File #2416: "2018_Book_CruelInhumanOrDegradingTreatme.pdf"
Text
1|Contents|6
1|Abbreviations|8
1|List of Figures|10
1|List of Tables|11
1|Chapter 1 Introduction|13
2|References|19
1|Chapter 2 Benefit Sanctions as a Matter of Public Concern|20
2|Ken Loach ’s Film I Daniel Blake|20
2|The Public’s Response to Benefit Sanctions|23
2|Benefit Claimants as a Matter of Public Disapproval|25
3|Are Benefits Enough to Live On?|25
3|Are Benefit Claimants Deserving of Help?|26
3|Should Spending on Benefits be Reduced or Raised?|28
2|Conclusion: Why Are Benefit Sanctions not a Matter of Greater Public Concern?|30
2|References|30
1|Chapter 3 The Historical Development of Benefit Sanctions in the UK|31
2|The Basic Narrative|32
2|A Brief Look Sideways|34
2|‘Passive’ and ‘Active’ Approaches to Social Security|34
3|The Jobseeker’s Act 1995|36
2|The Welfare Reform Act 2007|40
3|Reviewing Conditionality and Sanctions|40
2|The Welfare Reform Act 2009|43
2|The Welfare Reform Act 2012|44
3|The Increasing Use of Online Procedures|45
2|Recent Changes in Conditionality|46
2|Conclusion: What can be Learned from History?|52
2|References|52
1|Chapter 4 Changes in the Scope, Severity and Incidence of Benefit Sanctions|55
2|Changes in the Scope and Severity of Benefit Sanctions|55
2|Changes in the Incidence of Benefit Sanctions|56
2|Reasons for the Rise and Fall of Benefit Sanctions|58
2|The Proportion of JSA Claimants who are Sanctioned|61
2|What Offences Are Sanctions Imposed for?|64
2|Conclusion: Benefit Sanctions Today|70
2|References|70
1|Chapter 5 Conditionality and the Changing Relationship between the Citizen and the State|72
2|The Two Sides of Conditionality|72
2|Three Forms of Conditionality|73
2|Rethinking the Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities|75
3|The Emphasis on Rights|75
2|Conclusion: Recalibrating the Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities|79
2|References|80
1|Chapter 6 The Impact and Effectiveness of Benefit Sanctions|82
2|The Logic of Conditionality|82
2|The Impact of Sanctions on Return to Work|83
2|The Impact of Sanctions on Claimants’ Well-Being|86
2|Hardship Payments|88
2|Claimants’ Experience of Hardship Payments|92
2|Conclusion: The Impact of Benefit Sanctions on Return to Work and Claimants’ Well-Being|93
2|References|94
1|Chapter 7 Benefit Sanctions and Administrative Justice|96
2|Treating People Fairly|97
2|Normative Models of Administrative Justice|98
3|Change 1: The Demise of Independent Adjudication|101
3|Change 2: The Creation of Personal Advisers|101
3|Change 3: The Introduction of Jobseeker’s Agreements and Jobseeker’s Directions|102
3|Change 4: The Contracting-Out of the Work Programme|103
3|Change 5: The Introduction of Mandatory Reconsideration|105
2|Implications for Administrative Justice|109
2|Implications for Benefit Sanctions|111
2|Conclusion: Justice and Fairness in Administration|112
2|References|112
1|Chapter 8 The Role of Law in Protecting the Right to a Social Minimum|115
2|The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)|115
2|The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the European Social Charter (ESC)|117
2|Conclusion: The Feebleness of Legal Protection|120
2|References|121
1|Chapter 9 A Comparison of Benefit Sanctions with Court Fines|122
2|The History of Monetary Sanctions—The Twentieth Century Inheritance|122
2|Monetary Sanctions in the Twenty-First Century|123
3|Court Fines|123
3|Benefit Sanctions|124
2|Assessing the Current State of Play—From a Monopoly to a Mixed Economy|125
3|The Place of Adjudication|126
2|Proportionality|127
3|Court Fines|127
3|Benefit Sanctions|128
2|Is Like Being Compared with Like?|130
2|The Nature of the Penalty|131
2|Conclusion: What can be Learned from Comparisons with Court Fines?|134
2|References|134
1|Chapter 10 Benefit Sanctions and the Rule of Law|136
2|Tom Bingham on ‘The Rule of Law’|136
2|Conclusion: Do Benefit Sanctions Conform with the Rule of Law?|142
2|References|142
1|Chapter 11 What, if anything, can be done about Benefit Sanctions?|144
2|House of Commons Work and Pensions Select Committee Report|145
2|The National Audit Office Report|146
2|House of Commons Public Accounts Committee Report|146
2|What Could Be Done?|147
3|Action Research|147
3|Reforms to Benefit Sanctions|147
3|Other Reforms|149
3|Prospects for Change|150
3|Alternatives to Benefit Sanctions|151
2|Conclusion: Is There a Way Forward|152
2|References|153
1|Chapter 12 Conclusion|155
2|References|157
1|Bibliography|158
