File #2419: "2018_Book_ExperimentalLegislationInChina.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|7
1|Contents|9
1|Abbreviations|15
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|18
2|1.1 Objective of the Study|18
2|1.2 The State of the Art|21
2|1.3 Methodological Approach|24
2|1.4 On the Use of the Chinese Language in This Study|25
2|1.5 Structure of the Study|26
2|References|26
1|Chapter 2: Socio-Economic and Legal Foundations of Modern China|29
2|2.1 The Reform and Opening Up Policy|30
3|2.1.1 Gradual Economic Transition Process|31
3|2.1.2 Socialist Market Economy|32
3|2.1.3 Attracting Foreign Investment|35
2|2.2 Basic Characteristics of China´s Current Legal System|37
3|2.2.1 Central-Local Relations: The Administrative Hierarchy|38
4|2.2.1.1 The Notion of a Unitary State|40
4|2.2.1.2 Concentration of Power Versus Separation of Power|42
3|2.2.2 The Pervasive Role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)|43
4|2.2.2.1 Composition of China´s Ruling Regime|44
4|2.2.2.2 The CCP and the Law|45
4|2.2.2.3 Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics|46
3|2.2.3 Legislative Authorities|49
4|2.2.3.1 National People´s Congress and Its Standing Committee|50
4|2.2.3.2 State Council|51
4|2.2.3.3 Local Legislative Power as the Driving Force of Reform|52
5|2.2.3.3.1 The Janus-Faced Nature of Local Legislative Power|53
5|2.2.3.3.2 Expansion of Local Legislative Power|54
5|2.2.3.3.3 Categories of Local Legislative Power|57
5|2.2.3.3.4 Functions of Local Legislation|58
5|2.2.3.3.5 Vague Scope of Local Legislation: The Principle of ``Non-contravention´´|60
4|2.2.3.4 Policy and Law|62
2|2.3 Interim Conclusion|64
2|References|65
1|Chapter 3: China´s Experimentalist Approach to Reform|72
2|3.1 Evolution of Reform Experiments|75
3|3.1.1 ``Point-to-Surface´´ Technique|75
3|3.1.2 From Transfer of Decision-Making Power to Decentralization of Legislative Competence|78
3|3.1.3 Crossing the River by Feeling for the Stones|79
2|3.2 Experimentation in the Guise of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)|81
3|3.2.1 The International Context|82
4|3.2.1.1 The Export-Zone Model|83
4|3.2.1.2 Dual Legal Order|85
3|3.2.2 Spread of Zonal Policy in China|86
4|3.2.2.1 Predecessor of Today´s Chinese SEZs|86
4|3.2.2.2 Major Objectives of SEZs|87
4|3.2.2.3 Preserving the Position as Experimental Field of Legislation|91
4|3.2.2.4 Ideological Reasons for Setting Up SEZs|92
4|3.2.2.5 Terms and Distinctions of Zones in the Chinese Context|94
4|3.2.2.6 Shanghai Free Trade Zone|95
2|3.3 Chinese Experimental Legislation in concreto|97
3|3.3.1 Broad Notion of Experimental Legislation|98
3|3.3.2 Dense Intertwining Between Policy Experimentation and Experimental Legislation|101
3|3.3.3 Legal Pragmatism|103
4|3.3.3.1 Pragmatism in the West|104
4|3.3.3.2 Guiding Principles of Chinese Legal Pragmatism|105
5|3.3.3.2.1 Law as an Instrument|106
5|3.3.3.2.2 ``Actuality´´ as Source of Law|108
3|3.3.4 Facts and Figures: A General Overview|111
3|3.3.5 Emergence of Distinct Types of Experimental Legislation|112
4|3.3.5.1 Pioneering and Exemplary Regulations in Experimental Zones|114
5|3.3.5.1.1 Shenzhen SEZ|114
5|3.3.5.1.2 Experimental Free Trade Zones|117
4|3.3.5.2 Experimental Regulations: The State Council|118
4|3.3.5.3 Experimental Judicial Interpretations|120
4|3.3.5.4 Local Legislation|122
2|3.4 Interim Conclusion|124
2|References|125
1|Chapter 4: Delegated Legislative Power of the Shenzhen SEZ|136
2|4.1 Salient Features of Legislative Delegation in Chinese Law|137
3|4.1.1 Legislative Delegation as a Product of Reform and Opening Up|138
