File #2418: "2018_Book_HandbookOfEuropeanCriminalProc.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|5
2|Reference|7
1|Preface|8
1|Contents|11
1|List of Contributors|14
1|Abbreviations|15
1|Part I: Sources of Law|17
2|Chapter 1: European Law and Criminal Justice|18
3|1.1 A Brief Historical Overview|19
4|1.1.1 Integration and Regionalization in the History of the Criminal Proceedings in Europe: Continental Routes|19
4|1.1.2 Common Law Experience|22
4|1.1.3 New Scenarios|22
3|1.2 The System of the European Union|24
4|1.2.1 The European Union After the Treaty of Lisbon Between Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters and Legislative Harmoniza...|24
4|1.2.2 The Competences of the European Union|27
5|1.2.2.1 The Principle of Conferral|27
5|1.2.2.2 Shared Competences|28
5|1.2.2.3 The Exercise of Shared Competences: The Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality|29
5|1.2.2.4 Competences of the Union, National Law of the Member States and Rules of Criminal Procedure|30
4|1.2.3 Legislative Bodies and Legislative Procedures|31
5|1.2.3.1 Legislative Bodies and General Principles to be Followed in Their Action|31
5|1.2.3.2 Decision-Making Procedures: The Ordinary Legislative Procedure and the Special Legislative Procedures|33
5|1.2.3.3 The Involvement of National Parliaments and Their Banning Power|36
4|1.2.4 Legal Acts|38
5|1.2.4.1 Primary Legislation: The Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|38
5|1.2.4.2 Regulations and Directives|40
5|1.2.4.3 The Ultractivity of the Acts of the Former Third Pillar: Framework Decisions|42
5|1.2.4.4 Decisions|43
4|1.2.5 The Role of the Court of Justice and the Preliminary Ruling Procedure|44
5|1.2.5.1 Overview|44
5|1.2.5.2 The Infringement Procedure|47
5|1.2.5.3 Action for Annulment|47
5|1.2.5.4 Jurisdiction to Give Preliminary Ruling|48
4|1.2.6 EU Law and Domestic Legal Orders: Disapplication and Consistent Interpretation|53
5|1.2.6.1 Direct Effect and Disapplication|53
5|1.2.6.2 Indirect Effect and Consistent Interpretation|55
3|1.3 The Council of Europe and the ECHR System|60
4|1.3.1 The ECHR and the European Court of Human Rights|60
5|1.3.1.1 The System of the ECHR|60
5|1.3.1.2 The European Court of Human Rights|61
4|1.3.2 The Interpretation of the ECHR Law by the European Court of Human Rights|62
4|1.3.3 ECHR Law and National Legal Systems|67
5|1.3.3.1 Limits to the Direct Applicability of ECHR Provisions|67
5|1.3.3.2 Interpretation Consistent with the Convention|68
4|1.3.4 The Obligation of the States to Comply with the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights Against Them|69
5|1.3.4.1 The Duty to Comply with the Judgment of Condemnation: The Just Satisfaction|69
5|1.3.4.2 Reviewing a Case and Reopening Proceedings|70
5|1.3.4.3 Structural Problems and `Pilot Judgments´|70
3|1.4 The Network-Like Dimension of the European Sources|71
4|1.4.1 Network-Like System of the European Sources and the Central Role of Case Law|71
4|1.4.2 Floue Logic, Material Rationality, and European Legality|73
3|Further Reading|75
1|Part II: Fundamental Rights|79
2|Chapter 2: The Protection of Fundamental Rights|80
3|2.1 The Development of Fundamental Rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and the Perspectives of th...|81
4|2.1.1 The Multilevel Protection of Fundamental Rights|81
4|2.1.2 The Judicial Development of Fundamental Rights and the Relationship Between the Court of Justice and the European Court ...|82
4|2.1.3 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|85
4|2.1.4 Follows: The Principles of Conferral and Equivalence|86
4|2.1.5 Follows: Limitations on the Exercise of the Rights and Freedoms and Principle of Proportionality|88
4|2.1.6 Follows: The Principle of More Extensive Protection and Its Breach by the Court of Justice|89
4|2.1.7 Article 6 TEU|90
4|2.1.8 The Perspectives of the EU Accession to the ECHR|92
5|2.1.8.1 Conditions for the Accession|93
5|2.1.8.2 The Position of the European Union Toward the ECHR and the European Court of Human Rights|94
5|2.1.8.3 The Issues Emerging from the Opinion of the Court of Justice|94
3|2.2 Legislative Harmonization|96
4|2.2.1 The Legal Basis of Art. 82 TFEU|96
4|2.2.2 The Directives on Fundamental Rights of Suspected and Accused Persons|98
4|2.2.3 The Directives Concerning Victims´ Rights|102
4|2.2.4 The Five-Year Strategic Plan for the Period 2015-2020|103
3|2.3 Judicial Protection|104
4|2.3.1 Charters, Judges, and Courts|104
4|2.3.2 Conflicts Between Courts in the Protection of Fundamental Rights|106
4|2.3.3 The Widespread Control of National Judges and the Double Obligation to Comply with EU Law and ECHR Law|107
3|Further Reading|108
2|Chapter 3: The Content of Fundamental Rights|112
3|3.1 General Guarantees|113
4|3.1.1 Foreword|113
4|3.1.2 The General `Fair Trial´ Guarantees|114
5|3.1.2.1 Right to a Hearing|115
5|3.1.2.2 Independence, Impartiality, and Predetermination of the Tribunal|117
5|3.1.2.3 Publicity|119
5|3.1.2.4 Trial Within a Reasonable Time|120
5|3.1.2.5 Adversarial Proceedings and Equality of Arms|121
5|3.1.2.6 Right to Evidence|122
5|3.1.2.7 Guarantees Concerning Undercover Techniques|122
5|3.1.2.8 Right to a Reasoned Judgment|123
5|3.1.2.9 Right of Appeal|124
5|3.1.2.10 Certainty in the Case Law|125
5|3.1.2.11 Fairness and the `Overall Assessment´ of the Proceedings|125
3|3.2 The Rights of the Accused|126
4|3.2.1 Foreword|126
4|3.2.2 The Presumption of Innocence|127
4|3.2.3 The Right to Remain Silent and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination|130
4|3.2.4 The Right to be Informed of the Charges|133
5|3.2.4.1 The Guarantees in the Framework of the ECHR|133
5|3.2.4.2 The Guarantees in EU Law: Directive 2012/13/EU|134
4|3.2.5 The Right to Have Time and Facilities to Prepare a Defence and the Right to Legal Assistance|136
5|3.2.5.1 The ECHR Framework|136
5|3.2.5.2 The Right in EU Law: Directive 2013/48/EU and Directive 2016/1919/EU|138
