File #2408: "2018_Book_LawReformInPluralSocieties.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|7
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Samoan Terminology|18
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|19
2|1.1 Divergent Currents|19
2|1.2 Geographical Context|20
2|1.3 Legal Pluralism and Law Reform|23
2|1.4 Overview|25
2|References|26
2|Court Decision|26
2|Legislation|27
1|Chapter 2: Law Reform and Legal Pluralism Developments|28
2|2.1 Law Reform|28
3|2.1.1 Development of Law Reform Institutions and Agents|28
3|2.1.2 More Recent Developments|30
3|2.1.3 Legal Transplantation|32
3|2.1.4 Attempts to Recognise Customary Laws in State Laws|34
4|2.1.4.1 Codification of Customary Laws|34
4|2.1.4.2 Restatement of Customary Laws|35
4|2.1.4.3 Incorporation of Customary Laws by Reference|36
2|2.2 Law Reform Commissions (LRCS) and Legal Professions of the Pacific Islands|38
3|2.2.1 Proposal for a Regional Law Reform Commission|38
3|2.2.2 The Legal Profession|39
2|2.3 Legal Pluralism|40
3|2.3.1 Old Legal Pluralism, Colonial and Postcolonial Pluralism|40
3|2.3.2 New and Postmodern Pluralism|41
3|2.3.3 Other Categories of Legal Pluralism|42
2|2.4 Legal Pluralism in the Pacific Islands|43
3|2.4.1 Legal Pluralism in the Pacific Islands|43
3|2.4.2 Regional and Local Jurisprudence|43
3|2.4.3 A New Approach To Examining The Customary Law and State Law Divide|44
2|2.5 Overview|45
2|References|46
2|Legislation|50
2|Online Databases|50
1|Chapter 3: A Research Methodology for the Pacific|51
2|3.1 Indigenous and Pacific Research Methodologies|51
3|3.1.1 Postcolonial Research Methodologies|52
3|3.1.2 Pacific Specific Methodologies|53
3|3.1.3 `Talanoa´ Research Methodology|54
2|3.2 Utilising Pacific Research Methodologies to Resolve Indigenous and Pacific Issues|55
3|3.2.1 `Talanoa´ and Ethical Interview Principles|55
3|3.2.2 Analysing `Talanoa´ Interviews|58
3|3.2.3 Pacific Islands Legislative Drafters Survey|59
2|3.3 Primary Material and Documentary Data|59
3|3.3.1 Court Judgments and Hansard Reports|59
3|3.3.2 Commission of Inquiry Reports|60
3|3.3.3 National Reports|60
3|3.3.4 Local Newspaper Research: The Samoa Observer|61
2|3.4 Overview|62
2|References|62
2|Legislation|64
2|Online Databases|64
1|Chapter 4: The Value of Law Reform: Social and Cultural|65
2|4.1 The Ideological Principles Behind Law Making: Customary Laws and State Laws|66
3|4.1.1 Social Views on Law Reform|67
3|4.1.2 Limited Understanding of State Laws|67
3|4.1.3 Lack of Formal Education|68
3|4.1.4 Relevance to Village Life|69
3|4.1.5 Cultural Factors|70
3|4.1.6 Language Barriers|71
3|4.1.7 Support from Secondary Data: Local Newspaper Research|71
3|4.1.8 Challenges to Address|73
2|4.2 Demand for Customs and Respect for the Constitution|74
3|4.2.1 Customary Laws as the Basis of the Legal System|75
3|4.2.2 Laws in the Samoan Context|75
3|4.2.3 Respect for the Constitution|76
3|4.2.4 Challenges to Address|77
2|4.3 Should Customs be Codified in Samoa´s Laws?|78
3|4.3.1 Opposition to Codification|78
4|4.3.1.1 Conflicting Values|78
4|4.3.1.2 Flexibility|78
4|4.3.1.3 Ascertainment and Uniformity|79
4|4.3.1.4 Serving the Interests of Non-Locals Only|79
