File #2423: "2018_Book_InternationalHumanRightsInstit.pdf"
Text
1|Series Preface|6
1|Volume Preface|8
1|Contents|10
1|About the Series Editor|13
1|About the Editor|14
1|Contributors|15
1|Introduction to Human Rights Institutions: Legitimacy and Authority|17
2|Introduction|18
2|On the Authority and Legitimacy of Global Human Rights Institutions|19
2|A Moral Code of Human Rights|21
2|Secondary Agents of Justice|22
2|Charter Bodies|23
2|Treaty Bodies|26
2|Having the Final Say|27
2|When the Treaty Body Pronouncements Are Conclusive|29
2|When the Treaty Body Pronouncements Are Persuasive|31
2|On the Persuasiveness of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies|33
2|Conclusion|35
2|References|36
1|Part I: United Nations Human Rights Institutions|39
2|The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Politics and Provisions (1945-1948)|40
3|Introduction|41
3|Declaration Drafting: Setting Moral Standards for ``A World Made New´´|42
3|A Common Standard of Achievement: The Nature and Content of the Universal Declaration|45
3|Declaration Debates: Arguing the Appropriate Shape for Utopia|46
3|Universalism and Universality|50
3|Legacies and Legalities|54
3|Conclusion|59
3|References|60
2|The UN Human Rights Council: Achievements and Challenges in Its First Decade|63
3|Introduction|64
3|Achievements of the Human Rights Council|66
3|Human Rights Standard-Setting: Evolution and Political Legitimacy|66
3|The Universal Periodic Review in Balance: A (Short) Assessment of Its Experience|70
3|Challenges for the Human Rights Council|73
3|Limiting the Independence and Functions of Special Procedures Mandate-Holders|74
3|The (Limited?) Functions of the Advisory Committee to the Human Rights Council|76
3|Election to the Human Rights Council, or the Need for Higher Standards of Human Rights Observance|78
3|Concluding Thoughts|79
3|References|80
2|The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and Field Operations|83
3|Introduction|84
3|The UN Takes Stock After 25 Years|87
3|Capacity-Building and Human Rights|89
3|Exploding the Myths|90
3|``Good Practices´´ in Human Rights Field Operations|92
3|Use ``Emblematic Cases´´|92
3|Use Public Opinion Surveys to Identify Priorities and Generate Baseline Data|93
3|Twin Results-Based Monitoring with Results-Based Capacity-Building|93
3|Provide Program Budgets for Activities|93
3|Consult Beneficiaries Before Embarking on Assistance Efforts|94
3|Identify Allies as Senior as Possible in the Government Hierarchy|95
3|Work with Parliament and National Legislatures|96
3|Use Treaty Bodies and Special Procedures Strategically|96
3|Strengthen Local Ownership and Management and Leadership Skills|98
3|Colocate and Mentor/Coach|99
3|Develop Capacity to Handle Data|100
3|Link with UNCTs and ``Mainstreaming´´ Human Rights|100
3|Register, Certify, and Vet Judicial and Security Personnel|101
3|See the Human Rights Section as a ``Convener´´|102
3|Include National Human Rights Officers|103
3|Focus on Youth|104
3|Assess Training´s Impact on Performance|104
3|The Guiding Principles for Human Rights Field Officers Working in Conflict and Post-conflict Environments|105
3|Conclusion|105
3|References|106
2|The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Impact and Future|109
3|Introduction|110
3|Development and Mandate|112
3|Reporting|114
3|General Comments and General Recommendations|117
3|Complaints Procedures|118
3|Inquiry Procedure|120
3|The OPCAT as an Alternative Model|122
3|Achievements|122
3|Challenges and Future Potential|124
3|Conclusion|126
3|References|127
2|The UN Human Rights Committee|130
3|Introduction|131
3|Historical Background|132
3|Membership and Composition|133
3|Functions|136
4|State Reporting|136
4|General Comments|140
4|Individual Communications and State Communications|143
3|Challenges and Promises|146
3|The Committee´s Legacy: A Critical Assessment|148
3|References|150
2|The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|155
3|Introduction|156
3|Background, Mandate, and Composition of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|157
3|The Committee´s Working Methods|158
3|Clarifying States´ Obligations with Regard to Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|161
3|A ``Violations Approach´´ to Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|163
3|A Right to Individual Complaints|164
