File #2451: "2018_Book_RegulatoryGapsInBalticSeaGover.pdf"
Text
1|Series Foreword|6
1|Preface|7
1|Contents|9
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|11
1|Chapter 2: Gaps in Baltic Sea Maritime Boundaries|16
2|2.1 Introduction|16
2|2.2 Applicable Primary Sources and Legal Principles|17
2|2.3 Existing Maritime Delimitation Agreements in the Baltic Sea|22
3|2.3.1 New Agreements|25
3|2.3.2 Existing Agreements|26
2|2.4 Remaining Gaps|27
3|2.4.1 One of the Required Bilateral Agreements Is Missing|28
4|2.4.1.1 One of the Required Bilateral Agreements Has Been Signed, But Not Ratified|28
4|2.4.1.2 All Required Bilateral Agreements Have Been Duly Signed and Ratified|28
2|2.5 Conclusions|29
1|Chapter 3: Straits in the Baltic Sea: What Passage Rights Apply?|30
2|3.1 Introduction|30
2|3.2 The Law Prior to UNCLOS|32
2|3.3 The 1982 UNCLOS Regime of Passage Through Straits Used for International Navigation|34
3|3.3.1 Transit Passage|35
3|3.3.2 Exceptions|36
3|3.3.3 Innocent Passage vs. Transit Passage|36
2|3.4 The Major Baltic Sea Straits|43
3|3.4.1 The Åland Strait|44
3|3.4.2 The Danish Straits|47
2|3.5 Interpretive Positions Regarding Art. 35 (c)|49
2|3.6 Conclusions|52
1|Chapter 4: Regulating Eutrophication – Flexible Legal Approaches and Environmental Governance in the Baltic Sea Area|54
2|4.1 Introduction|54
2|4.2 Purpose, Aim and Outline|57
2|4.3 The Ecosystem Approach|58
2|4.4 The Regulatory Instruments|60
3|4.4.1 General Regulatory Aim and Design|60
3|4.4.2 Legal Status and Requirements|61
3|4.4.3 Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Approach|63
2|4.5 Flexible Legal Approaches|64
3|4.5.1 Background to Integrating the Ecosystem Approach|64
3|4.5.2 Regulatory Approaches|66
2|4.6 Enforcement and Goal Achievement|68
3|4.6.1 Assessing Compliance|68
3|4.6.2 Supervision and Control|69
3|4.6.3 Compliance Review and Processes|71
3|4.6.4 Judgments|72
3|4.6.5 Managerial Process|73
2|4.7 Conclusions|75
1|Chapter 5: The Lack of Regulation of Chemical Mixtures and Its Legal Consequences in the Baltic Sea Area|77
2|5.1 Introduction – A World of Chemicals|77
2|5.2 The Baltic Sea – One of the Most Polluted Sea Area in the World|80
2|5.3 A Conceptual Introduction|81
2|5.4 Current Policies and Legislation Related to the Combination Effects of Chemicals|83
3|5.4.1 International Regulation in Relation to the Baltic Sea|83
3|5.4.2 EU Legislation Relating to the Combination Effects of Chemicals in the Sea|84
4|5.4.2.1 Directive 2000/60/EC Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy – (WFD)|85
4|5.4.2.2 Directive 2008/56/EC Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Marine Environmental Policy – (MSFD)|86
4|5.4.2.3 Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals – (REACH)|87
4|5.4.2.4 Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 Concerning the Making Available on the Market and the Use of Biocidal Products – (BPR)|89
4|5.4.2.5 Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market – (PPR)|90
4|5.4.2.6 Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial Emissions (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) – (IED)|91
2|5.5 Analysis of the Existing Legal Instruments for Handling the Combination effects of Chemicals in the Baltic Sea|92
2|5.6 Conclusions|94
1|Chapter 6: Salvage of Wrecks in the Baltic Sea – A Finnish Perspective|96
2|6.1 Introduction|96
