File #2429: "2018_Book_MigrationAndCrime.pdf"
Text
1|Contents|5
1|Notes on Contributors|7
1|List of Tables|12
1|1: Human Trafficking and Labor Exploitation of Migrants|13
2|1.1 Definition of Human Trafficking|13
2|1.2 Push and Pull Factors of Human Trafficking|15
2|1.3 Health|16
2|1.4 The Recruitment Stage|17
2|1.5 The Travel and Transit Stage|18
2|1.6 The Exploitation Stage|18
2|1.7 The Detention Stage|19
2|1.8 The Integration or Reintegration Stage|19
2|1.9 Emerging Evidence on Human Trafficking: Existing Evidence|20
3|The Study on Trafficking, Exploitation and Abuse in the Mekong Sub-region|20
3|Leaving the Trafficking Situation|22
2|1.10 Treatment by Family or Community in the Home Country|23
2|1.11 The Health of Trafficked Women: A Survey of Women Entering Post-Trafficking Services in Europe|23
2|References|24
1|2: The Middle East Refugee Crisis. Syria and Iraq Case|27
2|2.1 The Theoretical Perspective on Migration|31
2|2.2 The Push Factors of Migration Concerning Iraq and Syria|35
3|State Failure in Iraq and Syria|35
3|The Economic Factors|41
3|The Role of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in Perspectives of Migration in (Iraq and Syria)|45
2|2.3 Conclusion|49
2|References|50
1|3: Risk Factors of the Irregular Migratory Waves on the Western Balkan Route: Implications in the European Union Countries|56
2|3.1 Conceptual Framework of Irregular Migration and Irregular Migrants|59
2|3.2 Overview of Irregular Migration on the Western Balkan Route|60
2|3.3 Drivers of Irregular Migration|61
2|3.4 Profile of Irregular Migration on the Western Balkan Route|63
2|3.5 Risk Factors of Irregular Migration Along the Western Balkan Route and Their Consequences on EU Countries|66
2|3.6 A Theoretical Framework of Migrant Smuggling|66
2|3.7 Smuggling of Migrants on the Western Balkan Route|69
2|3.8 Human Trafficking on the Western Balkan Route|70
2|3.9 Consequences of Irregular Migration on the Western Balkan Route on Violence and Crime in the EU Countries|71
2|3.10 Conclusions|72
2|References|73
1|4: The Securitization of East-European Migrants. The Occurrence of Liminal Identities in the European Union|79
2|4.1 The Securitization Process|81
2|4.2 Practices of Inscribing “Eastness.” Narratives Depicting Roma as a Threat|86
2|4.3 EU Identity and the Othering Process|91
2|4.4 In Lieu of Conclusion|94
2|References|95
1|5: Making the Headlines: EU Immigration to the UK and the Wave of New Racism After Brexit|97
2|5.1 EU Immigration: Cultivating the “New(s)” Racism?|101
2|5.2 Immigration Before and After Brexit|104
2|5.3 Conclusion|110
2|References|113
1|6: Tales of Migration from the Global South. The Civilized and Uncivilized Migrant in the Narratives of La Tercera and El Mercurio|118
2|6.1 Nation, Neoliberalism and the Chilean Media|120
2|6.2 Tales of Civilized and Uncivilized Migrants in El Mercurio and La Tercera|127
2|6.3 Conclusions|141
2|References|142
1|7: From Neglect to Crime – The Role of Media in the 2015 European Migration Crisis. A Comparative Study in Three ECE Countries: Romania, Hungary and Slovenia|148
2|7.1 The Emergent Occasion. Contingencies|149
2|7.2 Explanatory Theory|152
2|7.3 Methodology and Data|154
2|7.4 Three Stories of the Same Year on Migration|155
3|Romania|155
3|Hungary|163
3|Slovenia|168
2|7.5 By Way of Conclusions|171
2|References|173
1|8: Violence Against Refugees and the Turkish Mainstream Media|176
2|8.1 Introduction and Historical Context|176
2|8.2 Methodology|181
2|8.3 Analysis of the Results|183
3|The Syrian Civil War in the Turkish Mainstream Media|183
2|8.4 The European Migrant Crisis and the Turkish Mainstream Media (2015)|184
3|Roots of the Crisis (2011–2014)|184
3|The Crisis|186
3|ISIS Attacks in Turkey and Mainstream Turkish Media|187
3|Mainstream Media in Turkey|190
3|News about Violence against Refugees in EU in Turkish Mainstream Media between 2015 and 2017|192
2|8.5 Conclusions|198
2|References|199
1|9: Victims or Aggresors? Framing Romanian Migrants and Crime in Two British Newspapers|203
2|9.1 Theoretical Background|204
3|Social Constructivism and Violence|204
3|Framing Theory and Crime|207
2|9.2 Elements of Methodology|209
2|9.3 Analysis of the Results|210
2|9.4 Conclusions|215
2|References|216
1|10: Changing Images of Migrants and Crime in Romanian Mass Media|220
2|10.1 Theoretical Elements|221
2|10.2 Methodology|223
2|10.3 Media Coverage of Romanian Emigrants|225
3|Quantitative Data on Sources|225