3|The Extraterritorial Scope of Application of the Covenant|167
3|The Committee and the Extraterritorial Application of the Covenant|169
3|Extraterritorial Obligations and Business Activities Abroad|172
3|Future Potential|173
3|Challenges Ahead|174
3|Concluding Remarks|177
3|References|177
2|Gender in the UN: CEDAW and the Commission on the Status of Women|181
3|Introduction|182
3|Recurrent Themes|183
3|Establishment of the Commission on the Status of Women|185
3|Membership, Mandate, and Working Methods|186
3|The Working Group on Communications on the Status of Women|189
3|Relationship with UN Entities and Civil Society|191
3|Assessment of the Commission on the Status of Women|193
3|Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women|194
4|Establishment and Composition|194
4|Competence|195
4|The Reporting Procedure|196
4|General Recommendations|198
3|The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|200
3|Conclusion|204
3|References|205
2|The UN Security Council and Human Rights|210
3|Introduction|211
3|The Early Years of the Security Council´s Involvement with Human Rights|212
3|The Security Council and Human Rights Information|213
3|The Security Council´s Interaction with UN Human Rights Investigators|216
3|The Security Council´s Interaction with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights|217
3|The Security Council´s Discussions of Human Rights|219
3|The Security Council´s Evolving Approach to Human Rights as a Theme|220
3|Human Rights Components in Peace Operations|221
3|Commissions of Inquiry|223
3|Judicial Mechanisms|224
3|Council Visiting Missions|225
3|Sanctions|227
3|Human Rights in Security Council Conflict Prevention Action|230
3|Council Dynamics|231
3|Conclusions and a Look Ahead|232
3|References|233
4|Security Council Resolutions|233
4|Security Council Presidential Statements|235
4|Security Council Reports|235
4|Security Council Letters|235
4|Security Council Meeting Records|235
4|Other|236
4|UN Human Rights Council/Commission on Human Rights|236
4|General Assembly|237
2|International Labour Organization|238
3|Introduction|239
3|The ILO Mandate and Institutional Framework|240
3|Tripartism|241
3|Organs|241
3|Standard-Setting Function|242
3|ILO Regular Supervisory System|244
3|Representations|245
3|Complaints|246
3|Special Procedures Concerning Freedom of Association|247
3|Freedom of Association and Trade Union Rights|248
3|Right to Collective Bargaining|250
3|Trade Union Rights and Other Civil Liberties|251
3|Trade Union Rights and Democracy|252
3|Impact of ILO Standards in International Human Rights Law|252
3|Indigenous Peoples´ Rights|253
3|Indigenous Populations and the Idea of Integration|253
3|The Contribution of ILO Convention No. 169|255
3|Standard Review Initiatives|257
3|Conclusion|257
3|References|257
2|UNESCO and Human Rights|261
3|Introduction|262
3|Structure and Functions of UNESCO|262
3|Human Rights Within UNESCO´s Competence|264
3|Human Rights Standard Setting and Monitoring|267
3|UNESCO Procedure on Human Rights Violations: History and Purpose|268
3|Comparison with Other International Procedures|275
3|Concluding Remarks|277
3|References|278
4|UN and UNESCO Documents|278
2|A World Court of Human Rights|280
3|Introduction|281
3|Why Is the World Court of Human Rights a Good Idea?|282
3|Main Features of the Draft Statute of a World Court of Human Rights|284
3|Philip Alston´s Fundamental Critique of the Proposed World Court of Human Rights|285
3|Concern of Scale: Justiciability of all Human Rights|286
3|Concern of Scale: Universality|287
3|Concern of Scale: Budget|288
3|Concern of Power: Fact-Finding Powers|288
3|Concern of Power: Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies|289
3|Interim Measures|290
3|Concern of Power: ``Bindingness´´|291
3|Concern of Power: Advisory Opinions|293
3|Concerns of Vision|293
3|Legalism|293
3|Hierarchy|294
3|Entities|295
3|Universality|295
3|Philip Alston´s Conclusions|296
3|Final Remarks|297
3|References|298
2|National Human Rights Institutions|300
3|Introduction|301
3|NHRI Terminology and Typology|302
3|Origins, Mandate, and Functions of NHRIs|304
3|The Paris Principles and the Sub-Committee on Accreditation|305
3|International Engagement|309
3|Regional Organizations|313
3|Achievements and Challenges|315
3|Azerbaijan|315
3|Venezuela|316
3|Burundi|317
3|Conclusion|320
3|References|322