2|6.2 Salvage Law Versus Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage|99
2|6.3 Short Review of Some International Conventions Relevant to Salvage|101
3|6.3.1 The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|101
3|6.3.2 The 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage|103
3|6.3.3 The Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks of 2007|105
2|6.4 Definition of a Shipwreck|106
2|6.5 Scope of Application of the Salvage Convention and the Nordic Perspective|107
2|6.6 Relevance of Ownership to Wrecks and Their Cargo|109
3|6.6.1 Conclusion of a Salvage Contract|110
3|6.6.2 Abandonment|111
3|6.6.3 Ownership by Appropriation|113
3|6.6.4 Lost Property Act|114
2|6.7 General Rights of Salvors|114
3|6.7.1 Right of Salvage and the Salvage Reward|114
3|6.7.2 Right of the First Salvor|116
2|6.8 Salvage of Historical Wrecks|117
2|6.9 Concluding Remarks|119
3|6.9.1 Relevance of International Conventions|119
3|6.9.2 Salvage of Historical Wrecks|120
3|6.9.3 Salvage of Wrecks Not Considered Historical|121
3|6.9.4 Jurisdiction of National Courts|122
3|6.9.5 Nature of Legal Regime|122
1|Chapter 7: Government Action Against Wrecks – A Finnish Perspective in Light of International Law|124
2|7.1 Introduction|124
2|7.2 Provisions of Relevant Legislation|125
3|7.2.1 Enactments of the Parliament of Finland|125
3|7.2.2 Enactments Within the Legislative Competence of the Åland Islands|128
2|7.3 Risk of Pollution of Waters|129
2|7.4 Considerations of Traffic Safety|141
2|7.5 Wrecks as Waste|145
2|7.6 Concluding Remarks|151
1|Chapter 8: Subsea Gas Pipelines in the Baltic Sea Area – Civil Liability Issues|154
2|8.1 Introduction|154
2|8.2 Public International Law Background|156
3|8.2.1 The Right to Lay Subsea Pipelines|156
3|8.2.2 Obligations to Protect the Marine Environment|157
2|8.3 Civil Liability – Rules and Principles|158
3|8.3.1 General|158
3|8.3.2 Choice of Applicable Law|160
3|8.3.3 The Nord Stream Project as a Case Study|164
4|8.3.3.1 Background|164
4|8.3.3.2 Finnish Law on Liability and Compensation|165
5|General Rules|165
5|Environmental Liability Rules|167
6|Environmental Damage Act|167
6|EU Directive 2004/35|169
4|8.3.3.3 Summary of Civil Liability Rules Applicable to the Finnish EEZ|173
2|8.4 Conclusion and Discussion|174
1|Chapter 9: Using the Continental Shelf for Climate Change Mitigation: A Baltic Sea Perspective|176
2|9.1 Climate Change Mitigation and the Seabed|176
2|9.2 Carbon Capture and Storage – Technology in Context|178
2|9.3 CCS – General Regulatory Preconditions|181
3|9.3.1 Introduction|181
4|9.3.1.1 Maritime Areas and Their Relevance to CCS|181
2|9.4 EU Law Relevant to CCS: General Preconditions|186
3|9.4.1 EU Law and Pertinent International Law|186
3|9.4.2 The Regulation of CCS in EU Law|187
2|9.5 Legal Premises for CCS in the Baltic Sea Area|188
2|9.6 Conflicting Interests and cooperation Relating to CCS in the Baltic Sea|191
3|9.6.1 CCS and Other Legitimate Uses of the Seabed|191
3|9.6.2 International Law|192
3|9.6.3 EU Law|196
2|9.7 Conclusions|199
1|Chapter 10: Concluding Remarks: Regulatory Gaps and Broader Governance Patterns in the Baltic Sea|201
2|10.1 Introduction|201
2|10.2 Jurisdictional Rules (UNCLOS)|202
2|10.3 Substantive Rules|205
2|10.4 General Notes on Environmental Regulation|209
2|10.5 Gaps and Regulatory Layers|210
2|10.6 Substantive Gaps|211
2|10.7 How Are the Gaps Filled?|212