4|4.3.1.5 Absence of Customary Structures to Support Customs in Legislation|79
4|4.3.1.6 Difficulties for Legislative Drafters|80
4|4.3.1.7 Secondary Data: Pacific Legislative Drafters Survey|80
3|4.3.2 Benefits of Codification|82
4|4.3.2.1 Certainty and Constitutional Compliance|82
2|4.4 Emerging Conceptual Challenges|82
3|4.4.1 Understanding the Dichotomy|82
3|4.4.2 Need to Promote Understanding of State Laws|83
3|4.4.3 Customs to be Recognised in State Laws|83
3|4.4.4 Emerging Acceptance of Modern Laws|83
3|4.4.5 Interdependency|84
2|References|84
2|Legislation|84
1|Chapter 5: State Focused Law Reform: Constitutional Offices, Institutions and Agents|85
2|5.1 The Courts|86
3|5.1.1 Jurisdiction on Customs|86
3|5.1.2 Judicial Training|88
3|5.1.3 Role of the Judiciary in Law Reform|89
3|5.1.4 Expatriate Judges|90
4|5.1.4.1 General Pacific Experiences|90
4|5.1.4.2 Interpretive Function of the Court|90
4|5.1.4.3 Village Agreement Unenforceable Under Contract Law|92
4|5.1.4.4 Obiter Unsupported by Local Realities|93
3|5.1.5 Overview: The Courts|94
2|5.2 The Parliament|94
3|5.2.1 Lack of Systems in Place to Support Assembly of Matai|95
4|5.2.1.1 Language in Parliamentary Proceedings|96
4|5.2.1.2 Law Making Procedures: Assembly Process and Private Members Bills|96
3|5.2.2 Unsuccessful Legal Transplants|98
3|5.2.3 Acts of Parliament with Custom References 1962-2015 (Samoa)|100
4|5.2.3.1 Acts 1962 (Independence) to 1989|101
4|5.2.3.2 Acts from 1990 to 2000|106
4|5.2.3.3 Acts After 2000|109
4|5.2.3.4 Overview|112
3|5.2.4 Analysis: Acts of Parliament and Acts with Customs References (2008-2016)|113
3|5.2.5 Overview: The Parliament|115
2|5.3 The Executive|115
3|5.3.1 Executive Law Making Process|115
4|5.3.1.1 Cabinet Handbook|115
4|5.3.1.2 Legislative Drafting Handbook|116
3|5.3.2 Overview: The Executive|117
2|5.4 The Samoa Law Reform Commission (SLRC)|117
3|5.4.1 Establishment and Personnel|118
4|5.4.1.1 What Model of Law Reform Institution?|118
4|5.4.1.2 The Initial Years|119
4|5.4.1.3 Western Educated Personnel|119
4|5.4.1.4 The SLRC Advisory Board|120
3|5.4.2 Law Reform Process|121
3|5.4.3 Public Consultation|123
4|5.4.3.1 Costly Cultural Protocols|123
4|5.4.3.2 Law Reform Consultation|124
3|5.4.4 Overview: The SLRC|126
2|5.5 Other Law Reform Agents|126
3|5.5.1 Commissions of Inquiry (COI)|127
4|5.5.1.1 COIs for Customary Reforms|127
4|5.5.1.2 COI Investigations and Reforms to Date|128
4|5.5.1.3 COI Strengths|128
4|5.5.1.4 COI Challenges|129
4|5.5.1.5 Law Reform Driven by Both Matais (Customary) and Lawyers (Modern)|130
3|5.5.2 The Samoa Law Society (SLS)|131
4|5.5.2.1 Law Reform Functions|131
4|5.5.2.2 Challenges|132
3|5.5.3 Office of the Ombudsman|133
4|5.5.3.1 Law Reform Functions|133
4|5.5.3.2 Challenges|134
3|5.5.4 Non-Government Organisations (NGOs)|135
4|5.5.4.1 Law Reform Influence|135
4|5.5.4.2 Challenges|136
2|5.6 Emerging Conceptual Challenges|137
3|5.6.1 Law Reform Framework Not Embedded in Customs|137
4|5.6.1.1 Laws Authorising Law Making|137
4|5.6.1.2 Procedures Guiding Law Making|137
3|5.6.2 Limited Professional Training Opportunities|138