4|3.2.6 The Right to Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses|142
4|3.2.7 The Right to an Interpreter and to Translation|147
5|3.2.7.1 The Right in the Framework of the ECHR|147
5|3.2.7.2 The Right in EU Law: Directive 2010/64/EU|148
4|3.2.8 The Right to be Present at Trial|150
5|3.2.8.1 The Right in the Framework of the ECHR|150
5|3.2.8.2 The Right in EU Law: Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA and Directive 2016/343/EU|151
4|3.2.9 The Right to Personal Liberty|153
5|3.2.9.1 Right to Liberty and Security|153
5|3.2.9.2 The Cases of Lawful Deprivation of Liberty|154
5|3.2.9.3 The Procedural Safeguards|155
5|3.2.9.4 Right to Compensation for Unlawful Detention|158
4|3.2.10 The Protection of the Accused Children|159
3|3.3 The Other Guarantees|161
4|3.3.1 The Protection of Human Dignity and the Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatments|161
4|3.3.2 The Right to Privacy|164
5|3.3.2.1 The Requisites|164
5|3.3.2.2 Privacy and Interception of Communications|168
4|3.3.3 The Protection of Victims|171
5|3.3.3.1 The Victim´s Disadvantaged Place in the Council of Europe Conventions|171
5|3.3.3.2 The Protection of Victims Under the European Union Law Before the Treaty of Lisbon|171
5|3.3.3.3 The Treaty of Lisbon and the Roadmap for Strengthening the Rights and the Protection of Victims|172
5|3.3.3.4 Directive 2012/29/EU Establishing Minimum Standards on the Rights, Support and Protection of Victims of Crime|173
5|3.3.3.5 The Protection of Victims of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children: Directives 2011/36/EU and 2011/93/...|175
5|3.3.3.6 The Protection of Victims of Terrorism: Directive 2017/541/EU|176
5|3.3.3.7 Directive 2011/99/EU on the European Protection Order|176
4|3.3.4 Guarantees in Seizure and Confiscation of Property Proceedings|177
5|3.3.4.1 Guarantees Under the ECHR Framework|177
5|3.3.4.2 Guarantees Under European Union Law|179
3|Further Reading|179
1|Part III: Police Cooperation and Judicial Cooperation|184
2|Chapter 4: History of the Cooperation|185
3|4.1 From the Origins to the Schengen Agreement|186
4|4.1.1 Foreword|186
4|4.1.2 The Origins of Cooperation|186
5|4.1.2.1 A Late Start and the Establishment of the `Trevi Group´|186
5|4.1.2.2 The French Project of Creating a `Espace Judiciaire Pénal Européen´|187
5|4.1.2.3 Mere Intergovernmental Cooperation to Compensate the Abolition of Border Controls|188
4|4.1.3 The 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 CISA|189
5|4.1.3.1 An Intergovernmental Cooperation Outside the Framework of the European Communities|189
5|4.1.3.2 Important Achievements Representative of an EU Area of Criminal Justice|190
3|4.2 From the Treaty of Maastricht to the Treaty of Amsterdam|190
4|4.2.1 The Treaty of Maastricht|190
5|4.2.1.1 The Integration of Cooperation in Criminal Matters in the Framework of the Third Pillar|190
5|4.2.1.2 A Third Pillar with Clear Intergovernmental Predominance|191
5|4.2.1.3 A Disappointing Progress Report but Some Instruments Announcing a Change|192
4|4.2.2 The Treaty of Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice, the Tampere Conclusions, and the Hague Programme|193
5|4.2.2.1 The Four Fundamental Innovations Introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam|193
5|4.2.2.2 The Treaty of Nice|198
5|4.2.2.3 The Tampere Programme and the Hague Programme|198
5|4.2.2.4 A Short Review of This Fourth Stage|199
3|4.3 The Treaty of Lisbon and Following Developments|200
4|4.3.1 The Treaty of Lisbon, the Stockholm Programme, and the Strategic Guidelines for the 5-Year Period 2015-2020|200
5|4.3.1.1 From the `Convention on the Future of the Union´ to the Treaty of Lisbon, via the `Constitutional Treaty´|200
5|4.3.1.2 The Stockholm Programme|206
5|4.3.1.3 A Review of 8 Years of Application of the Treaty of Lisbon|207
4|4.3.2 Final Remarks|208
3|Further Reading|209
2|Chapter 5: Vertical Cooperation|212
3|5.1 Centralised Bodies of Administrative and Police Cooperation|213
4|5.1.1 Foreword|213
4|5.1.2 OLAF and the Protection of the Union´s Financial Interests|215
5|5.1.2.1 Creation of OLAF|215
5|5.1.2.2 Functional Independence|216
4|5.1.3 Follows: OLAF´s Administrative Investigation Powers|217
5|5.1.3.1 Kinds and Tools of Investigation|217
5|5.1.3.2 Defence Guarantees and Duties of Information|219
4|5.1.4 Follows: Relationships Between OLAF and National Judicial Authorities|220
5|5.1.4.1 OLAF´s Transfer of Information to Judicial Authorities and the Relevance of the Report as Evidence in National Crimina...|220
5|5.1.4.2 Judicial Authorities´ Assistance|221
5|5.1.4.3 OLAF and the Establishment of a European Public Prosecutor´s Office|221
4|5.1.5 Europol: Competences, Powers and Structure|222
5|5.1.5.1 Creation of Europol|222
5|5.1.5.2 Competence|223
5|5.1.5.3 Tasks and Powers|224
5|5.1.5.4 Europol Operative Scope in the Lisbon Treaty|225
5|5.1.5.5 The Structure|227
5|5.1.5.6 National Units and Liaison Officers|227
4|5.1.6 Follows: The Database|228
5|5.1.6.1 The Database and the Information Processing System|228
5|5.1.6.2 Forms and Methods for Personal Data Processing|228
5|5.1.6.3 Transfer of Personal Data|230
5|5.1.6.4 Safeguards in Control and in Data Protection|231
4|5.1.7 Interpol|232
3|5.2 Centralised Bodies of Judicial Cooperation|234
4|5.2.1 Eurojust and Its Original Structure|234
5|5.2.1.1 The Establishment of Eurojust|234
5|5.2.1.2 The Objectives|235
5|5.2.1.3 The Composition|236
4|5.2.2 Follows: Competence, Nature and Tasks|236
5|5.2.2.1 Competence|236
5|5.2.2.2 Tasks|237
5|5.2.2.3 Database and Supervisory Body|239
4|5.2.3 Follows: Eurojust´s Implementation in the Member States of the European Union|240
4|5.2.4 Follows: Eurojust´s Strengthening in Decision 2009/426/JHA|241
5|5.2.4.1 The Modifications|241
5|5.2.4.2 Strengthening of the College|242
5|5.2.4.3 The New Types of Coordination|243