2|10.8 Gaps as Opportunities?|213
1|Index|216
1|Preface|7
1|Contents|9
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|11
1|Chapter 2: Gaps in Baltic Sea Maritime Boundaries|16
2|2.1 Introduction|16
2|2.2 Applicable Primary Sources and Legal Principles|17
2|2.3 Existing Maritime Delimitation Agreements in the Baltic Sea|22
3|2.3.1 New Agreements|25
3|2.3.2 Existing Agreements|26
2|2.4 Remaining Gaps|27
3|2.4.1 One of the Required Bilateral Agreements Is Missing|28
4|2.4.1.1 One of the Required Bilateral Agreements Has Been Signed, But Not Ratified|28
4|2.4.1.2 All Required Bilateral Agreements Have Been Duly Signed and Ratified|28
2|2.5 Conclusions|29
1|Chapter 3: Straits in the Baltic Sea: What Passage Rights Apply?|30
2|3.1 Introduction|30
2|3.2 The Law Prior to UNCLOS|32
2|3.3 The 1982 UNCLOS Regime of Passage Through Straits Used for International Navigation|34
3|3.3.1 Transit Passage|35
3|3.3.2 Exceptions|36
3|3.3.3 Innocent Passage vs. Transit Passage|36
2|3.4 The Major Baltic Sea Straits|43
3|3.4.1 The Åland Strait|44
3|3.4.2 The Danish Straits|47
2|3.5 Interpretive Positions Regarding Art. 35 (c)|49
2|3.6 Conclusions|52
1|Chapter 4: Regulating Eutrophication – Flexible Legal Approaches and Environmental Governance in the Baltic Sea Area|54
2|4.1 Introduction|54
2|4.2 Purpose, Aim and Outline|57
2|4.3 The Ecosystem Approach|58
2|4.4 The Regulatory Instruments|60
3|4.4.1 General Regulatory Aim and Design|60
3|4.4.2 Legal Status and Requirements|61
3|4.4.3 Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Approach|63
2|4.5 Flexible Legal Approaches|64
3|4.5.1 Background to Integrating the Ecosystem Approach|64
3|4.5.2 Regulatory Approaches|66
2|4.6 Enforcement and Goal Achievement|68
3|4.6.1 Assessing Compliance|68
3|4.6.2 Supervision and Control|69
3|4.6.3 Compliance Review and Processes|71
3|4.6.4 Judgments|72
3|4.6.5 Managerial Process|73
2|4.7 Conclusions|75
1|Chapter 5: The Lack of Regulation of Chemical Mixtures and Its Legal Consequences in the Baltic Sea Area|77
2|5.1 Introduction – A World of Chemicals|77
2|5.2 The Baltic Sea – One of the Most Polluted Sea Area in the World|80
2|5.3 A Conceptual Introduction|81
2|5.4 Current Policies and Legislation Related to the Combination Effects of Chemicals|83
3|5.4.1 International Regulation in Relation to the Baltic Sea|83
3|5.4.2 EU Legislation Relating to the Combination Effects of Chemicals in the Sea|84
4|5.4.2.1 Directive 2000/60/EC Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy – (WFD)|85
4|5.4.2.2 Directive 2008/56/EC Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Marine Environmental Policy – (MSFD)|86
4|5.4.2.3 Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals – (REACH)|87
4|5.4.2.4 Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 Concerning the Making Available on the Market and the Use of Biocidal Products – (BPR)|89
4|5.4.2.5 Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market – (PPR)|90
4|5.4.2.6 Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial Emissions (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) – (IED)|91
2|5.5 Analysis of the Existing Legal Instruments for Handling the Combination effects of Chemicals in the Baltic Sea|92
2|5.6 Conclusions|94
1|Chapter 6: Salvage of Wrecks in the Baltic Sea – A Finnish Perspective|96
2|6.1 Introduction|96
2|6.2 Salvage Law Versus Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage|99