4|4.1.1.1 Collaborative Relationship Between Central and Local Government|138
4|4.1.1.2 Delegated Legislation as an Outcome of Chinese Legal Pragmatism|140
3|4.1.2 Form and Scope of Delegating Legislative Power|141
3|4.1.3 Recipients of Delegated Legislative Powers|145
3|4.1.4 Delegated Legislative Power in the Light of the Legislation Law|146
4|4.1.4.1 Delegations to the State Council|146
4|4.1.4.2 Allocation of Legislative Powers in the SEZs|149
3|4.1.5 Delegated Legislation as Secondary Legislation|151
2|4.2 Legislative Framework of Shenzhen SEZ|153
3|4.2.1 Shenzhen´s Administrative Status|153
4|4.2.1.1 The Role of Municipalities: Economic Centers for Regional Development|154
4|4.2.1.2 Shenzhen Raising Its Rank Up the Administrative Ladder|155
3|4.2.2 The Legal Status of Delegated Legislation of the Shenzhen SEZ|156
4|4.2.2.1 Drawing from the Agency Concept in Civil Law|157
4|4.2.2.2 Equalization of Inherent Legislative Power and Delegated Legislative Power|158
4|4.2.2.3 Delegated Legislation of the Shenzhen SEZ as a Specific Kind of Local Legislation|159
5|4.2.2.3.1 Comparison Between Delegated Legislative Power and General Local Legislative Power|160
5|4.2.2.3.2 One City: Two Systems|161
5|4.2.2.3.3 The Regulations of Shenzhen Municipality on the Enactment of Statutes|163
3|4.2.3 Empowerment Decision of 1981|166
4|4.2.3.1 Circumscribed Scope of Application|168
4|4.2.3.2 Temporary Character|169
4|4.2.3.3 Content and Purpose|170
4|4.2.3.4 Scope of Authorization|172
3|4.2.4 Empowerment Decision of 1992|174
4|4.2.4.1 Content and Purpose|176
4|4.2.4.2 Temporary Character|178
3|4.2.5 Comprehensive Deviation Power in Favor of Policy Innovation|179
4|4.2.5.1 The Nature of Deviation Power|180
4|4.2.5.2 Observance of the Constitution|182
4|4.2.5.3 Indeterminate Concept of ``Basic Principles´´|183
5|4.2.5.3.1 Provisions on Commercial Registration in the Shenzhen SEZ|185
5|4.2.5.3.2 Regulations of the Shenzhen SEZ on Violation Penalty of Road Traffic Safety|188
2|4.3 Interim Conclusion|190
2|References|191
1|Chapter 5: Major Achievements in Experimenting with Novel Regulatory Approaches|199
2|5.1 Phase I: From 1981 to 1992|200
3|5.1.1 Land Management|201
4|5.1.1.1 Land-Use Rights|201
4|5.1.1.2 Housing|203
3|5.1.2 Labor Relations|205
4|5.1.2.1 The Establishment of a Labor Contract System: Breaking the ``Iron Rice Bowl´´|205
4|5.1.2.2 Wages´ Reforms|208
4|5.1.2.3 Social Insurance|208
3|5.1.3 Foreign Economic Contracts|210
2|5.2 Phase II: From 1992 to 2000|211
3|5.2.1 Corporate System|213
3|5.2.2 Regulations on Lawyers|215
2|5.3 Phase III: From 2000 to 2010|217
3|5.3.1 Transformation of Government Functions|220
3|5.3.2 Enhancing Workers´ Rights|221
3|5.3.3 Intellectual Property Protection|223
2|5.4 Phase IV: From 2010 Until Now|226
3|5.4.1 From ``General Principles of Commercial Law´´ to a New Model of Commercial Registration|227
3|5.4.2 Marketization of Collective-Owned Rural Land|229
2|5.5 Interim Conclusion|234
2|References|235
1|Chapter 6: Legality Versus Efficiency of Reform|240
2|6.1 The Constitution in an Authoritarian System|242
3|6.1.1 The Nature of the Chinese Constitution|243
3|6.1.2 The Filing and Review System|245
3|6.1.3 Between Status Quo and Change: A Constitutional Crisis|247
3|6.1.4 Constitutional Evolution and Enforcement Through Legislation|249
2|6.2 Constitutional Concerns|251
3|6.2.1 Lack of Legislative Competence to Transfer Legislative Powers|252
4|6.2.1.1 The Legal Situation Before 2000|253
4|6.2.1.2 The Legislation Law: A Contradiction Between Reality and Formal Law|255
3|6.2.2 Excessive Deviation Power|258
