File #2415: "2018_Book_MediaCrimeAndRacism.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|6
1|Acknowledgements|11
1|Contents|13
1|List of Figures|16
1|List of Tables|17
1|1: Introduction|18
2|References|26
1|2: Turning the Tables? Media Constructions of British Asians from Victims to Criminals, 1962–2011|28
2|Introduction: British Asians, the Media and the Race-Ethnicity ‘Problem’|28
2|Closing the Circle? A Law and Order Campaign Against British Asians|29
2|1962–1976 Illegal Immigration, Deportation and Political Protest|31
2|1970–1972 The Kenyan and Ugandan Asian Immigration Crisis|32
2|1970–1972 ‘Paki-Bashing’ and the Beginnings of Asian Self-Defence|33
2|1974–1977 Policing Asian Industrial Relations|35
2|1976–1987 The Rebellion of the Asian Youth Movements|37
2|1988–1989 The Rushdie Affair: Islamisation of Public Protest|38
2|1989–1994 Resurgence of Racist Violent and Asian Self-Defence: Constructing Asian Criminality|39
2|1993–2001 Media Constructions of British Asian and Muslim Criminality|39
2|1995–2001 Constructing British Muslim Public Disorder|40
2|2005–2011 The Terrorist Threat and Islamophobia|41
2|Overview: From Victims to Criminals|41
2|Theory and Populism: Asians, Racism and the Media|43
2|Discussion and Conclusion|46
2|References|47
1|3: Cultural Repertoires and Modern Menaces: The Media’s Racialised Coverage of Child Sexual Exploitation|50
2|Introduction|50
2|Claiming Cultural Specificity in CSE: Rochdale and Rotherham|51
2|Racialising CSE: Causes, Methods and Consequences|56
2|Concluding Comments|60
2|References|62
1|4: Media, State and ‘Political Correctness’: The Racialisation of the Rotherham Child Sexual Abuse Scandal|65
2|Introduction|65
2|From the National to the Local: Race, Culture and Media Framing|68
2|Local Media and Liberal Accounts|70
2|‘Political Correctness’: A Familiar and Lasting Refrain|72
2|Collective Blame and Anti-Muslim Racism|77
2|Challenging Sexual Abuse and Anti-Muslim Racism|79
2|Conclusion|82
2|References|84
1|5: The New Year’s 2015/2016 Public Sexual Violence Debate in Germany: Media Discourse, Gendered Anti-Muslim Racism and Criminal Law|88
2|Introduction|88
2|Gendered Violence: The ‘Private’ and ‘Public’ Dimension of Sexual Violence Against Women|90
2|The October Fest or Taharrush? Place, Crime, Ethnicity and Gender|93
2|All Women the Same? The Lack of Acknowledging Muslim and Minority Women as Victims of Public Violence|97
2|The Criminal Law Debate: Women and ‘Sexual Autonomy’|100
2|Conclusion|102
2|References|105
1|6: Culture, Media and Everyday Practices: Unveiling and Challenging Islamophobia|108
2|Introduction|108
2|Media, Culture and Politics: An Unsettling Context for Muslims?|109
2|The Empirical Study: Purpose, Design and Methods|112
2|Attribution of Oppression: Muslim Women as Passive Subjects|113
2|Public Property, Power and Religion|118
2|Respect, Modesty and Sartorial Choice|122
2|Conclusion|126
2|References|127
1|7: Stupid Paki Loving Bitch: The Politics of Online Islamophobia and Misogyny|131
2|Introduction|131
2|The Contours of Online Hate|133
2|Conclusion|146
2|References|150
1|8: ‘Ta-Ta Qatada’: Islamophobic Moral Panic and the British Tabloid Press|153
2|Global Islamophobia|153
2|Abu Who?|154
2|Islamophobic Moral Panic|155
2|Moral Panic over Abu Qatada|156
2|Methodology|157
2|Theme 1: Evil—Abu Qatada as a Figure of Hate|159
3|‘Al-Qaeda Monster Who Wants Us Dead’|159
3|Abu Qatada as the ‘Hate Preacher’|160
2|Theme 2: Welfare Scrounger|162
2|Theme 3: The ‘Throw Him Out’ Campaign|164
3|‘Must Try Harder to Kick Out Qatada’|164