1|Author Index|168
1|Subject Index|171
1|Abbreviations|8
1|List of Figures|10
1|List of Tables|11
1|Chapter 1 Introduction|13
2|References|19
1|Chapter 2 Benefit Sanctions as a Matter of Public Concern|20
2|Ken Loach ’s Film I Daniel Blake|20
2|The Public’s Response to Benefit Sanctions|23
2|Benefit Claimants as a Matter of Public Disapproval|25
3|Are Benefits Enough to Live On?|25
3|Are Benefit Claimants Deserving of Help?|26
3|Should Spending on Benefits be Reduced or Raised?|28
2|Conclusion: Why Are Benefit Sanctions not a Matter of Greater Public Concern?|30
2|References|30
1|Chapter 3 The Historical Development of Benefit Sanctions in the UK|31
2|The Basic Narrative|32
2|A Brief Look Sideways|34
2|‘Passive’ and ‘Active’ Approaches to Social Security|34
3|The Jobseeker’s Act 1995|36
2|The Welfare Reform Act 2007|40
3|Reviewing Conditionality and Sanctions|40
2|The Welfare Reform Act 2009|43
2|The Welfare Reform Act 2012|44
3|The Increasing Use of Online Procedures|45
2|Recent Changes in Conditionality|46
2|Conclusion: What can be Learned from History?|52
2|References|52
1|Chapter 4 Changes in the Scope, Severity and Incidence of Benefit Sanctions|55
2|Changes in the Scope and Severity of Benefit Sanctions|55
2|Changes in the Incidence of Benefit Sanctions|56
2|Reasons for the Rise and Fall of Benefit Sanctions|58
2|The Proportion of JSA Claimants who are Sanctioned|61
2|What Offences Are Sanctions Imposed for?|64
2|Conclusion: Benefit Sanctions Today|70
2|References|70
1|Chapter 5 Conditionality and the Changing Relationship between the Citizen and the State|72
2|The Two Sides of Conditionality|72
2|Three Forms of Conditionality|73
2|Rethinking the Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities|75
3|The Emphasis on Rights|75
2|Conclusion: Recalibrating the Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities|79
2|References|80
1|Chapter 6 The Impact and Effectiveness of Benefit Sanctions|82
2|The Logic of Conditionality|82
2|The Impact of Sanctions on Return to Work|83
2|The Impact of Sanctions on Claimants’ Well-Being|86
2|Hardship Payments|88
2|Claimants’ Experience of Hardship Payments|92
2|Conclusion: The Impact of Benefit Sanctions on Return to Work and Claimants’ Well-Being|93
2|References|94
1|Chapter 7 Benefit Sanctions and Administrative Justice|96
2|Treating People Fairly|97
2|Normative Models of Administrative Justice|98
3|Change 1: The Demise of Independent Adjudication|101
3|Change 2: The Creation of Personal Advisers|101
3|Change 3: The Introduction of Jobseeker’s Agreements and Jobseeker’s Directions|102
3|Change 4: The Contracting-Out of the Work Programme|103
3|Change 5: The Introduction of Mandatory Reconsideration|105
2|Implications for Administrative Justice|109
2|Implications for Benefit Sanctions|111
2|Conclusion: Justice and Fairness in Administration|112
2|References|112
1|Chapter 8 The Role of Law in Protecting the Right to a Social Minimum|115
2|The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)|115
2|The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the European Social Charter (ESC)|117
2|Conclusion: The Feebleness of Legal Protection|120
2|References|121
1|Chapter 9 A Comparison of Benefit Sanctions with Court Fines|122
2|The History of Monetary Sanctions—The Twentieth Century Inheritance|122
2|Monetary Sanctions in the Twenty-First Century|123
3|Court Fines|123
3|Benefit Sanctions|124
2|Assessing the Current State of Play—From a Monopoly to a Mixed Economy|125
3|The Place of Adjudication|126
2|Proportionality|127
3|Court Fines|127
3|Benefit Sanctions|128
2|Is Like Being Compared with Like?|130
2|The Nature of the Penalty|131
2|Conclusion: What can be Learned from Comparisons with Court Fines?|134
2|References|134
1|Chapter 10 Benefit Sanctions and the Rule of Law|136
2|Tom Bingham on ‘The Rule of Law’|136
2|Conclusion: Do Benefit Sanctions Conform with the Rule of Law?|142
2|References|142
1|Chapter 11 What, if anything, can be done about Benefit Sanctions?|144
2|House of Commons Work and Pensions Select Committee Report|145
2|The National Audit Office Report|146
2|House of Commons Public Accounts Committee Report|146
2|What Could Be Done?|147
3|Action Research|147
3|Reforms to Benefit Sanctions|147
3|Other Reforms|149
3|Prospects for Change|150
3|Alternatives to Benefit Sanctions|151
2|Conclusion: Is There a Way Forward|152
2|References|153
1|Chapter 12 Conclusion|155
2|References|157
1|Bibliography|158
1|Author Index|168
1|Subject Index|171