|Abstract|114
2|Recommendations|118
2|References|120
1|Appendix|121
1|Index|123