2|6.3 Short Review of Some International Conventions Relevant to Salvage|101
3|6.3.1 The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|101
3|6.3.2 The 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage|103
3|6.3.3 The Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks of 2007|105
2|6.4 Definition of a Shipwreck|106
2|6.5 Scope of Application of the Salvage Convention and the Nordic Perspective|107
2|6.6 Relevance of Ownership to Wrecks and Their Cargo|109
3|6.6.1 Conclusion of a Salvage Contract|110
3|6.6.2 Abandonment|111
3|6.6.3 Ownership by Appropriation|113
3|6.6.4 Lost Property Act|114
2|6.7 General Rights of Salvors|114
3|6.7.1 Right of Salvage and the Salvage Reward|114
3|6.7.2 Right of the First Salvor|116
2|6.8 Salvage of Historical Wrecks|117
2|6.9 Concluding Remarks|119
3|6.9.1 Relevance of International Conventions|119
3|6.9.2 Salvage of Historical Wrecks|120
3|6.9.3 Salvage of Wrecks Not Considered Historical|121
3|6.9.4 Jurisdiction of National Courts|122
3|6.9.5 Nature of Legal Regime|122
1|Chapter 7: Government Action Against Wrecks – A Finnish Perspective in Light of International Law|124
2|7.1 Introduction|124
2|7.2 Provisions of Relevant Legislation|125
3|7.2.1 Enactments of the Parliament of Finland|125
3|7.2.2 Enactments Within the Legislative Competence of the Åland Islands|128
2|7.3 Risk of Pollution of Waters|129
2|7.4 Considerations of Traffic Safety|141
2|7.5 Wrecks as Waste|145
2|7.6 Concluding Remarks|151
1|Chapter 8: Subsea Gas Pipelines in the Baltic Sea Area – Civil Liability Issues|154
2|8.1 Introduction|154
2|8.2 Public International Law Background|156
3|8.2.1 The Right to Lay Subsea Pipelines|156
3|8.2.2 Obligations to Protect the Marine Environment|157
2|8.3 Civil Liability – Rules and Principles|158
3|8.3.1 General|158
3|8.3.2 Choice of Applicable Law|160
3|8.3.3 The Nord Stream Project as a Case Study|164
4|8.3.3.1 Background|164
4|8.3.3.2 Finnish Law on Liability and Compensation|165
5|General Rules|165
5|Environmental Liability Rules|167
6|Environmental Damage Act|167
6|EU Directive 2004/35|169
4|8.3.3.3 Summary of Civil Liability Rules Applicable to the Finnish EEZ|173
2|8.4 Conclusion and Discussion|174
1|Chapter 9: Using the Continental Shelf for Climate Change Mitigation: A Baltic Sea Perspective|176
2|9.1 Climate Change Mitigation and the Seabed|176
2|9.2 Carbon Capture and Storage – Technology in Context|178
2|9.3 CCS – General Regulatory Preconditions|181
3|9.3.1 Introduction|181
4|9.3.1.1 Maritime Areas and Their Relevance to CCS|181
2|9.4 EU Law Relevant to CCS: General Preconditions|186
3|9.4.1 EU Law and Pertinent International Law|186
3|9.4.2 The Regulation of CCS in EU Law|187
2|9.5 Legal Premises for CCS in the Baltic Sea Area|188
2|9.6 Conflicting Interests and cooperation Relating to CCS in the Baltic Sea|191
3|9.6.1 CCS and Other Legitimate Uses of the Seabed|191
3|9.6.2 International Law|192
3|9.6.3 EU Law|196
2|9.7 Conclusions|199
1|Chapter 10: Concluding Remarks: Regulatory Gaps and Broader Governance Patterns in the Baltic Sea|201
2|10.1 Introduction|201
2|10.2 Jurisdictional Rules (UNCLOS)|202
2|10.3 Substantive Rules|205
2|10.4 General Notes on Environmental Regulation|209
2|10.5 Gaps and Regulatory Layers|210
2|10.6 Substantive Gaps|211
2|10.7 How Are the Gaps Filled?|212
2|10.8 Gaps as Opportunities?|213
1|Index|216