5|5.2.4.4 Exchange of Information|244
5|5.2.4.5 Relationships with Other Bodies|244
4|5.2.5 Follows: Eurojust´s Key Role in the Lisbon Treaty|245
4|5.2.6 The Perspective to Establish a European Public Prosecutor´s Office (EPPO)|247
4|5.2.7 Follows: The Structure of the Body|249
5|5.2.7.1 Institutional Aspects|249
5|5.2.7.2 Office Structure|249
4|5.2.8 Follows: EPPO´s Competence, Investigations and Prosecutions|251
5|5.2.8.1 Competence|251
5|5.2.8.2 Procedural Safeguards and Basic Principles of the Activities of the EPPO|252
5|5.2.8.3 Investigations|252
5|5.2.8.4 Evidence Rules|253
5|5.2.8.5 Exercise of Prosecution and the Judgment Phase|253
5|5.2.8.6 Judicial Review of the Court of Justice|254
5|5.2.8.7 Processing of Information and Data Protection|254
5|5.2.8.8 Relationships Between the EPPO and the Other European Bodies|255
4|5.2.9 Follows: Future Perspectives|255
3|Further Reading|256
2|Chapter 6: Horizontal Cooperation|259
3|6.1 Types and Instruments of Police Cooperation|260
4|6.1.1 Police Cooperation from the Schengen Agreement to the Treaty of Amsterdam|260
4|6.1.2 Police Cooperation in the Treaty of Lisbon|261
4|6.1.3 The Instruments of Police Cooperation: Cross-Border Surveillance|262
4|6.1.4 Cross-Border Pursuit|263
4|6.1.5 Secondment of Liaison Officers|264
4|6.1.6 The Exchange of Information|264
4|6.1.7 The Enhancement of Cross-Border Cooperation in the Treaty of Prüm and the `Principle of Availability of Information´|266
4|6.1.8 Schengen Information System (SIS and SIS II) and SIRENE Division|269
4|6.1.9 The Customs Cooperation in the So-Called Naples II Convention and the Financial Intelligence Units|270
5|6.1.9.1 The Cooperation Between Custom Authorities (the So-Called Naples II Convention)|270
5|6.1.9.2 The Role of the Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs)|271
3|6.2 Types and Instruments of Judicial Cooperation|272
4|6.2.1 The Evolution of the Principle of Investigative Coordination Within the European Legislative Framework|272
4|6.2.2 Types and Methods of the Coordination|275
4|6.2.3 The Liaison Magistrate|275
4|6.2.4 The European Judicial Network|277
5|6.2.4.1 The Establishment|277
5|6.2.4.2 Composition and Functions|277
5|6.2.4.3 The Changes Introduced by Decision 2008/976/JHA|278
5|6.2.4.4 The Network´s Operative Instruments|279
5|6.2.4.5 The Relationship with Eurojust|280
4|6.2.5 Spontaneous Transmission of Information|281
4|6.2.6 Joint Investigation Teams|283
5|6.2.6.1 Joint Investigation Teams as the Preferred Instrument for Non-rogatory Assistance|283
5|6.2.6.2 The Setting Up Agreement and the Operational Rules|284
5|6.2.6.3 Application of the Lex Loci and Use of the Information Collected|284
4|6.2.7 Controlled Deliveries and Infiltration or `Covert´ Investigations|286
3|Further Reading|287
1|Part IV: Mutual Recognition, Harmonization and Traditional Intergovernmental Models|289
2|Chapter 7: The Principle of Mutual Recognition|290
3|7.1 Mutual Recognition and Movement of Judicial Decisions|290
4|7.1.1 Mutual Recognition as the `Corner Stone´ of Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters|290
4|7.1.2 The Order Model and the Grounds of Refusal|292
4|7.1.3 Mutual Recognition and `Free Movement´ of Judicial Decisions|294
4|7.1.4 Mutual Recognition and Mutual Trust|296
3|7.2 Mutual Recognition and Harmonisation of National Legislations|298
4|7.2.1 Mutual Recognition Versus Harmonisation: `Vertical´ and `Horizontal´ Solutions|298
4|7.2.2 A Summary of the Principal Pieces of Legislation of Mutual Recognition|300
4|7.2.3 Objections to Mutual Recognition in the Context of Criminal Law|301
3|Further Reading|303
2|Chapter 8: Personal Freedom and Surrender|305
3|8.1 From Extradition to Surrender Procedures|306
4|8.1.1 Judicial Cooperation and Personal Freedom: Foreword|306
4|8.1.2 Types of Intergovernmental Cooperation|307
5|8.1.2.1 The European Convention on Extradition and the Additional Protocols|307
5|8.1.2.2 Other Agreements and Conventions|311
4|8.1.3 Reasons and Objectives of the Change from Extradition to Surrender Procedures|312
5|8.1.3.1 The EAW as First Concretisation of the Principle of Mutual Recognition of Judicial Decisions in Criminal Matters|313
5|8.1.3.2 Underlying Differences Between Extradition and Surrender; Continuous Applicability of Extradition|313
3|8.2 The Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant (EAW)|315
4|8.2.1 The Main Features of the Framework Decision on the EAW|315
5|8.2.1.1 General Purposes|315
5|8.2.1.2 Scope of Application and Preconditions|316
5|8.2.1.3 Grounds for Mandatory Non-execution and for Optional Non-execution|317
4|8.2.2 Follows: Surrender Procedure|320
4|8.2.3 Follows: Surrender and Its Effects. Handing Over of Property. Transit|323
4|8.2.4 The Framework Decision on the EAW in the Case Law of the Court of Justice|326
5|8.2.4.1 The `Founding´ Decision|326
5|8.2.4.2 The Interpretation of Certain Provisions|327
5|8.2.4.3 Extradition Request Towards a Third State of a National of an EU Member State, the Information and the Surrender to th...|334
3|8.3 The Implementation of the Framework Decision on the EAW in the National Legal Systems and Future Perspectives|336
4|8.3.1 Critical Issues Regarding the Implementation of the Framework Decision on the EAW in Member States and Positive Results|336
5|8.3.1.1 Constitutional Aspects|336
5|8.3.1.2 Procedural Profiles|337
5|8.3.1.3 Positive Results of the EAW|341
4|8.3.2 The Modifications of the Framework Decision on the EAW Operated by Subsequent Framework Decisions|342
5|8.3.2.1 Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA on the Transfer of Prisoners|342
5|8.3.2.2 Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA on the Decisions Rendered in Absentia|343
5|8.3.2.3 Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA on Supervision Measures as an Alternative to Provisional Detention|346