1|Part II: Human Rights Violations as Crimes: International Courts and Tribunals|325
2|Human Rights: The Nuremberg Legacy|326
3|Introduction|327
3|International Crimes and the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials: A Historical Overview|328
3|The Norms and Limitations of International Law before Nuremberg|329
3|A Court of International Justice: The Legacy of Nuremberg|332
3|Nuremberg and the Shaping of International Human Rights Law|334
3|The Gap of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Legacies: Victims´ Reparations|335
3|Conclusion|337
3|References|338
2|Human Rights: Future of Ad Hoc Tribunals|340
3|Introduction|341
3|The Human Rights Legacy of (Past) Ad Hoc Tribunals|342
3|The Future of Ad Hoc Tribunals: Continuing to Protect Human Rights?|350
3|Special Tribunal for Lebanon|350
3|Kosovo Specialist Chambers|353
3|Syria Mechanism|355
3|Conclusion|357
3|References|358
2|The International Criminal Court between Human Rights and Realpolitik|361
3|Introduction: The Road to the International Criminal Court|362
3|Structure of the International Criminal Court|364
3|Crimes ``of concern to the international community as a whole´´|366
4|Genocide|367
4|Crimes Against Humanity|368
4|War Crimes|370
4|The Crime of Aggression|373
3|``Trigger Mechanisms´´ and the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court|373
3|Admissibility Issues|375
3|Conclusion: The Unfulfilled Promises of the International Criminal Court|377
3|References|380
2|Enforcement of International Humanitarian Law|383
3|Introduction|384
3|Some Factors Inducing Compliance with IHL|386
3|Enforcing IHL|386
3|Enforcement at the Domestic Level|387
3|Enforcement at the Regional Level|390
3|The European Court of Human Rights|390
3|The Inter-American Court and Commission on Human Rights|391
3|The African Court and Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights|392
3|Enforcement at the International Level|394
3|Enforcement Mechanisms Included in IHL Treaties|394
3|Enforcement Through the United Nations System|395
3|Enforcement Through the Security Council|396
3|Enforcement Through the General Assembly|397
3|Enforcement Through the International Court of Justice|399
3|Enforcement of IHL Through International Criminal Law Mechanisms|399
3|Enforcement by Non-State Actors|400
3|Concluding Remarks|401
3|References|402
2|Transitional Justice for Human Rights: The Legacy and Future of Truth and Reconciliation Commissions|407
3|Introduction|408
3|What Is a Truth Commission? And What Is It Not?|409
3|The Malleable Universe of Truth Commissions|411
3|The Multiple Objectives of Truth Commissions|412
3|The Functions and Mandates of Truth Commissions|413
3|Truth Commissions in a Transitional Justice Context|414
3|What Truth Commissions Are Meant to Achieve: Claims and Evidence|415
3|Claims and Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Democracy|416
3|Evidence on the Impact of Truth Commissions on Democracy|416
3|Claims and Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Peace|417
3|Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Peace|418
3|Claims and Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Reconciliation|419
3|Evidence on the Impact of Truth Commissions on Reconciliation|420
3|Alternatives to Examining Truth Commission Impact|423
3|Truth Commission Reports and Recommendations|423
3|Some Reflections on the Future of Truth Commissions|424
3|References|425
1|Part III: Regional Human Rights Systems|427
2|The European Court of Human Rights: Achievements and Prospects|428
3|Introduction|429
3|Mandate and Functioning|429
3|Assessing the European Court´s Achievements|431
3|State Participation|432
3|The Court´s Jurisprudence|433
3|Human Rights in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations|437
3|Practice and Procedure: An Accessible System|437
3|Redress and Systemic Violations|440
3|The Election of Judges|441
3|Impact: The Implementation of Judgments|442
3|The Future Potential and the Challenges Ahead|444
3|References|446
4|European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence|447
2|The European Union Fundamental Rights Agency|448
3|The European Human Rights Landscape and the EU Fundamental Rights Agency|449
3|The Agency´s Institutional Setup: The Four Bodies of the Agency|451
3|The Networks of the Agency|453
3|The Staff and Resources of the Agency|454
3|The Agency´s Mandate: Objective and Substantive Purview|454
