File #2452: "2018_Book_BeyondGenocideTransitionalJust.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|7
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Abbreviations|14
1|1 Introduction|16
2|Abstract|16
2|1.1 Introduction|17
3|1.1.1 Central Research Problems and the Delimitation of the Research Domain|23
3|1.1.2 Originality of the Research|26
3|1.1.3 Methodology|30
3|1.1.4 Key Terms: Gacaca, Traditional and Informal Justice Systems|32
3|1.1.5 Outline|35
2|References|37
1|2 The Crime of Genocide and Its Contextual Features in Rwanda|41
2|Abstract|41
2|2.1 Historical Development of the Crime of Genocide|42
3|2.1.1 The Origins|43
3|2.1.2 Versailles Treaty and Leipzig Trials|44
3|2.1.3 Lemkin’s Contribution to the Emerging of Genocide in International Law: ‘An Old Practice in Its Modern Development’|47
3|2.1.4 Developments Leading to the London Conference|48
3|2.1.5 UN General Assembly Resolution 96(I) 1946|49
2|2.2 The Genocide Convention|50
3|2.2.1 The Objective Element of the Crime of Genocide|52
3|2.2.2 The Subjective Element of the Crime of Genocide|56
2|2.3 The Rwandan Genocide|57
3|2.3.1 The Ancient Kingdom and the Origin of Hutu and Tutsi|59
3|2.3.2 The Hutu Social Revolution|61
3|2.3.3 The Unfolding of the Genocide|64
3|2.3.4 Challenges for Post-Genocide Justice|67
2|2.4 Political Transition in the Aftermath of the Genocide|70
2|2.5 Constitutional Transition and the Role of Post-Genocide Justice|73
2|References|76
1|3 A Framework for Post-Genocide Rwanda: Legal Imperatives Concerning Transitional Justice|78
2|Abstract|78
2|3.1 Introduction|79
2|3.2 Transitional Justice and Constitution-Building Processes|80
2|3.3 The Right to Reparation in International Law|83
3|3.3.1 Forms of Reparation|90
3|3.3.2 Recent Developments in International Criminal Law|93
2|3.4 The Duty to Prosecute in International Law|95
2|3.5 The Right to the Truth in International Law|109
2|References|112
1|4 Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda: Ordinary Courts|114
2|Abstract|114
2|4.1 Domestic Responses to the Rwandan Genocide|114
3|4.1.1 Organic Law 8/1996|116
3|4.1.2 The Reform of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Law 9/1996|122
4|4.1.2.1 The Problem of the Length and Conditions of Detention|129
3|4.1.3 The Domestic Trials|131
2|References|135
1|5 National Responses to the Rwandan Genocide: Gacaca Courts|137
2|Abstract|137
2|5.1 Traditional Gacaca from Precolonial Time to the Eve of Genocide|138
2|5.2 The Legal Framework of Inkiko Gacaca|140
2|5.3 Organic Law 40/2000|144
3|5.3.1 Compensation Fund|152
2|5.4 Organic Law 33/2001|153
2|5.5 Organic Law 16/2004|154
3|5.5.1 Confession and Guilty Plea Procedure|157
3|5.5.2 Sanctions|158
3|5.5.3 Appeal|161
2|5.6 Organic Law 28/2006|163
2|5.7 Organic Law 10/2007|163
2|5.8 Organic Law 13/2008|164
2|5.9 Organic Law 04/2012 Terminating Gacaca Courts and Determining Mechanisms for Solving Issues Which Were Under Their Jurisdiction|166
2|References|168
1|6 Gacaca Courts Under Human Rights Scrutiny|170
2|Abstract|170
2|6.1 Premise|171
2|6.2 Principle of Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Law|173
2|6.3 Fair Trial Standards|177
3|6.3.1 Equality Before Courts and Tribunals|179
3|6.3.2 The Prohibition Against Trial by Special Tribunals|181