3|5.6.3 Involving the Village Structures in the Law Reform Process|138
3|5.6.4 Funding Constraints|138
2|References|139
2|Legislation|140
2|Case Law|141
2|Online Databases|142
1|Chapter 6: Towards Responsive Law Reform|144
2|6.1 Public Awareness of State Laws|145
3|6.1.1 Develop Community Awareness|145
3|6.1.2 Facilitate Public Access to Acts and Court Decisions|146
2|6.2 Professional Training: Judiciary, Parliament, Legal Profession|148
3|6.2.1 The Judiciary|148
4|6.2.1.1 Judicial Training|148
4|6.2.1.2 Judicial Guidance Clause|149
4|6.2.1.3 Code of Judicial Conduct|150
4|6.2.1.4 Court Benchbooks|151
4|6.2.1.5 New Developments in the Courts of Samoa|152
3|6.2.2 Parliament|152
4|6.2.2.1 Professional Training|152
4|6.2.2.2 Customary Duties to Village Communities|154
4|6.2.2.3 Private Members Bill (PMB)|155
4|6.2.2.4 Recent Developments for Parliament|156
3|6.2.3 Legal Profession|157
4|6.2.3.1 Professional Training on the Rule of Law and Samoan Customs|157
4|6.2.3.2 Training on Samoan Language and Cultural Protocols|157
4|6.2.3.3 Engaging in Academic Conferences and Quality Research|159
2|6.3 State Responsibilities in Law Reform|160
3|6.3.1 Constitutional and Legislative Review, Drafting Handbooks|160
4|6.3.1.1 Reference Guide to Customary Practices|162
4|6.3.1.2 Village Fono Act (1990) Review|163
4|6.3.1.3 Cabinet and Drafting Handbooks|164
3|6.3.2 Promote Formal Education|164
3|6.3.3 National Plans|166
4|6.3.3.1 Samoa´s National Plan 2012-2016|166
4|6.3.3.2 Law and Justice Sector Plan|167
2|6.4 Village Responsibilities in Law Reform|167
3|6.4.1 Change of Village Mayor Criteria|168
3|6.4.2 Develop Constitutionally Compliant Village Rules|169
2|6.5 Managing Funding Constraints|170
3|6.5.1 Involving Customary Structures in Law Reform Consultation|170
3|6.5.2 Prioritising and Justifying Costs for Customary Reforms|171
2|6.6 Local Jurisprudence: Customary Law as the Basis of Common Law|172
2|6.7 Legislative Drafters and Draft Laws|174
3|6.7.1 Pacific Specific Drafting and Law Reform Training|174
3|6.7.2 Drafting in the Samoan Language, Legislative References, Context|175
3|6.7.3 Review of Draft Laws for Customary Compliance|177
2|6.8 Summary of Responses to Legal Pluralism|179
2|References|180
2|Legislation|182
2|Case Law|182
2|Online Databases|183
1|Chapter 7: A Suitable Law Reform Framework for Pluralist Countries|184
2|7.1 Introduction|185
2|7.2 A Suitable Law Reform Process for Samoa|186
3|7.2.1 Before the Terms of Reference (TOR)|186
4|7.2.1.1 Step 1|186
3|7.2.2 After a TOR Is Received by the SLRC|186
4|7.2.2.1 Step 2: Research and Consultation|186
5|7.2.2.1.1 Doctrinal Research|186
5|7.2.2.1.2 Socio-Legal Research|187
4|7.2.2.2 Step 3: Issues Paper|188
4|7.2.2.3 Step 4: Research and Consultation|188
4|7.2.2.4 Step 5: Final Report with Recommendations|189
4|7.2.2.5 Step 6: Report Tabled in Parliament|189
3|7.2.3 The Draft Bill Process|190
4|7.2.3.1 Legislative Drafting|190
4|7.2.3.2 Vetting for Customary Compliance|190
4|7.2.3.3 Passage Through Parliament|190
3|7.2.4 Law Reform Process of Law Reform Agents|191
4|7.2.4.1 Commissions of Inquiry, Ombudsman, NGOs|191
2|7.3 Legislative Reforms and Guides|191
3|7.3.1 Local Jurisprudence|192