3|The Policy Areas Covered by the Agency´s Work|456
3|The Territorial Scope of the Agency|457
3|The Agency as a Provider of a Solid Evidence Base (Data Collection)|457
3|The Agency as a Consultative Center of Expertise (Policy Advice)|459
3|The Agency as a Communication Tool (``Multilogue´´ with Civil Society)|460
3|Challenges Ahead|462
3|References|463
2|The Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights|466
3|A Long Look Back|467
3|Protective Measures and the Prevention of Serious Human Rights Violations|476
3|Local Review and Enforcement of States´ Legal Obligations: Conventionality Control|477
3|A Brief Look Forward|479
3|References|481
2|The African Commission and Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|483
3|Introduction|484
3|African Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights: Background and Context|486
3|Decisions on the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies|487
3|Decisions on Communications on Merits|489
3|Adoption of Resolutions, Principles/Guidelines, General Comments, Model Laws, and Advisory Opinions|497
3|Special Rapporteurs, Working Groups, and Committees|501
3|Consideration of State Reports|502
3|African Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|502
3|Direct Access to the African Court by Individuals and NGOs|504
3|Indirect Access to the African Court Through the African Commission´s Referral of Communications to the African Court|508
3|Referral of Noncompliance or Unwillingness to Comply with the Commission´s Recommendations|508
3|Referral of Noncompliance with the Commission´s Request for Provisional (Interim) Measures|509
3|Referral of Serious or Massive Violations of Human Rights|510
3|Referral at ``Any Stage of the Examination of a Communication´´|510
3|Conclusion|510
3|References|512
2|Human Rights Mechanisms in the Arab World: Politics and Protection|514
3|Introduction|515
3|The League of Arab States´ Human Rights General Framework|516
3|The Arab Charter on Human Rights|517
3|The Arab Human Rights Committee|518
3|The Arab Court of Human Rights|519
3|Critical Review of the ACHR|522
3|The Exclusive Process of Drafting the ACHR´s Statute|522
3|Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the ACHR|523
3|Execution of ACHR Rulings|524
3|Access to the ACHR and Admissibility of Cases|525
3|Independence and Impartiality of the Court and Its Judges|526
3|Conclusion|527
3|References|528
2|ASEAN Human Rights Mechanisms|530
3|Introduction|531
3|The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Human Rights|532
3|Turning Point in ASEAN?|533
3|Toward an ASEAN Human Rights Regime|536
3|The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)|540
3|Mandate and Functions of the AICHR|541
3|The ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children (ACWC)|544
3|Mandate and Functions of the ACWC|545
3|The ASEAN Human Rights Commissions and Their Challenges|547
3|Conclusions: The Future of the ASEAN Human Rights System|549
3|References|551
2|Agenda for Strengthening Human Rights Institutions|554
3|Introduction|555
3|From Standards to Implementation: Human Rights Institutions Matter|556
3|Law, Politics, and Coherent Multilateralism|557
3|The Implementation Crisis: State Sovereignty and the Pitfalls of Bureaucracy|559
3|Persuasion, Coercion, and the Good Faith of States|561
3|Designing Human Rights Institutions: Participative Multilevel Human Rights Governance|563
3|The Importance of Follow-Up|565
3|Impact and Success: Measuring Compliance|568
3|Conclusion|569
3|References|570
1|Selected Human Rights Instruments|573
2|Selected Legal Texts (Excerpts)|573
3|Resolution 60/251 adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 15 March 2006: Human Rights Council|573
3|Resolution 48/141 Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 7 January 1994: High Commissioner for the Promotion and Pr...|575
3|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|577
3|Economic and Social Council resolution 1985/17, Adopted on 28 May 1985: Review of the Composition, Organization and Administra...|584
3|European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms|585
3|American Convention on Human Rights|593
3|African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|604
3|Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples´ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court of Human and Peoples´ Ri...|610