2|Theme 4: Human Rights Gone Mad|166
2|Conclusion|169
2|Coda|170
2|References|171
1|9: Bordering on Denial: State Persecution, Border Controls and the Rohingya Refugee Crisis|175
2|Introduction|175
2|Forced Migration and the Unfolding Crisis|177
2|Media Narratives of the Crisis|180
3|A Border Policing Crisis|181
3|Human Smuggling and Trafficking|181
2|The Crisis of the Rohingya|183
2|Border Policing, State Crime and Denial|186
2|Conclusion|189
2|References|189
1|10: Social Death: The (White) Racial Framing of the Calais ‘Jungle’ and ‘Illegal’ Migrants in the British Tabloids and Right-Wing Press|195
2|The Racialised Outsider and the Calais ‘Jungle’|197
2|From Refugees to ‘Illegal’ Migrants: Using Racial Frames to (Re)Produce Social Death|207
2|Conclusion|217
2|References|219
1|11: Racism as a Crime in Britain’s Right-Wing Press|227
2|News Values, Racism and Law and Order|228
2|Methodology|231
2|News Hooks1|232
2|Racist Practices|237
2|Victim and Villain Roles|238
2|Conclusion|244
2|References|246
1|12: Closeness and Distance in Media Reports on the Trollhättan Attack|248
2|“This Can Happen in Sweden”: The Compassionate Spectatorship|251
2|“A Problem-Ridden School”: Kronogården as a Threat|254
2|Racism and Breaking from the Frame|259
2|Epilogue: Media Self-Reflection and the Issue of Responsibility|263
2|References|266
1|13: Racism, the Press and Black Deaths in Police Custody in the United Kingdom|267
2|Consent and the Representation of Black Dissent|270
2|A Problem of Perception|274
2|The Construction of Police Impunity|277
2|Police Power and the War over Liberalism|280
2|Conclusion|284
2|References|285
1|14: Indigenous People, Resistance and Racialised Criminality|288
2|Reporting Deaths in Custody|289
2|The Media, Deaths in Custody and Indigenous Resistance|292
3|Redfern Riot 2004|293
3|Palm Island Riot 2004|295
2|Racism and Social Media|298
3|The Townsville Crime Alerts and Discussion Facebook Group|299
3|Andrew Bolt and Hate Speech|302
2|Indigenous Media and Resistance|303
2|Conclusion|306
2|References|307
3|Cases|310
1|15: An Analysis of Anti-Black Crime Reporting in Toronto: Evidence from News Frames and Critical Race Theory|311
2|Introduction|311
2|Method|315
3|Data Collection|315
3|Data Analysis|316
2|Results|317
3|Tone of Coverage|318
4|Blacks|318
4|Police|318
3|Framing Blacks and Police in Toronto News Reports|318
2|Discussion|319
3|#BlackLivesMatter: Reframing the Message|322
2|Conclusion|323
2|References|324
1|16: Contesting the Single Story: Collective Punishment, Myth-Making and Racialised Criminalisation|327
2|Introduction|327
2|Race and Criminality: A Hardwired Bias1|329
2|Joint Enterprise and Gangs|330
2|A Racialised Gang Narrative: The Engine for Joint Enterprise Prosecutions|333
2|Processes of Black Otherisation|336
2|The Media: Rehearsal and Amplification of the Racialised ‘Gang’ Narrative|340
2|Conclusion|342
2|References|344
1|17: The Figure of the ‘Foreign Criminal’: Race, Gender and the FNP|347
2|Introduction|347
2|The Emergence of the FNP and Its Consequences|348
2|The FNP Scandal and the Consensus|350
2|‘Bad Migrants’|352
2|‘Evil Criminals’|355
2|What Work Does the ‘Foreignness’ of the ‘Foreign Criminal Do?|356
2|Victims and Villains|359
2|The Cases that Said It All|360
2|Conclusion|362
2|References|364
1|18: Beyond Media Discourse: Locating Race and Racism in Criminal Justice Systems|369
2|Introduction|369
2|Media, Race and Criminal Justice|371
2|Racism, Ideology and the Material|379
2|Institutionalised Racism|381
2|Differential Racism and Essentialism|382