4|8.3.3 The Future Perspectives of the EAW: Operational Issues and Protection of Fundamental Rights|347
5|8.3.3.1 The Good Practices, the Correct Use of the European Handbook on How to Issue an Arrest Warrant Form and the Enhancemen...|347
5|8.3.3.2 The Protection of Fundamental Rights|349
5|8.3.3.3 Final Considerations on the Practical Application of the EAW|354
3|Further Reading|357
2|Chapter 9: Evidence Gathering|361
3|9.1 General Aspects|362
4|9.1.1 Foreword|362
4|9.1.2 Theoretical Models|363
5|9.1.2.1 The Model of Unified Rules of Evidence|363
5|9.1.2.2 The Model of Transnational Evidence Gathering|364
4|9.1.3 Transnational Evidence Gathering Under the Principles of Mutual Assistance and Mutual Recognition|365
5|9.1.3.1 Mutual Assistance Principle|365
5|9.1.3.2 Mutual Recognition Principle|366
5|9.1.3.3 Harmonisation of National Regulations|367
4|9.1.4 Current Regulations on Evidence Gathering|367
4|9.1.5 Letter Rogatory|368
5|9.1.5.1 The Request|369
5|9.1.5.2 The Refusal|369
5|9.1.5.3 The Execution|370
5|9.1.5.4 Admissibility of the Evidence Collected|371
4|9.1.6 European Evidence Warrant (EEW) and Its Failure|371
4|9.1.7 European Investigation Order (EIO): The New Face of Evidence Gathering Within the EU|372
4|9.1.8 Follows: Framework of the Investigation Activities|373
5|9.1.8.1 The Issuance|373
5|9.1.8.2 The Refusal|373
5|9.1.8.3 The Execution|375
5|9.1.8.4 The Appeal|375
4|9.1.9 Follows: Admissibility of the Evidence Collected|376
3|9.2 Searches and Seizures|377
4|9.2.1 The Application of Mutual Recognition in Judicial Cooperation on Searches and Seizures|377
4|9.2.2 The Seizure and Freezing of Property in Framework Decision 2003/577/JHA|378
4|9.2.3 From the EEW to the EIO|378
3|9.3 Interceptions and Digital Investigations|379
4|9.3.1 General Aspects|379
4|9.3.2 Essential Guarantees|380
4|9.3.3 Interceptions with Technical Assistance of a Foreign State|381
4|9.3.4 Interceptions Without Technical Assistance of a Foreign State|382
4|9.3.5 Digital Investigations: Foreword|382
4|9.3.6 The Harmonisation of Internal Rules on Collection of Digital Evidence|383
4|9.3.7 Transnational Collection of Digital Evidence|384
3|9.4 Collection and Transmission of DNA Profiles|385
4|9.4.1 General Aspects|385
4|9.4.2 Transmission of DNA Profiles Between States|386
5|9.4.2.1 Data Retention|387
5|9.4.2.2 Data Transmission|387
4|9.4.3 Transnational Collection of DNA Profiles|388
3|9.5 Testimonial Evidence Gathering|389
4|9.5.1 General Aspects|389
4|9.5.2 Essential Guarantees: Prohibition of Torture, Right to Silence and Right to Confrontation|390
4|9.5.3 Hierarchy of the Procedures for the Hearing of Witnesses: From Traditional Methods of Examinations to Videoconference|391
5|9.5.3.1 The Examination in the State Where Criminal Proceedings Are Carried Out|391
5|9.5.3.2 Joint Examination|392
5|9.5.3.3 Remote Witness Examination|392
5|9.5.3.4 The Examination in the State Where the Witness Is Located by a Single Executing Authority|393
4|9.5.4 Interview of Victims of Criminal Offences|394
3|Further Reading|395
2|Chapter 10: Ne bis in idem and Conflicts of Jurisdiction|400
3|10.1 Ne bis in idem|401
4|10.1.1 Foreword: The Issue of a Double Judgment in the European Judicial Area, Two Identical Simultaneously Pending Suits and ...|401
4|10.1.2 Ne bis in idem and ECHR|405
4|10.1.3 Ne bis in idem and Judicial Cooperation: The Structure of the Guarantee in the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agr...|409
4|10.1.4 Follows: The Case Law of the Court of Justice|411
5|10.1.4.1 `Identity of the Person´|412
5|10.1.4.2 `Identity of the Fact´ and `Identity of the Criminal Offence´: The Profile of the Protected Legal Interest|412
5|10.1.4.3 The Concept of `Final Decision´|413
4|10.1.5 Final Remarks|419
3|10.2 Conflicts of Jurisdiction|419
4|10.2.1 General Profiles|419
4|10.2.2 Types of Conflicts and Solutions: The Document of the So-called `Freiburg Group´ and the Green Paper of 2005|420
4|10.2.3 Framework Decision 2009/948/JHA on Prevention and Settlement of Conflicts of Jurisdiction in Criminal Proceedings|422
4|10.2.4 Transfer of Criminal Proceedings|423
4|10.2.5 Exchange of Information Between States Concerning Final Decisions: European Criminal Records Information System|424
3|Further Reading|426
2|Chapter 11: Enforcement of Judicial Decisions|429
3|11.1 Enforcement Profiles|429
4|11.1.1 Foreword|429
4|11.1.2 The Enforcement of Conviction Judgments|430
4|11.1.3 Follows: Transfer of Sentenced Persons|431
4|11.1.4 Enforcement of Financial Penalties|432
3|11.2 Effects of Conviction Judgments|434
4|11.2.1 Recognition of the Effects of Conviction Judgments, Criminal Records and `European´ Recidivism|434
4|11.2.2 Follows: Convictions in Absentia and Individual Guarantees|435
3|Further Reading|436
2|Chapter 12: Enforcement of Confiscation Orders|438
3|12.1 Confiscation Orders Between Mutual Recognition and Harmonisation|439
4|12.1.1 Mutual Recognition and Harmonisation of Confiscation Orders|439
3|12.2 The 2005 Framework Decision and the 2014 Directive: Mutual Intersections|439
4|12.2.1 The Harmonisation of National Rules on Confiscation: From Framework Decision 2005/212/JHA to Directive 2014/42/EU|439
5|12.2.1.1 The Concept of Confiscation|440
5|12.2.1.2 Object of the Confiscation|441
5|12.2.1.3 The Different Types of Confiscation: Confiscation of Property and of Equivalent Value|442
5|12.2.1.4 The `Extended´ Confiscation|442
5|12.2.1.5 Provisional Measures: The Freezing|444
5|12.2.1.6 Safeguards|445
4|12.2.2 Mutual Recognition of Confiscation Orders in the Framework of Judicial Cooperation|445
5|12.2.2.1 The Object of the Mutual Recognition|445
5|12.2.2.2 The Recognition Procedure: The Transmission of the Certificate|446
5|12.2.2.3 Recognition of the Confiscation Order|447
5|12.2.2.4 The Execution of the Confiscation Order|448
5|12.2.2.5 The Destination of the Confiscated Assets|448
5|12.2.2.6 Legal Remedies|448