1|Index|617
1|Volume Preface|8
1|Contents|10
1|About the Series Editor|13
1|About the Editor|14
1|Contributors|15
1|Introduction to Human Rights Institutions: Legitimacy and Authority|17
2|Introduction|18
2|On the Authority and Legitimacy of Global Human Rights Institutions|19
2|A Moral Code of Human Rights|21
2|Secondary Agents of Justice|22
2|Charter Bodies|23
2|Treaty Bodies|26
2|Having the Final Say|27
2|When the Treaty Body Pronouncements Are Conclusive|29
2|When the Treaty Body Pronouncements Are Persuasive|31
2|On the Persuasiveness of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies|33
2|Conclusion|35
2|References|36
1|Part I: United Nations Human Rights Institutions|39
2|The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Politics and Provisions (1945-1948)|40
3|Introduction|41
3|Declaration Drafting: Setting Moral Standards for ``A World Made New´´|42
3|A Common Standard of Achievement: The Nature and Content of the Universal Declaration|45
3|Declaration Debates: Arguing the Appropriate Shape for Utopia|46
3|Universalism and Universality|50
3|Legacies and Legalities|54
3|Conclusion|59
3|References|60
2|The UN Human Rights Council: Achievements and Challenges in Its First Decade|63
3|Introduction|64
3|Achievements of the Human Rights Council|66
3|Human Rights Standard-Setting: Evolution and Political Legitimacy|66
3|The Universal Periodic Review in Balance: A (Short) Assessment of Its Experience|70
3|Challenges for the Human Rights Council|73
3|Limiting the Independence and Functions of Special Procedures Mandate-Holders|74
3|The (Limited?) Functions of the Advisory Committee to the Human Rights Council|76
3|Election to the Human Rights Council, or the Need for Higher Standards of Human Rights Observance|78
3|Concluding Thoughts|79
3|References|80
2|The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and Field Operations|83
3|Introduction|84
3|The UN Takes Stock After 25 Years|87
3|Capacity-Building and Human Rights|89
3|Exploding the Myths|90
3|``Good Practices´´ in Human Rights Field Operations|92
3|Use ``Emblematic Cases´´|92
3|Use Public Opinion Surveys to Identify Priorities and Generate Baseline Data|93
3|Twin Results-Based Monitoring with Results-Based Capacity-Building|93
3|Provide Program Budgets for Activities|93
3|Consult Beneficiaries Before Embarking on Assistance Efforts|94
3|Identify Allies as Senior as Possible in the Government Hierarchy|95
3|Work with Parliament and National Legislatures|96
3|Use Treaty Bodies and Special Procedures Strategically|96
3|Strengthen Local Ownership and Management and Leadership Skills|98
3|Colocate and Mentor/Coach|99
3|Develop Capacity to Handle Data|100
3|Link with UNCTs and ``Mainstreaming´´ Human Rights|100
3|Register, Certify, and Vet Judicial and Security Personnel|101
3|See the Human Rights Section as a ``Convener´´|102
3|Include National Human Rights Officers|103
3|Focus on Youth|104
3|Assess Training´s Impact on Performance|104
3|The Guiding Principles for Human Rights Field Officers Working in Conflict and Post-conflict Environments|105
3|Conclusion|105
3|References|106
2|The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Impact and Future|109
3|Introduction|110
3|Development and Mandate|112
3|Reporting|114
3|General Comments and General Recommendations|117
3|Complaints Procedures|118
3|Inquiry Procedure|120
3|The OPCAT as an Alternative Model|122
3|Achievements|122
3|Challenges and Future Potential|124
3|Conclusion|126
3|References|127
2|The UN Human Rights Committee|130
3|Introduction|131
3|Historical Background|132
3|Membership and Composition|133
3|Functions|136
4|State Reporting|136
4|General Comments|140
4|Individual Communications and State Communications|143
3|Challenges and Promises|146
3|The Committee´s Legacy: A Critical Assessment|148
3|References|150
2|The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|155
3|Introduction|156
3|Background, Mandate, and Composition of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|157
3|The Committee´s Working Methods|158
3|Clarifying States´ Obligations with Regard to Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|161
3|A ``Violations Approach´´ to Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|163
3|A Right to Individual Complaints|164
3|The Extraterritorial Scope of Application of the Covenant|167