2|Conclusion|386
2|References|387
1|Index|390
1|Acknowledgements|11
1|Contents|13
1|List of Figures|16
1|List of Tables|17
1|1: Introduction|18
2|References|26
1|2: Turning the Tables? Media Constructions of British Asians from Victims to Criminals, 1962–2011|28
2|Introduction: British Asians, the Media and the Race-Ethnicity ‘Problem’|28
2|Closing the Circle? A Law and Order Campaign Against British Asians|29
2|1962–1976 Illegal Immigration, Deportation and Political Protest|31
2|1970–1972 The Kenyan and Ugandan Asian Immigration Crisis|32
2|1970–1972 ‘Paki-Bashing’ and the Beginnings of Asian Self-Defence|33
2|1974–1977 Policing Asian Industrial Relations|35
2|1976–1987 The Rebellion of the Asian Youth Movements|37
2|1988–1989 The Rushdie Affair: Islamisation of Public Protest|38
2|1989–1994 Resurgence of Racist Violent and Asian Self-Defence: Constructing Asian Criminality|39
2|1993–2001 Media Constructions of British Asian and Muslim Criminality|39
2|1995–2001 Constructing British Muslim Public Disorder|40
2|2005–2011 The Terrorist Threat and Islamophobia|41
2|Overview: From Victims to Criminals|41
2|Theory and Populism: Asians, Racism and the Media|43
2|Discussion and Conclusion|46
2|References|47
1|3: Cultural Repertoires and Modern Menaces: The Media’s Racialised Coverage of Child Sexual Exploitation|50
2|Introduction|50
2|Claiming Cultural Specificity in CSE: Rochdale and Rotherham|51
2|Racialising CSE: Causes, Methods and Consequences|56
2|Concluding Comments|60
2|References|62
1|4: Media, State and ‘Political Correctness’: The Racialisation of the Rotherham Child Sexual Abuse Scandal|65
2|Introduction|65
2|From the National to the Local: Race, Culture and Media Framing|68
2|Local Media and Liberal Accounts|70
2|‘Political Correctness’: A Familiar and Lasting Refrain|72
2|Collective Blame and Anti-Muslim Racism|77
2|Challenging Sexual Abuse and Anti-Muslim Racism|79
2|Conclusion|82
2|References|84
1|5: The New Year’s 2015/2016 Public Sexual Violence Debate in Germany: Media Discourse, Gendered Anti-Muslim Racism and Criminal Law|88
2|Introduction|88
2|Gendered Violence: The ‘Private’ and ‘Public’ Dimension of Sexual Violence Against Women|90
2|The October Fest or Taharrush? Place, Crime, Ethnicity and Gender|93
2|All Women the Same? The Lack of Acknowledging Muslim and Minority Women as Victims of Public Violence|97
2|The Criminal Law Debate: Women and ‘Sexual Autonomy’|100
2|Conclusion|102
2|References|105
1|6: Culture, Media and Everyday Practices: Unveiling and Challenging Islamophobia|108
2|Introduction|108
2|Media, Culture and Politics: An Unsettling Context for Muslims?|109
2|The Empirical Study: Purpose, Design and Methods|112
2|Attribution of Oppression: Muslim Women as Passive Subjects|113
2|Public Property, Power and Religion|118
2|Respect, Modesty and Sartorial Choice|122
2|Conclusion|126
2|References|127
1|7: Stupid Paki Loving Bitch: The Politics of Online Islamophobia and Misogyny|131
2|Introduction|131
2|The Contours of Online Hate|133
2|Conclusion|146
2|References|150
1|8: ‘Ta-Ta Qatada’: Islamophobic Moral Panic and the British Tabloid Press|153
2|Global Islamophobia|153
2|Abu Who?|154
2|Islamophobic Moral Panic|155
2|Moral Panic over Abu Qatada|156
2|Methodology|157
2|Theme 1: Evil—Abu Qatada as a Figure of Hate|159
3|‘Al-Qaeda Monster Who Wants Us Dead’|159
3|Abu Qatada as the ‘Hate Preacher’|160
2|Theme 2: Welfare Scrounger|162
2|Theme 3: The ‘Throw Him Out’ Campaign|164
3|‘Must Try Harder to Kick Out Qatada’|164
2|Theme 4: Human Rights Gone Mad|166