5|12.2.2.7 New Perspectives|449
3|Further Reading|449
2|Reference|7
1|Preface|8
1|Contents|11
1|List of Contributors|14
1|Abbreviations|15
1|Part I: Sources of Law|17
2|Chapter 1: European Law and Criminal Justice|18
3|1.1 A Brief Historical Overview|19
4|1.1.1 Integration and Regionalization in the History of the Criminal Proceedings in Europe: Continental Routes|19
4|1.1.2 Common Law Experience|22
4|1.1.3 New Scenarios|22
3|1.2 The System of the European Union|24
4|1.2.1 The European Union After the Treaty of Lisbon Between Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters and Legislative Harmoniza...|24
4|1.2.2 The Competences of the European Union|27
5|1.2.2.1 The Principle of Conferral|27
5|1.2.2.2 Shared Competences|28
5|1.2.2.3 The Exercise of Shared Competences: The Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality|29
5|1.2.2.4 Competences of the Union, National Law of the Member States and Rules of Criminal Procedure|30
4|1.2.3 Legislative Bodies and Legislative Procedures|31
5|1.2.3.1 Legislative Bodies and General Principles to be Followed in Their Action|31
5|1.2.3.2 Decision-Making Procedures: The Ordinary Legislative Procedure and the Special Legislative Procedures|33
5|1.2.3.3 The Involvement of National Parliaments and Their Banning Power|36
4|1.2.4 Legal Acts|38
5|1.2.4.1 Primary Legislation: The Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|38
5|1.2.4.2 Regulations and Directives|40
5|1.2.4.3 The Ultractivity of the Acts of the Former Third Pillar: Framework Decisions|42
5|1.2.4.4 Decisions|43
4|1.2.5 The Role of the Court of Justice and the Preliminary Ruling Procedure|44
5|1.2.5.1 Overview|44
5|1.2.5.2 The Infringement Procedure|47
5|1.2.5.3 Action for Annulment|47
5|1.2.5.4 Jurisdiction to Give Preliminary Ruling|48
4|1.2.6 EU Law and Domestic Legal Orders: Disapplication and Consistent Interpretation|53
5|1.2.6.1 Direct Effect and Disapplication|53
5|1.2.6.2 Indirect Effect and Consistent Interpretation|55
3|1.3 The Council of Europe and the ECHR System|60
4|1.3.1 The ECHR and the European Court of Human Rights|60
5|1.3.1.1 The System of the ECHR|60
5|1.3.1.2 The European Court of Human Rights|61
4|1.3.2 The Interpretation of the ECHR Law by the European Court of Human Rights|62
4|1.3.3 ECHR Law and National Legal Systems|67
5|1.3.3.1 Limits to the Direct Applicability of ECHR Provisions|67
5|1.3.3.2 Interpretation Consistent with the Convention|68
4|1.3.4 The Obligation of the States to Comply with the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights Against Them|69
5|1.3.4.1 The Duty to Comply with the Judgment of Condemnation: The Just Satisfaction|69
5|1.3.4.2 Reviewing a Case and Reopening Proceedings|70
5|1.3.4.3 Structural Problems and `Pilot Judgments´|70
3|1.4 The Network-Like Dimension of the European Sources|71
4|1.4.1 Network-Like System of the European Sources and the Central Role of Case Law|71
4|1.4.2 Floue Logic, Material Rationality, and European Legality|73
3|Further Reading|75
1|Part II: Fundamental Rights|79
2|Chapter 2: The Protection of Fundamental Rights|80
3|2.1 The Development of Fundamental Rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and the Perspectives of th...|81
4|2.1.1 The Multilevel Protection of Fundamental Rights|81
4|2.1.2 The Judicial Development of Fundamental Rights and the Relationship Between the Court of Justice and the European Court ...|82
4|2.1.3 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|85
4|2.1.4 Follows: The Principles of Conferral and Equivalence|86
4|2.1.5 Follows: Limitations on the Exercise of the Rights and Freedoms and Principle of Proportionality|88
4|2.1.6 Follows: The Principle of More Extensive Protection and Its Breach by the Court of Justice|89
4|2.1.7 Article 6 TEU|90
4|2.1.8 The Perspectives of the EU Accession to the ECHR|92
5|2.1.8.1 Conditions for the Accession|93
5|2.1.8.2 The Position of the European Union Toward the ECHR and the European Court of Human Rights|94
5|2.1.8.3 The Issues Emerging from the Opinion of the Court of Justice|94
3|2.2 Legislative Harmonization|96
4|2.2.1 The Legal Basis of Art. 82 TFEU|96
4|2.2.2 The Directives on Fundamental Rights of Suspected and Accused Persons|98
4|2.2.3 The Directives Concerning Victims´ Rights|102
4|2.2.4 The Five-Year Strategic Plan for the Period 2015-2020|103
3|2.3 Judicial Protection|104
4|2.3.1 Charters, Judges, and Courts|104
4|2.3.2 Conflicts Between Courts in the Protection of Fundamental Rights|106
4|2.3.3 The Widespread Control of National Judges and the Double Obligation to Comply with EU Law and ECHR Law|107
3|Further Reading|108
2|Chapter 3: The Content of Fundamental Rights|112
3|3.1 General Guarantees|113
4|3.1.1 Foreword|113
4|3.1.2 The General `Fair Trial´ Guarantees|114
5|3.1.2.1 Right to a Hearing|115
5|3.1.2.2 Independence, Impartiality, and Predetermination of the Tribunal|117
5|3.1.2.3 Publicity|119
5|3.1.2.4 Trial Within a Reasonable Time|120
5|3.1.2.5 Adversarial Proceedings and Equality of Arms|121
5|3.1.2.6 Right to Evidence|122
5|3.1.2.7 Guarantees Concerning Undercover Techniques|122
5|3.1.2.8 Right to a Reasoned Judgment|123
5|3.1.2.9 Right of Appeal|124
5|3.1.2.10 Certainty in the Case Law|125
5|3.1.2.11 Fairness and the `Overall Assessment´ of the Proceedings|125
3|3.2 The Rights of the Accused|126
4|3.2.1 Foreword|126
4|3.2.2 The Presumption of Innocence|127
4|3.2.3 The Right to Remain Silent and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination|130
4|3.2.4 The Right to be Informed of the Charges|133
5|3.2.4.1 The Guarantees in the Framework of the ECHR|133
5|3.2.4.2 The Guarantees in EU Law: Directive 2012/13/EU|134
4|3.2.5 The Right to Have Time and Facilities to Prepare a Defence and the Right to Legal Assistance|136
5|3.2.5.1 The ECHR Framework|136
5|3.2.5.2 The Right in EU Law: Directive 2013/48/EU and Directive 2016/1919/EU|138