3|Journalism Genres Used in Media Coverage of the Emigrants|226
3|Pictures, Videos, Graphics and Maps|226
3|Number of Views per Article|227
3|Readers’ Comments|229
3|Journalists’ Sources of Information|229
3|What Are the Venues Abroad for Romanian Emigrants?|230
3|Journalistic Perspectives on Romanian Emigrants|231
2|10.4 Romanian Emigrants and Crime|231
3|The Country in Which the Act of Violence Occurred|232
3|Type of Crime|232
3|Portrayals of Victim and Aggressor in the Romanian Media|233
3|The Resident: Aggressor or Victim?|234
3|The Romanian Emigrant as Aggressor|234
3|The Romanian Emigrant as Victim|235
3|Life History of Romanian Emigrants|235
3|“Primary Definers of the Situation” as Used by Romanian Media|235
3|Public Opinion|237
2|10.5 Conclusions|237
2|References|239
1|11: Online Media Representation of Moldovan Emigrants and Crimes|241
2|11.1 Introduction and Context|241
2|11.2 Methodology|244
2|11.3 The Reflection of the Emigration Phenomenon in Moldovan Online Media|245
3|The Type of Article|246
3|Number of Views and Comments|246
3|Locating Emigrants|249
3|The Perspective from Which Emigrants Were Approached|250
3|The Source of the Article|250
2|11.4 Violence and Moldovan Emigrants in Online Media|250
3|The Type of Crimes|251
3|The Number of People Involved|251
3|The Emigrant Is the Aggressor or Victim|251
3|The Crimes Committed by Emigrants|253
3|The Emigrant Before the Violent Episode|254
2|11.5 Conclusions|255
2|References|256
1|12: Prisoners’ Emigration Goals and Achievements Before and After Release|258
2|12.1 Theory|259
2|12.2 Methodology|261
3|Extract Methodology|262
2|12.3 Expectations Before Release|262
3|Expectations|262
3|Main Goals After Release, Identified While in Prison|263
3|Reunification with Family and Improvement of Relations with Its Members|264
3|Starting a Family and Having Children|264
3|Recovering After the Prison Experience|265
3|Continue Former Projects or Activities|265
3|Regain Professional and Economic Status|266
3|Social Retreat|266
3|Staying Out of Trouble and Not Going Back to Prison|266
3|Emigrate or Be Economically Active in Another Country?|267
2|12.4 Rebirth|268
3|First Week After Release|269
3|First Month After Release|271
3|After Three Months|273
2|12.5 Conclusion|275
2|References|276
1|Index|277
1|Notes on Contributors|7
1|List of Tables|12
1|1: Human Trafficking and Labor Exploitation of Migrants|13
2|1.1 Definition of Human Trafficking|13
2|1.2 Push and Pull Factors of Human Trafficking|15
2|1.3 Health|16
2|1.4 The Recruitment Stage|17
2|1.5 The Travel and Transit Stage|18
2|1.6 The Exploitation Stage|18
2|1.7 The Detention Stage|19
2|1.8 The Integration or Reintegration Stage|19
2|1.9 Emerging Evidence on Human Trafficking: Existing Evidence|20
3|The Study on Trafficking, Exploitation and Abuse in the Mekong Sub-region|20
3|Leaving the Trafficking Situation|22
2|1.10 Treatment by Family or Community in the Home Country|23
2|1.11 The Health of Trafficked Women: A Survey of Women Entering Post-Trafficking Services in Europe|23
2|References|24
1|2: The Middle East Refugee Crisis. Syria and Iraq Case|27
2|2.1 The Theoretical Perspective on Migration|31
2|2.2 The Push Factors of Migration Concerning Iraq and Syria|35
3|State Failure in Iraq and Syria|35
3|The Economic Factors|41
3|The Role of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in Perspectives of Migration in (Iraq and Syria)|45
2|2.3 Conclusion|49
2|References|50
1|3: Risk Factors of the Irregular Migratory Waves on the Western Balkan Route: Implications in the European Union Countries|56
2|3.1 Conceptual Framework of Irregular Migration and Irregular Migrants|59
2|3.2 Overview of Irregular Migration on the Western Balkan Route|60
2|3.3 Drivers of Irregular Migration|61
2|3.4 Profile of Irregular Migration on the Western Balkan Route|63
2|3.5 Risk Factors of Irregular Migration Along the Western Balkan Route and Their Consequences on EU Countries|66
2|3.6 A Theoretical Framework of Migrant Smuggling|66
2|3.7 Smuggling of Migrants on the Western Balkan Route|69
2|3.8 Human Trafficking on the Western Balkan Route|70
2|3.9 Consequences of Irregular Migration on the Western Balkan Route on Violence and Crime in the EU Countries|71
2|3.10 Conclusions|72
2|References|73
1|4: The Securitization of East-European Migrants. The Occurrence of Liminal Identities in the European Union|79
2|4.1 The Securitization Process|81
2|4.2 Practices of Inscribing “Eastness.” Narratives Depicting Roma as a Threat|86