2|Conclusion|169
2|Coda|170
2|References|171
1|9: Bordering on Denial: State Persecution, Border Controls and the Rohingya Refugee Crisis|175
2|Introduction|175
2|Forced Migration and the Unfolding Crisis|177
2|Media Narratives of the Crisis|180
3|A Border Policing Crisis|181
3|Human Smuggling and Trafficking|181
2|The Crisis of the Rohingya|183
2|Border Policing, State Crime and Denial|186
2|Conclusion|189
2|References|189
1|10: Social Death: The (White) Racial Framing of the Calais ‘Jungle’ and ‘Illegal’ Migrants in the British Tabloids and Right-Wing Press|195
2|The Racialised Outsider and the Calais ‘Jungle’|197
2|From Refugees to ‘Illegal’ Migrants: Using Racial Frames to (Re)Produce Social Death|207
2|Conclusion|217
2|References|219
1|11: Racism as a Crime in Britain’s Right-Wing Press|227
2|News Values, Racism and Law and Order|228
2|Methodology|231
2|News Hooks1|232
2|Racist Practices|237
2|Victim and Villain Roles|238
2|Conclusion|244
2|References|246
1|12: Closeness and Distance in Media Reports on the Trollhättan Attack|248
2|“This Can Happen in Sweden”: The Compassionate Spectatorship|251
2|“A Problem-Ridden School”: Kronogården as a Threat|254
2|Racism and Breaking from the Frame|259
2|Epilogue: Media Self-Reflection and the Issue of Responsibility|263
2|References|266
1|13: Racism, the Press and Black Deaths in Police Custody in the United Kingdom|267
2|Consent and the Representation of Black Dissent|270
2|A Problem of Perception|274
2|The Construction of Police Impunity|277
2|Police Power and the War over Liberalism|280
2|Conclusion|284
2|References|285
1|14: Indigenous People, Resistance and Racialised Criminality|288
2|Reporting Deaths in Custody|289
2|The Media, Deaths in Custody and Indigenous Resistance|292
3|Redfern Riot 2004|293
3|Palm Island Riot 2004|295
2|Racism and Social Media|298
3|The Townsville Crime Alerts and Discussion Facebook Group|299
3|Andrew Bolt and Hate Speech|302
2|Indigenous Media and Resistance|303
2|Conclusion|306
2|References|307
3|Cases|310
1|15: An Analysis of Anti-Black Crime Reporting in Toronto: Evidence from News Frames and Critical Race Theory|311
2|Introduction|311
2|Method|315
3|Data Collection|315
3|Data Analysis|316
2|Results|317
3|Tone of Coverage|318
4|Blacks|318
4|Police|318
3|Framing Blacks and Police in Toronto News Reports|318
2|Discussion|319
3|#BlackLivesMatter: Reframing the Message|322
2|Conclusion|323
2|References|324
1|16: Contesting the Single Story: Collective Punishment, Myth-Making and Racialised Criminalisation|327
2|Introduction|327
2|Race and Criminality: A Hardwired Bias1|329
2|Joint Enterprise and Gangs|330
2|A Racialised Gang Narrative: The Engine for Joint Enterprise Prosecutions|333
2|Processes of Black Otherisation|336
2|The Media: Rehearsal and Amplification of the Racialised ‘Gang’ Narrative|340
2|Conclusion|342
2|References|344
1|17: The Figure of the ‘Foreign Criminal’: Race, Gender and the FNP|347
2|Introduction|347
2|The Emergence of the FNP and Its Consequences|348
2|The FNP Scandal and the Consensus|350
2|‘Bad Migrants’|352
2|‘Evil Criminals’|355
2|What Work Does the ‘Foreignness’ of the ‘Foreign Criminal Do?|356
2|Victims and Villains|359
2|The Cases that Said It All|360
2|Conclusion|362
2|References|364
1|18: Beyond Media Discourse: Locating Race and Racism in Criminal Justice Systems|369
2|Introduction|369
2|Media, Race and Criminal Justice|371
2|Racism, Ideology and the Material|379
2|Institutionalised Racism|381
2|Differential Racism and Essentialism|382
2|Conclusion|386
2|References|387
1|Index|390