4|3.2.6 The Right to Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses|142
4|3.2.7 The Right to an Interpreter and to Translation|147
5|3.2.7.1 The Right in the Framework of the ECHR|147
5|3.2.7.2 The Right in EU Law: Directive 2010/64/EU|148
4|3.2.8 The Right to be Present at Trial|150
5|3.2.8.1 The Right in the Framework of the ECHR|150
5|3.2.8.2 The Right in EU Law: Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA and Directive 2016/343/EU|151
4|3.2.9 The Right to Personal Liberty|153
5|3.2.9.1 Right to Liberty and Security|153
5|3.2.9.2 The Cases of Lawful Deprivation of Liberty|154
5|3.2.9.3 The Procedural Safeguards|155
5|3.2.9.4 Right to Compensation for Unlawful Detention|158
4|3.2.10 The Protection of the Accused Children|159
3|3.3 The Other Guarantees|161
4|3.3.1 The Protection of Human Dignity and the Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatments|161
4|3.3.2 The Right to Privacy|164
5|3.3.2.1 The Requisites|164
5|3.3.2.2 Privacy and Interception of Communications|168
4|3.3.3 The Protection of Victims|171
5|3.3.3.1 The Victim´s Disadvantaged Place in the Council of Europe Conventions|171
5|3.3.3.2 The Protection of Victims Under the European Union Law Before the Treaty of Lisbon|171
5|3.3.3.3 The Treaty of Lisbon and the Roadmap for Strengthening the Rights and the Protection of Victims|172
5|3.3.3.4 Directive 2012/29/EU Establishing Minimum Standards on the Rights, Support and Protection of Victims of Crime|173
5|3.3.3.5 The Protection of Victims of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children: Directives 2011/36/EU and 2011/93/...|175
5|3.3.3.6 The Protection of Victims of Terrorism: Directive 2017/541/EU|176
5|3.3.3.7 Directive 2011/99/EU on the European Protection Order|176
4|3.3.4 Guarantees in Seizure and Confiscation of Property Proceedings|177
5|3.3.4.1 Guarantees Under the ECHR Framework|177
5|3.3.4.2 Guarantees Under European Union Law|179
3|Further Reading|179
1|Part III: Police Cooperation and Judicial Cooperation|184
2|Chapter 4: History of the Cooperation|185
3|4.1 From the Origins to the Schengen Agreement|186
4|4.1.1 Foreword|186
4|4.1.2 The Origins of Cooperation|186
5|4.1.2.1 A Late Start and the Establishment of the `Trevi Group´|186
5|4.1.2.2 The French Project of Creating a `Espace Judiciaire Pénal Européen´|187
5|4.1.2.3 Mere Intergovernmental Cooperation to Compensate the Abolition of Border Controls|188
4|4.1.3 The 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 CISA|189
5|4.1.3.1 An Intergovernmental Cooperation Outside the Framework of the European Communities|189
5|4.1.3.2 Important Achievements Representative of an EU Area of Criminal Justice|190
3|4.2 From the Treaty of Maastricht to the Treaty of Amsterdam|190
4|4.2.1 The Treaty of Maastricht|190
5|4.2.1.1 The Integration of Cooperation in Criminal Matters in the Framework of the Third Pillar|190
5|4.2.1.2 A Third Pillar with Clear Intergovernmental Predominance|191
5|4.2.1.3 A Disappointing Progress Report but Some Instruments Announcing a Change|192
4|4.2.2 The Treaty of Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice, the Tampere Conclusions, and the Hague Programme|193
5|4.2.2.1 The Four Fundamental Innovations Introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam|193
5|4.2.2.2 The Treaty of Nice|198
5|4.2.2.3 The Tampere Programme and the Hague Programme|198
5|4.2.2.4 A Short Review of This Fourth Stage|199
3|4.3 The Treaty of Lisbon and Following Developments|200
4|4.3.1 The Treaty of Lisbon, the Stockholm Programme, and the Strategic Guidelines for the 5-Year Period 2015-2020|200
5|4.3.1.1 From the `Convention on the Future of the Union´ to the Treaty of Lisbon, via the `Constitutional Treaty´|200
5|4.3.1.2 The Stockholm Programme|206
5|4.3.1.3 A Review of 8 Years of Application of the Treaty of Lisbon|207
4|4.3.2 Final Remarks|208
3|Further Reading|209
2|Chapter 5: Vertical Cooperation|212
3|5.1 Centralised Bodies of Administrative and Police Cooperation|213
4|5.1.1 Foreword|213
4|5.1.2 OLAF and the Protection of the Union´s Financial Interests|215
5|5.1.2.1 Creation of OLAF|215
5|5.1.2.2 Functional Independence|216
4|5.1.3 Follows: OLAF´s Administrative Investigation Powers|217
5|5.1.3.1 Kinds and Tools of Investigation|217
5|5.1.3.2 Defence Guarantees and Duties of Information|219
4|5.1.4 Follows: Relationships Between OLAF and National Judicial Authorities|220
5|5.1.4.1 OLAF´s Transfer of Information to Judicial Authorities and the Relevance of the Report as Evidence in National Crimina...|220
5|5.1.4.2 Judicial Authorities´ Assistance|221
5|5.1.4.3 OLAF and the Establishment of a European Public Prosecutor´s Office|221
4|5.1.5 Europol: Competences, Powers and Structure|222
5|5.1.5.1 Creation of Europol|222
5|5.1.5.2 Competence|223
5|5.1.5.3 Tasks and Powers|224
5|5.1.5.4 Europol Operative Scope in the Lisbon Treaty|225
5|5.1.5.5 The Structure|227
5|5.1.5.6 National Units and Liaison Officers|227
4|5.1.6 Follows: The Database|228
5|5.1.6.1 The Database and the Information Processing System|228
5|5.1.6.2 Forms and Methods for Personal Data Processing|228
5|5.1.6.3 Transfer of Personal Data|230
5|5.1.6.4 Safeguards in Control and in Data Protection|231
4|5.1.7 Interpol|232
3|5.2 Centralised Bodies of Judicial Cooperation|234
4|5.2.1 Eurojust and Its Original Structure|234
5|5.2.1.1 The Establishment of Eurojust|234
5|5.2.1.2 The Objectives|235
5|5.2.1.3 The Composition|236
4|5.2.2 Follows: Competence, Nature and Tasks|236
5|5.2.2.1 Competence|236
5|5.2.2.2 Tasks|237
5|5.2.2.3 Database and Supervisory Body|239
4|5.2.3 Follows: Eurojust´s Implementation in the Member States of the European Union|240
4|5.2.4 Follows: Eurojust´s Strengthening in Decision 2009/426/JHA|241
5|5.2.4.1 The Modifications|241
5|5.2.4.2 Strengthening of the College|242
5|5.2.4.3 The New Types of Coordination|243
5|5.2.4.4 Exchange of Information|244