2|4.3 EU Identity and the Othering Process|91
2|4.4 In Lieu of Conclusion|94
2|References|95
1|5: Making the Headlines: EU Immigration to the UK and the Wave of New Racism After Brexit|97
2|5.1 EU Immigration: Cultivating the “New(s)” Racism?|101
2|5.2 Immigration Before and After Brexit|104
2|5.3 Conclusion|110
2|References|113
1|6: Tales of Migration from the Global South. The Civilized and Uncivilized Migrant in the Narratives of La Tercera and El Mercurio|118
2|6.1 Nation, Neoliberalism and the Chilean Media|120
2|6.2 Tales of Civilized and Uncivilized Migrants in El Mercurio and La Tercera|127
2|6.3 Conclusions|141
2|References|142
1|7: From Neglect to Crime – The Role of Media in the 2015 European Migration Crisis. A Comparative Study in Three ECE Countries: Romania, Hungary and Slovenia|148
2|7.1 The Emergent Occasion. Contingencies|149
2|7.2 Explanatory Theory|152
2|7.3 Methodology and Data|154
2|7.4 Three Stories of the Same Year on Migration|155
3|Romania|155
3|Hungary|163
3|Slovenia|168
2|7.5 By Way of Conclusions|171
2|References|173
1|8: Violence Against Refugees and the Turkish Mainstream Media|176
2|8.1 Introduction and Historical Context|176
2|8.2 Methodology|181
2|8.3 Analysis of the Results|183
3|The Syrian Civil War in the Turkish Mainstream Media|183
2|8.4 The European Migrant Crisis and the Turkish Mainstream Media (2015)|184
3|Roots of the Crisis (2011–2014)|184
3|The Crisis|186
3|ISIS Attacks in Turkey and Mainstream Turkish Media|187
3|Mainstream Media in Turkey|190
3|News about Violence against Refugees in EU in Turkish Mainstream Media between 2015 and 2017|192
2|8.5 Conclusions|198
2|References|199
1|9: Victims or Aggresors? Framing Romanian Migrants and Crime in Two British Newspapers|203
2|9.1 Theoretical Background|204
3|Social Constructivism and Violence|204
3|Framing Theory and Crime|207
2|9.2 Elements of Methodology|209
2|9.3 Analysis of the Results|210
2|9.4 Conclusions|215
2|References|216
1|10: Changing Images of Migrants and Crime in Romanian Mass Media|220
2|10.1 Theoretical Elements|221
2|10.2 Methodology|223
2|10.3 Media Coverage of Romanian Emigrants|225
3|Quantitative Data on Sources|225
3|Journalism Genres Used in Media Coverage of the Emigrants|226
3|Pictures, Videos, Graphics and Maps|226
3|Number of Views per Article|227
3|Readers’ Comments|229
3|Journalists’ Sources of Information|229
3|What Are the Venues Abroad for Romanian Emigrants?|230
3|Journalistic Perspectives on Romanian Emigrants|231
2|10.4 Romanian Emigrants and Crime|231
3|The Country in Which the Act of Violence Occurred|232
3|Type of Crime|232
3|Portrayals of Victim and Aggressor in the Romanian Media|233
3|The Resident: Aggressor or Victim?|234
3|The Romanian Emigrant as Aggressor|234
3|The Romanian Emigrant as Victim|235
3|Life History of Romanian Emigrants|235
3|“Primary Definers of the Situation” as Used by Romanian Media|235
3|Public Opinion|237
2|10.5 Conclusions|237
2|References|239
1|11: Online Media Representation of Moldovan Emigrants and Crimes|241
2|11.1 Introduction and Context|241
2|11.2 Methodology|244
2|11.3 The Reflection of the Emigration Phenomenon in Moldovan Online Media|245
3|The Type of Article|246
3|Number of Views and Comments|246
3|Locating Emigrants|249
3|The Perspective from Which Emigrants Were Approached|250
3|The Source of the Article|250
2|11.4 Violence and Moldovan Emigrants in Online Media|250
3|The Type of Crimes|251
3|The Number of People Involved|251
3|The Emigrant Is the Aggressor or Victim|251
3|The Crimes Committed by Emigrants|253
3|The Emigrant Before the Violent Episode|254
2|11.5 Conclusions|255
2|References|256
1|12: Prisoners’ Emigration Goals and Achievements Before and After Release|258
2|12.1 Theory|259
2|12.2 Methodology|261
3|Extract Methodology|262
2|12.3 Expectations Before Release|262
3|Expectations|262
3|Main Goals After Release, Identified While in Prison|263
3|Reunification with Family and Improvement of Relations with Its Members|264
3|Starting a Family and Having Children|264
3|Recovering After the Prison Experience|265
3|Continue Former Projects or Activities|265
3|Regain Professional and Economic Status|266
3|Social Retreat|266
3|Staying Out of Trouble and Not Going Back to Prison|266
3|Emigrate or Be Economically Active in Another Country?|267
2|12.4 Rebirth|268
3|First Week After Release|269
3|First Month After Release|271
3|After Three Months|273
2|12.5 Conclusion|275
2|References|276
1|Index|277