3|The Committee and the Extraterritorial Application of the Covenant|169
3|Extraterritorial Obligations and Business Activities Abroad|172
3|Future Potential|173
3|Challenges Ahead|174
3|Concluding Remarks|177
3|References|177
2|Gender in the UN: CEDAW and the Commission on the Status of Women|181
3|Introduction|182
3|Recurrent Themes|183
3|Establishment of the Commission on the Status of Women|185
3|Membership, Mandate, and Working Methods|186
3|The Working Group on Communications on the Status of Women|189
3|Relationship with UN Entities and Civil Society|191
3|Assessment of the Commission on the Status of Women|193
3|Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women|194
4|Establishment and Composition|194
4|Competence|195
4|The Reporting Procedure|196
4|General Recommendations|198
3|The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|200
3|Conclusion|204
3|References|205
2|The UN Security Council and Human Rights|210
3|Introduction|211
3|The Early Years of the Security Council´s Involvement with Human Rights|212
3|The Security Council and Human Rights Information|213
3|The Security Council´s Interaction with UN Human Rights Investigators|216
3|The Security Council´s Interaction with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights|217
3|The Security Council´s Discussions of Human Rights|219
3|The Security Council´s Evolving Approach to Human Rights as a Theme|220
3|Human Rights Components in Peace Operations|221
3|Commissions of Inquiry|223
3|Judicial Mechanisms|224
3|Council Visiting Missions|225
3|Sanctions|227
3|Human Rights in Security Council Conflict Prevention Action|230
3|Council Dynamics|231
3|Conclusions and a Look Ahead|232
3|References|233
4|Security Council Resolutions|233
4|Security Council Presidential Statements|235
4|Security Council Reports|235
4|Security Council Letters|235
4|Security Council Meeting Records|235
4|Other|236
4|UN Human Rights Council/Commission on Human Rights|236
4|General Assembly|237
2|International Labour Organization|238
3|Introduction|239
3|The ILO Mandate and Institutional Framework|240
3|Tripartism|241
3|Organs|241
3|Standard-Setting Function|242
3|ILO Regular Supervisory System|244
3|Representations|245
3|Complaints|246
3|Special Procedures Concerning Freedom of Association|247
3|Freedom of Association and Trade Union Rights|248
3|Right to Collective Bargaining|250
3|Trade Union Rights and Other Civil Liberties|251
3|Trade Union Rights and Democracy|252
3|Impact of ILO Standards in International Human Rights Law|252
3|Indigenous Peoples´ Rights|253
3|Indigenous Populations and the Idea of Integration|253
3|The Contribution of ILO Convention No. 169|255
3|Standard Review Initiatives|257
3|Conclusion|257
3|References|257
2|UNESCO and Human Rights|261
3|Introduction|262
3|Structure and Functions of UNESCO|262
3|Human Rights Within UNESCO´s Competence|264
3|Human Rights Standard Setting and Monitoring|267
3|UNESCO Procedure on Human Rights Violations: History and Purpose|268
3|Comparison with Other International Procedures|275
3|Concluding Remarks|277
3|References|278
4|UN and UNESCO Documents|278
2|A World Court of Human Rights|280
3|Introduction|281
3|Why Is the World Court of Human Rights a Good Idea?|282
3|Main Features of the Draft Statute of a World Court of Human Rights|284
3|Philip Alston´s Fundamental Critique of the Proposed World Court of Human Rights|285
3|Concern of Scale: Justiciability of all Human Rights|286
3|Concern of Scale: Universality|287
3|Concern of Scale: Budget|288
3|Concern of Power: Fact-Finding Powers|288
3|Concern of Power: Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies|289
3|Interim Measures|290
3|Concern of Power: ``Bindingness´´|291
3|Concern of Power: Advisory Opinions|293
3|Concerns of Vision|293
3|Legalism|293
3|Hierarchy|294
3|Entities|295
3|Universality|295
3|Philip Alston´s Conclusions|296
3|Final Remarks|297
3|References|298
2|National Human Rights Institutions|300
3|Introduction|301
3|NHRI Terminology and Typology|302
3|Origins, Mandate, and Functions of NHRIs|304
3|The Paris Principles and the Sub-Committee on Accreditation|305
3|International Engagement|309
3|Regional Organizations|313
3|Achievements and Challenges|315
3|Azerbaijan|315
3|Venezuela|316
3|Burundi|317
3|Conclusion|320
3|References|322
1|Part II: Human Rights Violations as Crimes: International Courts and Tribunals|325