5|5.2.4.5 Relationships with Other Bodies|244
4|5.2.5 Follows: Eurojust´s Key Role in the Lisbon Treaty|245
4|5.2.6 The Perspective to Establish a European Public Prosecutor´s Office (EPPO)|247
4|5.2.7 Follows: The Structure of the Body|249
5|5.2.7.1 Institutional Aspects|249
5|5.2.7.2 Office Structure|249
4|5.2.8 Follows: EPPO´s Competence, Investigations and Prosecutions|251
5|5.2.8.1 Competence|251
5|5.2.8.2 Procedural Safeguards and Basic Principles of the Activities of the EPPO|252
5|5.2.8.3 Investigations|252
5|5.2.8.4 Evidence Rules|253
5|5.2.8.5 Exercise of Prosecution and the Judgment Phase|253
5|5.2.8.6 Judicial Review of the Court of Justice|254
5|5.2.8.7 Processing of Information and Data Protection|254
5|5.2.8.8 Relationships Between the EPPO and the Other European Bodies|255
4|5.2.9 Follows: Future Perspectives|255
3|Further Reading|256
2|Chapter 6: Horizontal Cooperation|259
3|6.1 Types and Instruments of Police Cooperation|260
4|6.1.1 Police Cooperation from the Schengen Agreement to the Treaty of Amsterdam|260
4|6.1.2 Police Cooperation in the Treaty of Lisbon|261
4|6.1.3 The Instruments of Police Cooperation: Cross-Border Surveillance|262
4|6.1.4 Cross-Border Pursuit|263
4|6.1.5 Secondment of Liaison Officers|264
4|6.1.6 The Exchange of Information|264
4|6.1.7 The Enhancement of Cross-Border Cooperation in the Treaty of Prüm and the `Principle of Availability of Information´|266
4|6.1.8 Schengen Information System (SIS and SIS II) and SIRENE Division|269
4|6.1.9 The Customs Cooperation in the So-Called Naples II Convention and the Financial Intelligence Units|270
5|6.1.9.1 The Cooperation Between Custom Authorities (the So-Called Naples II Convention)|270
5|6.1.9.2 The Role of the Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs)|271
3|6.2 Types and Instruments of Judicial Cooperation|272
4|6.2.1 The Evolution of the Principle of Investigative Coordination Within the European Legislative Framework|272
4|6.2.2 Types and Methods of the Coordination|275
4|6.2.3 The Liaison Magistrate|275
4|6.2.4 The European Judicial Network|277
5|6.2.4.1 The Establishment|277
5|6.2.4.2 Composition and Functions|277
5|6.2.4.3 The Changes Introduced by Decision 2008/976/JHA|278
5|6.2.4.4 The Network´s Operative Instruments|279
5|6.2.4.5 The Relationship with Eurojust|280
4|6.2.5 Spontaneous Transmission of Information|281
4|6.2.6 Joint Investigation Teams|283
5|6.2.6.1 Joint Investigation Teams as the Preferred Instrument for Non-rogatory Assistance|283
5|6.2.6.2 The Setting Up Agreement and the Operational Rules|284
5|6.2.6.3 Application of the Lex Loci and Use of the Information Collected|284
4|6.2.7 Controlled Deliveries and Infiltration or `Covert´ Investigations|286
3|Further Reading|287
1|Part IV: Mutual Recognition, Harmonization and Traditional Intergovernmental Models|289
2|Chapter 7: The Principle of Mutual Recognition|290
3|7.1 Mutual Recognition and Movement of Judicial Decisions|290
4|7.1.1 Mutual Recognition as the `Corner Stone´ of Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters|290
4|7.1.2 The Order Model and the Grounds of Refusal|292
4|7.1.3 Mutual Recognition and `Free Movement´ of Judicial Decisions|294
4|7.1.4 Mutual Recognition and Mutual Trust|296
3|7.2 Mutual Recognition and Harmonisation of National Legislations|298
4|7.2.1 Mutual Recognition Versus Harmonisation: `Vertical´ and `Horizontal´ Solutions|298
4|7.2.2 A Summary of the Principal Pieces of Legislation of Mutual Recognition|300
4|7.2.3 Objections to Mutual Recognition in the Context of Criminal Law|301
3|Further Reading|303
2|Chapter 8: Personal Freedom and Surrender|305
3|8.1 From Extradition to Surrender Procedures|306
4|8.1.1 Judicial Cooperation and Personal Freedom: Foreword|306
4|8.1.2 Types of Intergovernmental Cooperation|307
5|8.1.2.1 The European Convention on Extradition and the Additional Protocols|307
5|8.1.2.2 Other Agreements and Conventions|311
4|8.1.3 Reasons and Objectives of the Change from Extradition to Surrender Procedures|312
5|8.1.3.1 The EAW as First Concretisation of the Principle of Mutual Recognition of Judicial Decisions in Criminal Matters|313
5|8.1.3.2 Underlying Differences Between Extradition and Surrender; Continuous Applicability of Extradition|313
3|8.2 The Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant (EAW)|315
4|8.2.1 The Main Features of the Framework Decision on the EAW|315
5|8.2.1.1 General Purposes|315
5|8.2.1.2 Scope of Application and Preconditions|316
5|8.2.1.3 Grounds for Mandatory Non-execution and for Optional Non-execution|317
4|8.2.2 Follows: Surrender Procedure|320
4|8.2.3 Follows: Surrender and Its Effects. Handing Over of Property. Transit|323
4|8.2.4 The Framework Decision on the EAW in the Case Law of the Court of Justice|326
5|8.2.4.1 The `Founding´ Decision|326
5|8.2.4.2 The Interpretation of Certain Provisions|327
5|8.2.4.3 Extradition Request Towards a Third State of a National of an EU Member State, the Information and the Surrender to th...|334
3|8.3 The Implementation of the Framework Decision on the EAW in the National Legal Systems and Future Perspectives|336
4|8.3.1 Critical Issues Regarding the Implementation of the Framework Decision on the EAW in Member States and Positive Results|336
5|8.3.1.1 Constitutional Aspects|336
5|8.3.1.2 Procedural Profiles|337
5|8.3.1.3 Positive Results of the EAW|341
4|8.3.2 The Modifications of the Framework Decision on the EAW Operated by Subsequent Framework Decisions|342
5|8.3.2.1 Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA on the Transfer of Prisoners|342
5|8.3.2.2 Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA on the Decisions Rendered in Absentia|343
5|8.3.2.3 Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA on Supervision Measures as an Alternative to Provisional Detention|346
4|8.3.3 The Future Perspectives of the EAW: Operational Issues and Protection of Fundamental Rights|347