3|7.3.2 Judicial Clause and Guides|192
4|7.3.2.1 Constitutional Amendment|192
4|7.3.2.2 Code of Judicial Conduct|193
4|7.3.2.3 Court Benchbooks|193
3|7.3.3 Reference Guide to Customary Practices|193
3|7.3.4 Parliament Guides and Procedures|194
4|7.3.4.1 Guide for Members of Parliament|194
4|7.3.4.2 Standing Orders of Parliament|194
4|7.3.4.3 State Handbooks|194
5|7.3.4.3.1 Cabinet Handbook|194
5|7.3.4.3.2 Legislative Drafting Handbook of Samoa|195
3|7.3.5 Statutory Obligation to Consider Customs|195
2|7.4 Conclusions|196
3|7.4.1 Systematic Studies on Law Reform|196
3|7.4.2 The Challenges of Legal Pluralism for Law Reform in Samoa|196
3|7.4.3 Taking Advantage of Pluralism|197
3|7.4.4 Emerging Trends|198
4|7.4.4.1 A Winning Model?|198
4|7.4.4.2 Incorporation by Reference|198
4|7.4.4.3 State Initiatives that Accommodate Pluralism|199
2|7.5 Future Research|199
3|7.5.1 Constitutional Review|199
3|7.5.2 Local Jurisprudence|200
3|7.5.3 Pacific Island Specific Research|200
3|7.5.4 Samoa´s Constitutional Compliant Village Rules|200
3|7.5.5 Follow up Research on Legal Pluralism and Law Reform in Samoa|201
3|7.5.6 Pacific Research Methodologies|202
3|7.5.7 Professional Training that Addresses Customs|202
2|References|203
2|Legislation|204
2|Case Law|204
2|Online Databases|204
1|Appendices|205
2|Appendix A: List of Interview Participants|205
2|Appendix B: Commissions of Inquiry and Legislative Reforms|207
2|Appendix C: Law Reform Commissions Statutory Functions|208
2|Appendix D: Samoa Law Reform Commission: Law Reform Process|210
2|Appendix E: Respondents: Pacific Islands Legislative Drafters Survey|210
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Samoan Terminology|18
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|19
2|1.1 Divergent Currents|19
2|1.2 Geographical Context|20
2|1.3 Legal Pluralism and Law Reform|23
2|1.4 Overview|25
2|References|26
2|Court Decision|26
2|Legislation|27
1|Chapter 2: Law Reform and Legal Pluralism Developments|28
2|2.1 Law Reform|28
3|2.1.1 Development of Law Reform Institutions and Agents|28
3|2.1.2 More Recent Developments|30
3|2.1.3 Legal Transplantation|32
3|2.1.4 Attempts to Recognise Customary Laws in State Laws|34
4|2.1.4.1 Codification of Customary Laws|34
4|2.1.4.2 Restatement of Customary Laws|35
4|2.1.4.3 Incorporation of Customary Laws by Reference|36
2|2.2 Law Reform Commissions (LRCS) and Legal Professions of the Pacific Islands|38
3|2.2.1 Proposal for a Regional Law Reform Commission|38
3|2.2.2 The Legal Profession|39
2|2.3 Legal Pluralism|40
3|2.3.1 Old Legal Pluralism, Colonial and Postcolonial Pluralism|40
3|2.3.2 New and Postmodern Pluralism|41
3|2.3.3 Other Categories of Legal Pluralism|42
2|2.4 Legal Pluralism in the Pacific Islands|43
3|2.4.1 Legal Pluralism in the Pacific Islands|43
3|2.4.2 Regional and Local Jurisprudence|43
3|2.4.3 A New Approach To Examining The Customary Law and State Law Divide|44
2|2.5 Overview|45
2|References|46
2|Legislation|50
2|Online Databases|50
1|Chapter 3: A Research Methodology for the Pacific|51
2|3.1 Indigenous and Pacific Research Methodologies|51
3|3.1.1 Postcolonial Research Methodologies|52