2|Human Rights: The Nuremberg Legacy|326
3|Introduction|327
3|International Crimes and the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials: A Historical Overview|328
3|The Norms and Limitations of International Law before Nuremberg|329
3|A Court of International Justice: The Legacy of Nuremberg|332
3|Nuremberg and the Shaping of International Human Rights Law|334
3|The Gap of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Legacies: Victims´ Reparations|335
3|Conclusion|337
3|References|338
2|Human Rights: Future of Ad Hoc Tribunals|340
3|Introduction|341
3|The Human Rights Legacy of (Past) Ad Hoc Tribunals|342
3|The Future of Ad Hoc Tribunals: Continuing to Protect Human Rights?|350
3|Special Tribunal for Lebanon|350
3|Kosovo Specialist Chambers|353
3|Syria Mechanism|355
3|Conclusion|357
3|References|358
2|The International Criminal Court between Human Rights and Realpolitik|361
3|Introduction: The Road to the International Criminal Court|362
3|Structure of the International Criminal Court|364
3|Crimes ``of concern to the international community as a whole´´|366
4|Genocide|367
4|Crimes Against Humanity|368
4|War Crimes|370
4|The Crime of Aggression|373
3|``Trigger Mechanisms´´ and the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court|373
3|Admissibility Issues|375
3|Conclusion: The Unfulfilled Promises of the International Criminal Court|377
3|References|380
2|Enforcement of International Humanitarian Law|383
3|Introduction|384
3|Some Factors Inducing Compliance with IHL|386
3|Enforcing IHL|386
3|Enforcement at the Domestic Level|387
3|Enforcement at the Regional Level|390
3|The European Court of Human Rights|390
3|The Inter-American Court and Commission on Human Rights|391
3|The African Court and Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights|392
3|Enforcement at the International Level|394
3|Enforcement Mechanisms Included in IHL Treaties|394
3|Enforcement Through the United Nations System|395
3|Enforcement Through the Security Council|396
3|Enforcement Through the General Assembly|397
3|Enforcement Through the International Court of Justice|399
3|Enforcement of IHL Through International Criminal Law Mechanisms|399
3|Enforcement by Non-State Actors|400
3|Concluding Remarks|401
3|References|402
2|Transitional Justice for Human Rights: The Legacy and Future of Truth and Reconciliation Commissions|407
3|Introduction|408
3|What Is a Truth Commission? And What Is It Not?|409
3|The Malleable Universe of Truth Commissions|411
3|The Multiple Objectives of Truth Commissions|412
3|The Functions and Mandates of Truth Commissions|413
3|Truth Commissions in a Transitional Justice Context|414
3|What Truth Commissions Are Meant to Achieve: Claims and Evidence|415
3|Claims and Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Democracy|416
3|Evidence on the Impact of Truth Commissions on Democracy|416
3|Claims and Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Peace|417
3|Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Peace|418
3|Claims and Evidence for the Impact of Truth Commissions on Reconciliation|419
3|Evidence on the Impact of Truth Commissions on Reconciliation|420
3|Alternatives to Examining Truth Commission Impact|423
3|Truth Commission Reports and Recommendations|423
3|Some Reflections on the Future of Truth Commissions|424
3|References|425
1|Part III: Regional Human Rights Systems|427
2|The European Court of Human Rights: Achievements and Prospects|428
3|Introduction|429
3|Mandate and Functioning|429
3|Assessing the European Court´s Achievements|431
3|State Participation|432
3|The Court´s Jurisprudence|433
3|Human Rights in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations|437
3|Practice and Procedure: An Accessible System|437
3|Redress and Systemic Violations|440
3|The Election of Judges|441
3|Impact: The Implementation of Judgments|442
3|The Future Potential and the Challenges Ahead|444
3|References|446
4|European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence|447
2|The European Union Fundamental Rights Agency|448
3|The European Human Rights Landscape and the EU Fundamental Rights Agency|449
3|The Agency´s Institutional Setup: The Four Bodies of the Agency|451
3|The Networks of the Agency|453
3|The Staff and Resources of the Agency|454
3|The Agency´s Mandate: Objective and Substantive Purview|454