5|8.3.3.1 The Good Practices, the Correct Use of the European Handbook on How to Issue an Arrest Warrant Form and the Enhancemen...|347
5|8.3.3.2 The Protection of Fundamental Rights|349
5|8.3.3.3 Final Considerations on the Practical Application of the EAW|354
3|Further Reading|357
2|Chapter 9: Evidence Gathering|361
3|9.1 General Aspects|362
4|9.1.1 Foreword|362
4|9.1.2 Theoretical Models|363
5|9.1.2.1 The Model of Unified Rules of Evidence|363
5|9.1.2.2 The Model of Transnational Evidence Gathering|364
4|9.1.3 Transnational Evidence Gathering Under the Principles of Mutual Assistance and Mutual Recognition|365
5|9.1.3.1 Mutual Assistance Principle|365
5|9.1.3.2 Mutual Recognition Principle|366
5|9.1.3.3 Harmonisation of National Regulations|367
4|9.1.4 Current Regulations on Evidence Gathering|367
4|9.1.5 Letter Rogatory|368
5|9.1.5.1 The Request|369
5|9.1.5.2 The Refusal|369
5|9.1.5.3 The Execution|370
5|9.1.5.4 Admissibility of the Evidence Collected|371
4|9.1.6 European Evidence Warrant (EEW) and Its Failure|371
4|9.1.7 European Investigation Order (EIO): The New Face of Evidence Gathering Within the EU|372
4|9.1.8 Follows: Framework of the Investigation Activities|373
5|9.1.8.1 The Issuance|373
5|9.1.8.2 The Refusal|373
5|9.1.8.3 The Execution|375
5|9.1.8.4 The Appeal|375
4|9.1.9 Follows: Admissibility of the Evidence Collected|376
3|9.2 Searches and Seizures|377
4|9.2.1 The Application of Mutual Recognition in Judicial Cooperation on Searches and Seizures|377
4|9.2.2 The Seizure and Freezing of Property in Framework Decision 2003/577/JHA|378
4|9.2.3 From the EEW to the EIO|378
3|9.3 Interceptions and Digital Investigations|379
4|9.3.1 General Aspects|379
4|9.3.2 Essential Guarantees|380
4|9.3.3 Interceptions with Technical Assistance of a Foreign State|381
4|9.3.4 Interceptions Without Technical Assistance of a Foreign State|382
4|9.3.5 Digital Investigations: Foreword|382
4|9.3.6 The Harmonisation of Internal Rules on Collection of Digital Evidence|383
4|9.3.7 Transnational Collection of Digital Evidence|384
3|9.4 Collection and Transmission of DNA Profiles|385
4|9.4.1 General Aspects|385
4|9.4.2 Transmission of DNA Profiles Between States|386
5|9.4.2.1 Data Retention|387
5|9.4.2.2 Data Transmission|387
4|9.4.3 Transnational Collection of DNA Profiles|388
3|9.5 Testimonial Evidence Gathering|389
4|9.5.1 General Aspects|389
4|9.5.2 Essential Guarantees: Prohibition of Torture, Right to Silence and Right to Confrontation|390
4|9.5.3 Hierarchy of the Procedures for the Hearing of Witnesses: From Traditional Methods of Examinations to Videoconference|391
5|9.5.3.1 The Examination in the State Where Criminal Proceedings Are Carried Out|391
5|9.5.3.2 Joint Examination|392
5|9.5.3.3 Remote Witness Examination|392
5|9.5.3.4 The Examination in the State Where the Witness Is Located by a Single Executing Authority|393
4|9.5.4 Interview of Victims of Criminal Offences|394
3|Further Reading|395
2|Chapter 10: Ne bis in idem and Conflicts of Jurisdiction|400
3|10.1 Ne bis in idem|401
4|10.1.1 Foreword: The Issue of a Double Judgment in the European Judicial Area, Two Identical Simultaneously Pending Suits and ...|401
4|10.1.2 Ne bis in idem and ECHR|405
4|10.1.3 Ne bis in idem and Judicial Cooperation: The Structure of the Guarantee in the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agr...|409
4|10.1.4 Follows: The Case Law of the Court of Justice|411
5|10.1.4.1 `Identity of the Person´|412
5|10.1.4.2 `Identity of the Fact´ and `Identity of the Criminal Offence´: The Profile of the Protected Legal Interest|412
5|10.1.4.3 The Concept of `Final Decision´|413
4|10.1.5 Final Remarks|419
3|10.2 Conflicts of Jurisdiction|419
4|10.2.1 General Profiles|419
4|10.2.2 Types of Conflicts and Solutions: The Document of the So-called `Freiburg Group´ and the Green Paper of 2005|420
4|10.2.3 Framework Decision 2009/948/JHA on Prevention and Settlement of Conflicts of Jurisdiction in Criminal Proceedings|422
4|10.2.4 Transfer of Criminal Proceedings|423
4|10.2.5 Exchange of Information Between States Concerning Final Decisions: European Criminal Records Information System|424
3|Further Reading|426
2|Chapter 11: Enforcement of Judicial Decisions|429
3|11.1 Enforcement Profiles|429
4|11.1.1 Foreword|429
4|11.1.2 The Enforcement of Conviction Judgments|430
4|11.1.3 Follows: Transfer of Sentenced Persons|431
4|11.1.4 Enforcement of Financial Penalties|432
3|11.2 Effects of Conviction Judgments|434
4|11.2.1 Recognition of the Effects of Conviction Judgments, Criminal Records and `European´ Recidivism|434
4|11.2.2 Follows: Convictions in Absentia and Individual Guarantees|435
3|Further Reading|436
2|Chapter 12: Enforcement of Confiscation Orders|438
3|12.1 Confiscation Orders Between Mutual Recognition and Harmonisation|439
4|12.1.1 Mutual Recognition and Harmonisation of Confiscation Orders|439
3|12.2 The 2005 Framework Decision and the 2014 Directive: Mutual Intersections|439
4|12.2.1 The Harmonisation of National Rules on Confiscation: From Framework Decision 2005/212/JHA to Directive 2014/42/EU|439
5|12.2.1.1 The Concept of Confiscation|440
5|12.2.1.2 Object of the Confiscation|441
5|12.2.1.3 The Different Types of Confiscation: Confiscation of Property and of Equivalent Value|442
5|12.2.1.4 The `Extended´ Confiscation|442
5|12.2.1.5 Provisional Measures: The Freezing|444
5|12.2.1.6 Safeguards|445
4|12.2.2 Mutual Recognition of Confiscation Orders in the Framework of Judicial Cooperation|445
5|12.2.2.1 The Object of the Mutual Recognition|445
5|12.2.2.2 The Recognition Procedure: The Transmission of the Certificate|446
5|12.2.2.3 Recognition of the Confiscation Order|447
5|12.2.2.4 The Execution of the Confiscation Order|448
5|12.2.2.5 The Destination of the Confiscated Assets|448
5|12.2.2.6 Legal Remedies|448
5|12.2.2.7 New Perspectives|449
3|Further Reading|449