4|6.2.2.1 Endangering Uniformity of Law|259
5|6.2.2.1.1 The Conflicting Relationship Between Article 8 and Article 90 (2) of the Legislation Law|262
5|6.2.2.1.2 Deviation Power in Autonomous Regions and SEZs: A Comparison|263
4|6.2.2.2 Entwining of General Local Legislative Power and Delegated Legislative Power|266
5|6.2.2.2.1 The Good Samaritan Law as an Example of Unclear Legislative Competences|268
5|6.2.2.2.2 Strengthening of General Local Legislative Power Through the Legislation Law 2015|272
4|6.2.2.3 Principle of Equal Treatment|276
3|6.2.3 Insufficient Means of Supervision|282
2|6.3 Solution Approaches|286
3|6.3.1 ``Benign Unconstitutionality´´|287
4|6.3.1.1 Conflict Between Constitution and Socio-Economic Reality|288
4|6.3.1.2 ``Benign Unconstitutionality´´ in the Light of the Fourth Plenum of the 18th CCP Central Committee|290
3|6.3.2 Improving the Performance of Experimental Legislation in Shenzhen SEZ: Propositions de lege lata|292
4|6.3.2.1 Legal Certainty|293
5|6.3.2.1.1 Blanket Legislative Authorization Versus ``One-Case-One-Authorization´´|295
5|6.3.2.1.2 Confining the Scope: Theory of Essentialness|300
4|6.3.2.2 Principle of Proportionality|305
4|6.3.2.3 Interaction and Cooperation Between the Central Government and Local Governments|309
3|6.3.3 Reform Proposals de lege ferenda|310
4|6.3.3.1 Consistency Between the Empowerment Decision of 1992 and the Legislation Law|311
4|6.3.3.2 Fixed Expiration Date|311
4|6.3.3.3 Substantive Legal Review|312
4|6.3.3.4 Evaluation System|315
2|6.4 Interim Conclusion|321
2|References|323
1|Chapter 7: Summary|334
2|7.1 Summary|334
2|7.2 Suggested Framework|338
2|7.3 Collection of 10 Thesis|339
2|References|340
1|Appendix: Regulatory Documents|341
2|Laws (fa)|341
2|Decisions/Resolutions (jueding/jueyi /)|344
2|Others|346
2|Regulatory Documents Concerning Special Economic Zones|348
1|Contents|9
1|Abbreviations|15
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|18
2|1.1 Objective of the Study|18
2|1.2 The State of the Art|21
2|1.3 Methodological Approach|24
2|1.4 On the Use of the Chinese Language in This Study|25
2|1.5 Structure of the Study|26
2|References|26
1|Chapter 2: Socio-Economic and Legal Foundations of Modern China|29
2|2.1 The Reform and Opening Up Policy|30
3|2.1.1 Gradual Economic Transition Process|31
3|2.1.2 Socialist Market Economy|32
3|2.1.3 Attracting Foreign Investment|35
2|2.2 Basic Characteristics of China´s Current Legal System|37
3|2.2.1 Central-Local Relations: The Administrative Hierarchy|38
4|2.2.1.1 The Notion of a Unitary State|40
4|2.2.1.2 Concentration of Power Versus Separation of Power|42
3|2.2.2 The Pervasive Role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)|43
4|2.2.2.1 Composition of China´s Ruling Regime|44
4|2.2.2.2 The CCP and the Law|45
4|2.2.2.3 Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics|46
3|2.2.3 Legislative Authorities|49
4|2.2.3.1 National People´s Congress and Its Standing Committee|50
4|2.2.3.2 State Council|51
4|2.2.3.3 Local Legislative Power as the Driving Force of Reform|52
5|2.2.3.3.1 The Janus-Faced Nature of Local Legislative Power|53
5|2.2.3.3.2 Expansion of Local Legislative Power|54
5|2.2.3.3.3 Categories of Local Legislative Power|57
5|2.2.3.3.4 Functions of Local Legislation|58
5|2.2.3.3.5 Vague Scope of Local Legislation: The Principle of ``Non-contravention´´|60
4|2.2.3.4 Policy and Law|62
2|2.3 Interim Conclusion|64
2|References|65
1|Chapter 3: China´s Experimentalist Approach to Reform|72
2|3.1 Evolution of Reform Experiments|75
3|3.1.1 ``Point-to-Surface´´ Technique|75