3|3.1.2 Pacific Specific Methodologies|53
3|3.1.3 `Talanoa´ Research Methodology|54
2|3.2 Utilising Pacific Research Methodologies to Resolve Indigenous and Pacific Issues|55
3|3.2.1 `Talanoa´ and Ethical Interview Principles|55
3|3.2.2 Analysing `Talanoa´ Interviews|58
3|3.2.3 Pacific Islands Legislative Drafters Survey|59
2|3.3 Primary Material and Documentary Data|59
3|3.3.1 Court Judgments and Hansard Reports|59
3|3.3.2 Commission of Inquiry Reports|60
3|3.3.3 National Reports|60
3|3.3.4 Local Newspaper Research: The Samoa Observer|61
2|3.4 Overview|62
2|References|62
2|Legislation|64
2|Online Databases|64
1|Chapter 4: The Value of Law Reform: Social and Cultural|65
2|4.1 The Ideological Principles Behind Law Making: Customary Laws and State Laws|66
3|4.1.1 Social Views on Law Reform|67
3|4.1.2 Limited Understanding of State Laws|67
3|4.1.3 Lack of Formal Education|68
3|4.1.4 Relevance to Village Life|69
3|4.1.5 Cultural Factors|70
3|4.1.6 Language Barriers|71
3|4.1.7 Support from Secondary Data: Local Newspaper Research|71
3|4.1.8 Challenges to Address|73
2|4.2 Demand for Customs and Respect for the Constitution|74
3|4.2.1 Customary Laws as the Basis of the Legal System|75
3|4.2.2 Laws in the Samoan Context|75
3|4.2.3 Respect for the Constitution|76
3|4.2.4 Challenges to Address|77
2|4.3 Should Customs be Codified in Samoa´s Laws?|78
3|4.3.1 Opposition to Codification|78
4|4.3.1.1 Conflicting Values|78
4|4.3.1.2 Flexibility|78
4|4.3.1.3 Ascertainment and Uniformity|79
4|4.3.1.4 Serving the Interests of Non-Locals Only|79
4|4.3.1.5 Absence of Customary Structures to Support Customs in Legislation|79
4|4.3.1.6 Difficulties for Legislative Drafters|80
4|4.3.1.7 Secondary Data: Pacific Legislative Drafters Survey|80
3|4.3.2 Benefits of Codification|82
4|4.3.2.1 Certainty and Constitutional Compliance|82
2|4.4 Emerging Conceptual Challenges|82
3|4.4.1 Understanding the Dichotomy|82
3|4.4.2 Need to Promote Understanding of State Laws|83
3|4.4.3 Customs to be Recognised in State Laws|83
3|4.4.4 Emerging Acceptance of Modern Laws|83
3|4.4.5 Interdependency|84
2|References|84
2|Legislation|84
1|Chapter 5: State Focused Law Reform: Constitutional Offices, Institutions and Agents|85
2|5.1 The Courts|86
3|5.1.1 Jurisdiction on Customs|86
3|5.1.2 Judicial Training|88
3|5.1.3 Role of the Judiciary in Law Reform|89
3|5.1.4 Expatriate Judges|90
4|5.1.4.1 General Pacific Experiences|90
4|5.1.4.2 Interpretive Function of the Court|90
4|5.1.4.3 Village Agreement Unenforceable Under Contract Law|92
4|5.1.4.4 Obiter Unsupported by Local Realities|93
3|5.1.5 Overview: The Courts|94
2|5.2 The Parliament|94
3|5.2.1 Lack of Systems in Place to Support Assembly of Matai|95
4|5.2.1.1 Language in Parliamentary Proceedings|96
4|5.2.1.2 Law Making Procedures: Assembly Process and Private Members Bills|96
3|5.2.2 Unsuccessful Legal Transplants|98
3|5.2.3 Acts of Parliament with Custom References 1962-2015 (Samoa)|100
4|5.2.3.1 Acts 1962 (Independence) to 1989|101
4|5.2.3.2 Acts from 1990 to 2000|106
4|5.2.3.3 Acts After 2000|109
4|5.2.3.4 Overview|112
3|5.2.4 Analysis: Acts of Parliament and Acts with Customs References (2008-2016)|113