3|The Policy Areas Covered by the Agency´s Work|456
3|The Territorial Scope of the Agency|457
3|The Agency as a Provider of a Solid Evidence Base (Data Collection)|457
3|The Agency as a Consultative Center of Expertise (Policy Advice)|459
3|The Agency as a Communication Tool (``Multilogue´´ with Civil Society)|460
3|Challenges Ahead|462
3|References|463
2|The Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights|466
3|A Long Look Back|467
3|Protective Measures and the Prevention of Serious Human Rights Violations|476
3|Local Review and Enforcement of States´ Legal Obligations: Conventionality Control|477
3|A Brief Look Forward|479
3|References|481
2|The African Commission and Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|483
3|Introduction|484
3|African Commission on Human and Peoples´ Rights: Background and Context|486
3|Decisions on the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies|487
3|Decisions on Communications on Merits|489
3|Adoption of Resolutions, Principles/Guidelines, General Comments, Model Laws, and Advisory Opinions|497
3|Special Rapporteurs, Working Groups, and Committees|501
3|Consideration of State Reports|502
3|African Court on Human and Peoples´ Rights|502
3|Direct Access to the African Court by Individuals and NGOs|504
3|Indirect Access to the African Court Through the African Commission´s Referral of Communications to the African Court|508
3|Referral of Noncompliance or Unwillingness to Comply with the Commission´s Recommendations|508
3|Referral of Noncompliance with the Commission´s Request for Provisional (Interim) Measures|509
3|Referral of Serious or Massive Violations of Human Rights|510
3|Referral at ``Any Stage of the Examination of a Communication´´|510
3|Conclusion|510
3|References|512
2|Human Rights Mechanisms in the Arab World: Politics and Protection|514
3|Introduction|515
3|The League of Arab States´ Human Rights General Framework|516
3|The Arab Charter on Human Rights|517
3|The Arab Human Rights Committee|518
3|The Arab Court of Human Rights|519
3|Critical Review of the ACHR|522
3|The Exclusive Process of Drafting the ACHR´s Statute|522
3|Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the ACHR|523
3|Execution of ACHR Rulings|524
3|Access to the ACHR and Admissibility of Cases|525
3|Independence and Impartiality of the Court and Its Judges|526
3|Conclusion|527
3|References|528
2|ASEAN Human Rights Mechanisms|530
3|Introduction|531
3|The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Human Rights|532
3|Turning Point in ASEAN?|533
3|Toward an ASEAN Human Rights Regime|536
3|The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)|540
3|Mandate and Functions of the AICHR|541
3|The ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children (ACWC)|544
3|Mandate and Functions of the ACWC|545
3|The ASEAN Human Rights Commissions and Their Challenges|547
3|Conclusions: The Future of the ASEAN Human Rights System|549
3|References|551
2|Agenda for Strengthening Human Rights Institutions|554
3|Introduction|555
3|From Standards to Implementation: Human Rights Institutions Matter|556
3|Law, Politics, and Coherent Multilateralism|557
3|The Implementation Crisis: State Sovereignty and the Pitfalls of Bureaucracy|559
3|Persuasion, Coercion, and the Good Faith of States|561
3|Designing Human Rights Institutions: Participative Multilevel Human Rights Governance|563
3|The Importance of Follow-Up|565
3|Impact and Success: Measuring Compliance|568
3|Conclusion|569
3|References|570
1|Selected Human Rights Instruments|573
2|Selected Legal Texts (Excerpts)|573
3|Resolution 60/251 adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 15 March 2006: Human Rights Council|573
3|Resolution 48/141 Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 7 January 1994: High Commissioner for the Promotion and Pr...|575
3|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|577
3|Economic and Social Council resolution 1985/17, Adopted on 28 May 1985: Review of the Composition, Organization and Administra...|584
3|European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms|585
3|American Convention on Human Rights|593
3|African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|604
3|Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples´ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court of Human and Peoples´ Ri...|610
1|Index|617