3|3.1.2 From Transfer of Decision-Making Power to Decentralization of Legislative Competence|78
3|3.1.3 Crossing the River by Feeling for the Stones|79
2|3.2 Experimentation in the Guise of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)|81
3|3.2.1 The International Context|82
4|3.2.1.1 The Export-Zone Model|83
4|3.2.1.2 Dual Legal Order|85
3|3.2.2 Spread of Zonal Policy in China|86
4|3.2.2.1 Predecessor of Today´s Chinese SEZs|86
4|3.2.2.2 Major Objectives of SEZs|87
4|3.2.2.3 Preserving the Position as Experimental Field of Legislation|91
4|3.2.2.4 Ideological Reasons for Setting Up SEZs|92
4|3.2.2.5 Terms and Distinctions of Zones in the Chinese Context|94
4|3.2.2.6 Shanghai Free Trade Zone|95
2|3.3 Chinese Experimental Legislation in concreto|97
3|3.3.1 Broad Notion of Experimental Legislation|98
3|3.3.2 Dense Intertwining Between Policy Experimentation and Experimental Legislation|101
3|3.3.3 Legal Pragmatism|103
4|3.3.3.1 Pragmatism in the West|104
4|3.3.3.2 Guiding Principles of Chinese Legal Pragmatism|105
5|3.3.3.2.1 Law as an Instrument|106
5|3.3.3.2.2 ``Actuality´´ as Source of Law|108
3|3.3.4 Facts and Figures: A General Overview|111
3|3.3.5 Emergence of Distinct Types of Experimental Legislation|112
4|3.3.5.1 Pioneering and Exemplary Regulations in Experimental Zones|114
5|3.3.5.1.1 Shenzhen SEZ|114
5|3.3.5.1.2 Experimental Free Trade Zones|117
4|3.3.5.2 Experimental Regulations: The State Council|118
4|3.3.5.3 Experimental Judicial Interpretations|120
4|3.3.5.4 Local Legislation|122
2|3.4 Interim Conclusion|124
2|References|125
1|Chapter 4: Delegated Legislative Power of the Shenzhen SEZ|136
2|4.1 Salient Features of Legislative Delegation in Chinese Law|137
3|4.1.1 Legislative Delegation as a Product of Reform and Opening Up|138
4|4.1.1.1 Collaborative Relationship Between Central and Local Government|138
4|4.1.1.2 Delegated Legislation as an Outcome of Chinese Legal Pragmatism|140
3|4.1.2 Form and Scope of Delegating Legislative Power|141
3|4.1.3 Recipients of Delegated Legislative Powers|145
3|4.1.4 Delegated Legislative Power in the Light of the Legislation Law|146
4|4.1.4.1 Delegations to the State Council|146
4|4.1.4.2 Allocation of Legislative Powers in the SEZs|149
3|4.1.5 Delegated Legislation as Secondary Legislation|151
2|4.2 Legislative Framework of Shenzhen SEZ|153
3|4.2.1 Shenzhen´s Administrative Status|153
4|4.2.1.1 The Role of Municipalities: Economic Centers for Regional Development|154
4|4.2.1.2 Shenzhen Raising Its Rank Up the Administrative Ladder|155
3|4.2.2 The Legal Status of Delegated Legislation of the Shenzhen SEZ|156
4|4.2.2.1 Drawing from the Agency Concept in Civil Law|157
4|4.2.2.2 Equalization of Inherent Legislative Power and Delegated Legislative Power|158
4|4.2.2.3 Delegated Legislation of the Shenzhen SEZ as a Specific Kind of Local Legislation|159
5|4.2.2.3.1 Comparison Between Delegated Legislative Power and General Local Legislative Power|160
5|4.2.2.3.2 One City: Two Systems|161
5|4.2.2.3.3 The Regulations of Shenzhen Municipality on the Enactment of Statutes|163
3|4.2.3 Empowerment Decision of 1981|166
4|4.2.3.1 Circumscribed Scope of Application|168
4|4.2.3.2 Temporary Character|169
4|4.2.3.3 Content and Purpose|170
4|4.2.3.4 Scope of Authorization|172
3|4.2.4 Empowerment Decision of 1992|174
4|4.2.4.1 Content and Purpose|176
4|4.2.4.2 Temporary Character|178
3|4.2.5 Comprehensive Deviation Power in Favor of Policy Innovation|179
4|4.2.5.1 The Nature of Deviation Power|180
4|4.2.5.2 Observance of the Constitution|182
4|4.2.5.3 Indeterminate Concept of ``Basic Principles´´|183