3|5.2.5 Overview: The Parliament|115
2|5.3 The Executive|115
3|5.3.1 Executive Law Making Process|115
4|5.3.1.1 Cabinet Handbook|115
4|5.3.1.2 Legislative Drafting Handbook|116
3|5.3.2 Overview: The Executive|117
2|5.4 The Samoa Law Reform Commission (SLRC)|117
3|5.4.1 Establishment and Personnel|118
4|5.4.1.1 What Model of Law Reform Institution?|118
4|5.4.1.2 The Initial Years|119
4|5.4.1.3 Western Educated Personnel|119
4|5.4.1.4 The SLRC Advisory Board|120
3|5.4.2 Law Reform Process|121
3|5.4.3 Public Consultation|123
4|5.4.3.1 Costly Cultural Protocols|123
4|5.4.3.2 Law Reform Consultation|124
3|5.4.4 Overview: The SLRC|126
2|5.5 Other Law Reform Agents|126
3|5.5.1 Commissions of Inquiry (COI)|127
4|5.5.1.1 COIs for Customary Reforms|127
4|5.5.1.2 COI Investigations and Reforms to Date|128
4|5.5.1.3 COI Strengths|128
4|5.5.1.4 COI Challenges|129
4|5.5.1.5 Law Reform Driven by Both Matais (Customary) and Lawyers (Modern)|130
3|5.5.2 The Samoa Law Society (SLS)|131
4|5.5.2.1 Law Reform Functions|131
4|5.5.2.2 Challenges|132
3|5.5.3 Office of the Ombudsman|133
4|5.5.3.1 Law Reform Functions|133
4|5.5.3.2 Challenges|134
3|5.5.4 Non-Government Organisations (NGOs)|135
4|5.5.4.1 Law Reform Influence|135
4|5.5.4.2 Challenges|136
2|5.6 Emerging Conceptual Challenges|137
3|5.6.1 Law Reform Framework Not Embedded in Customs|137
4|5.6.1.1 Laws Authorising Law Making|137
4|5.6.1.2 Procedures Guiding Law Making|137
3|5.6.2 Limited Professional Training Opportunities|138
3|5.6.3 Involving the Village Structures in the Law Reform Process|138
3|5.6.4 Funding Constraints|138
2|References|139
2|Legislation|140
2|Case Law|141
2|Online Databases|142
1|Chapter 6: Towards Responsive Law Reform|144
2|6.1 Public Awareness of State Laws|145
3|6.1.1 Develop Community Awareness|145
3|6.1.2 Facilitate Public Access to Acts and Court Decisions|146
2|6.2 Professional Training: Judiciary, Parliament, Legal Profession|148
3|6.2.1 The Judiciary|148
4|6.2.1.1 Judicial Training|148
4|6.2.1.2 Judicial Guidance Clause|149
4|6.2.1.3 Code of Judicial Conduct|150
4|6.2.1.4 Court Benchbooks|151
4|6.2.1.5 New Developments in the Courts of Samoa|152
3|6.2.2 Parliament|152
4|6.2.2.1 Professional Training|152
4|6.2.2.2 Customary Duties to Village Communities|154
4|6.2.2.3 Private Members Bill (PMB)|155
4|6.2.2.4 Recent Developments for Parliament|156
3|6.2.3 Legal Profession|157
4|6.2.3.1 Professional Training on the Rule of Law and Samoan Customs|157
4|6.2.3.2 Training on Samoan Language and Cultural Protocols|157
4|6.2.3.3 Engaging in Academic Conferences and Quality Research|159
2|6.3 State Responsibilities in Law Reform|160
3|6.3.1 Constitutional and Legislative Review, Drafting Handbooks|160
4|6.3.1.1 Reference Guide to Customary Practices|162
4|6.3.1.2 Village Fono Act (1990) Review|163
4|6.3.1.3 Cabinet and Drafting Handbooks|164
3|6.3.2 Promote Formal Education|164
3|6.3.3 National Plans|166
4|6.3.3.1 Samoa´s National Plan 2012-2016|166
4|6.3.3.2 Law and Justice Sector Plan|167
2|6.4 Village Responsibilities in Law Reform|167
3|6.4.1 Change of Village Mayor Criteria|168
3|6.4.2 Develop Constitutionally Compliant Village Rules|169
2|6.5 Managing Funding Constraints|170
3|6.5.1 Involving Customary Structures in Law Reform Consultation|170
3|6.5.2 Prioritising and Justifying Costs for Customary Reforms|171
2|6.6 Local Jurisprudence: Customary Law as the Basis of Common Law|172
2|6.7 Legislative Drafters and Draft Laws|174
3|6.7.1 Pacific Specific Drafting and Law Reform Training|174
3|6.7.2 Drafting in the Samoan Language, Legislative References, Context|175
3|6.7.3 Review of Draft Laws for Customary Compliance|177
2|6.8 Summary of Responses to Legal Pluralism|179
2|References|180
2|Legislation|182
2|Case Law|182
2|Online Databases|183
1|Chapter 7: A Suitable Law Reform Framework for Pluralist Countries|184
2|7.1 Introduction|185
2|7.2 A Suitable Law Reform Process for Samoa|186
3|7.2.1 Before the Terms of Reference (TOR)|186
4|7.2.1.1 Step 1|186
3|7.2.2 After a TOR Is Received by the SLRC|186
4|7.2.2.1 Step 2: Research and Consultation|186
5|7.2.2.1.1 Doctrinal Research|186
5|7.2.2.1.2 Socio-Legal Research|187
4|7.2.2.2 Step 3: Issues Paper|188
4|7.2.2.3 Step 4: Research and Consultation|188
4|7.2.2.4 Step 5: Final Report with Recommendations|189
4|7.2.2.5 Step 6: Report Tabled in Parliament|189
3|7.2.3 The Draft Bill Process|190
4|7.2.3.1 Legislative Drafting|190
4|7.2.3.2 Vetting for Customary Compliance|190
4|7.2.3.3 Passage Through Parliament|190
3|7.2.4 Law Reform Process of Law Reform Agents|191
4|7.2.4.1 Commissions of Inquiry, Ombudsman, NGOs|191
2|7.3 Legislative Reforms and Guides|191
3|7.3.1 Local Jurisprudence|192
3|7.3.2 Judicial Clause and Guides|192
4|7.3.2.1 Constitutional Amendment|192
4|7.3.2.2 Code of Judicial Conduct|193
4|7.3.2.3 Court Benchbooks|193
3|7.3.3 Reference Guide to Customary Practices|193
3|7.3.4 Parliament Guides and Procedures|194
4|7.3.4.1 Guide for Members of Parliament|194
4|7.3.4.2 Standing Orders of Parliament|194
4|7.3.4.3 State Handbooks|194
5|7.3.4.3.1 Cabinet Handbook|194
5|7.3.4.3.2 Legislative Drafting Handbook of Samoa|195
3|7.3.5 Statutory Obligation to Consider Customs|195
2|7.4 Conclusions|196
3|7.4.1 Systematic Studies on Law Reform|196
3|7.4.2 The Challenges of Legal Pluralism for Law Reform in Samoa|196
3|7.4.3 Taking Advantage of Pluralism|197
3|7.4.4 Emerging Trends|198
4|7.4.4.1 A Winning Model?|198
4|7.4.4.2 Incorporation by Reference|198
4|7.4.4.3 State Initiatives that Accommodate Pluralism|199
2|7.5 Future Research|199
3|7.5.1 Constitutional Review|199
3|7.5.2 Local Jurisprudence|200
3|7.5.3 Pacific Island Specific Research|200
3|7.5.4 Samoa´s Constitutional Compliant Village Rules|200
3|7.5.5 Follow up Research on Legal Pluralism and Law Reform in Samoa|201
3|7.5.6 Pacific Research Methodologies|202
3|7.5.7 Professional Training that Addresses Customs|202
2|References|203
2|Legislation|204
2|Case Law|204
2|Online Databases|204
1|Appendices|205
2|Appendix A: List of Interview Participants|205
2|Appendix B: Commissions of Inquiry and Legislative Reforms|207
2|Appendix C: Law Reform Commissions Statutory Functions|208
2|Appendix D: Samoa Law Reform Commission: Law Reform Process|210
2|Appendix E: Respondents: Pacific Islands Legislative Drafters Survey|210