5|4.2.5.3.1 Provisions on Commercial Registration in the Shenzhen SEZ|185
5|4.2.5.3.2 Regulations of the Shenzhen SEZ on Violation Penalty of Road Traffic Safety|188
2|4.3 Interim Conclusion|190
2|References|191
1|Chapter 5: Major Achievements in Experimenting with Novel Regulatory Approaches|199
2|5.1 Phase I: From 1981 to 1992|200
3|5.1.1 Land Management|201
4|5.1.1.1 Land-Use Rights|201
4|5.1.1.2 Housing|203
3|5.1.2 Labor Relations|205
4|5.1.2.1 The Establishment of a Labor Contract System: Breaking the ``Iron Rice Bowl´´|205
4|5.1.2.2 Wages´ Reforms|208
4|5.1.2.3 Social Insurance|208
3|5.1.3 Foreign Economic Contracts|210
2|5.2 Phase II: From 1992 to 2000|211
3|5.2.1 Corporate System|213
3|5.2.2 Regulations on Lawyers|215
2|5.3 Phase III: From 2000 to 2010|217
3|5.3.1 Transformation of Government Functions|220
3|5.3.2 Enhancing Workers´ Rights|221
3|5.3.3 Intellectual Property Protection|223
2|5.4 Phase IV: From 2010 Until Now|226
3|5.4.1 From ``General Principles of Commercial Law´´ to a New Model of Commercial Registration|227
3|5.4.2 Marketization of Collective-Owned Rural Land|229
2|5.5 Interim Conclusion|234
2|References|235
1|Chapter 6: Legality Versus Efficiency of Reform|240
2|6.1 The Constitution in an Authoritarian System|242
3|6.1.1 The Nature of the Chinese Constitution|243
3|6.1.2 The Filing and Review System|245
3|6.1.3 Between Status Quo and Change: A Constitutional Crisis|247
3|6.1.4 Constitutional Evolution and Enforcement Through Legislation|249
2|6.2 Constitutional Concerns|251
3|6.2.1 Lack of Legislative Competence to Transfer Legislative Powers|252
4|6.2.1.1 The Legal Situation Before 2000|253
4|6.2.1.2 The Legislation Law: A Contradiction Between Reality and Formal Law|255
3|6.2.2 Excessive Deviation Power|258
4|6.2.2.1 Endangering Uniformity of Law|259
5|6.2.2.1.1 The Conflicting Relationship Between Article 8 and Article 90 (2) of the Legislation Law|262
5|6.2.2.1.2 Deviation Power in Autonomous Regions and SEZs: A Comparison|263
4|6.2.2.2 Entwining of General Local Legislative Power and Delegated Legislative Power|266
5|6.2.2.2.1 The Good Samaritan Law as an Example of Unclear Legislative Competences|268
5|6.2.2.2.2 Strengthening of General Local Legislative Power Through the Legislation Law 2015|272
4|6.2.2.3 Principle of Equal Treatment|276
3|6.2.3 Insufficient Means of Supervision|282
2|6.3 Solution Approaches|286
3|6.3.1 ``Benign Unconstitutionality´´|287
4|6.3.1.1 Conflict Between Constitution and Socio-Economic Reality|288
4|6.3.1.2 ``Benign Unconstitutionality´´ in the Light of the Fourth Plenum of the 18th CCP Central Committee|290
3|6.3.2 Improving the Performance of Experimental Legislation in Shenzhen SEZ: Propositions de lege lata|292
4|6.3.2.1 Legal Certainty|293
5|6.3.2.1.1 Blanket Legislative Authorization Versus ``One-Case-One-Authorization´´|295
5|6.3.2.1.2 Confining the Scope: Theory of Essentialness|300
4|6.3.2.2 Principle of Proportionality|305
4|6.3.2.3 Interaction and Cooperation Between the Central Government and Local Governments|309
3|6.3.3 Reform Proposals de lege ferenda|310
4|6.3.3.1 Consistency Between the Empowerment Decision of 1992 and the Legislation Law|311
4|6.3.3.2 Fixed Expiration Date|311
4|6.3.3.3 Substantive Legal Review|312
4|6.3.3.4 Evaluation System|315
2|6.4 Interim Conclusion|321
2|References|323
1|Chapter 7: Summary|334
2|7.1 Summary|334
2|7.2 Suggested Framework|338
2|7.3 Collection of 10 Thesis|339
2|References|340
1|Appendix: Regulatory Documents|341
2|Laws (fa)|341
2|Decisions/Resolutions (jueding/jueyi /)|344
2|Others|346
2|Regulatory Documents Concerning Special Economic Zones|348