3|6.3.3 The Right to Be Tried by a Competent, Impartial and Independent Tribunal|184
3|6.3.4 The Right to a Counsel and the Right to a Defence|188
3|6.3.5 Presumption of Innocence|190
3|6.3.6 The Burden and Standards of Proof|192
3|6.3.7 Trial in Absentia|193
3|6.3.8 Ne bis in idem|193
2|References|195
1|7 Gacaca Jurisdictions in Practice|197
2|Abstract|197
2|7.1 Overview|198
2|7.2 The Preparation of Gacaca Jurisdictions|200
2|7.3 The Pre-gacaca|202
2|7.4 The Election and Training of the Judges|204
2|7.5 The Launch of Gacaca Courts|206
2|7.6 The Judgement Phase|213
3|7.6.1 The Gacaca Judgements: An Overview|214
2|7.7 The Perspective of Women and Children|219
2|7.8 Shortcomings of Gacaca Trials|223
2|References|230
1|8 The Reconciliation Process in Rwanda|232
2|Abstract|232
2|8.1 Post-Violence Reconciliation: A Framework for Rwanda|233
2|8.2 The Official Discourse|239
2|8.3 Genocide Denial and Memory Wars|244
3|8.3.1 Rwandan Policy on Divisionism, Sectarianism and Genocide Denial|247
3|8.3.2 The Rwandan Law 18/2008 on Genocide Ideology|250
4|8.3.2.1 Impact of Law 18/2008 on Rwandan Society|254
2|8.4 The Meaning of Reconciliation According to Rwandans|262
3|8.4.1 Questioning Rwandans|264
3|8.4.2 Assessing Reconciliation|272
4|8.4.2.1 Reconciliation and Truth|273
4|8.4.2.2 Reconciliation and Justice|277
4|8.4.2.3 Reconciliation and Reparation|280
4|8.4.2.4 Reconciliation and Healing|285
2|References|290
1|9 Conclusion|293
2|References|299
1|Bibliography|300
1|Index|313
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Abbreviations|14
1|1 Introduction|16
2|Abstract|16
2|1.1 Introduction|17
3|1.1.1 Central Research Problems and the Delimitation of the Research Domain|23
3|1.1.2 Originality of the Research|26
3|1.1.3 Methodology|30
3|1.1.4 Key Terms: Gacaca, Traditional and Informal Justice Systems|32
3|1.1.5 Outline|35
2|References|37
1|2 The Crime of Genocide and Its Contextual Features in Rwanda|41
2|Abstract|41
2|2.1 Historical Development of the Crime of Genocide|42
3|2.1.1 The Origins|43
3|2.1.2 Versailles Treaty and Leipzig Trials|44
3|2.1.3 Lemkin’s Contribution to the Emerging of Genocide in International Law: ‘An Old Practice in Its Modern Development’|47
3|2.1.4 Developments Leading to the London Conference|48
3|2.1.5 UN General Assembly Resolution 96(I) 1946|49
2|2.2 The Genocide Convention|50
3|2.2.1 The Objective Element of the Crime of Genocide|52
3|2.2.2 The Subjective Element of the Crime of Genocide|56
2|2.3 The Rwandan Genocide|57
3|2.3.1 The Ancient Kingdom and the Origin of Hutu and Tutsi|59
3|2.3.2 The Hutu Social Revolution|61
3|2.3.3 The Unfolding of the Genocide|64
3|2.3.4 Challenges for Post-Genocide Justice|67
2|2.4 Political Transition in the Aftermath of the Genocide|70
2|2.5 Constitutional Transition and the Role of Post-Genocide Justice|73
2|References|76
1|3 A Framework for Post-Genocide Rwanda: Legal Imperatives Concerning Transitional Justice|78
2|Abstract|78
2|3.1 Introduction|79
2|3.2 Transitional Justice and Constitution-Building Processes|80
2|3.3 The Right to Reparation in International Law|83
3|3.3.1 Forms of Reparation|90
3|3.3.2 Recent Developments in International Criminal Law|93
2|3.4 The Duty to Prosecute in International Law|95
2|3.5 The Right to the Truth in International Law|109
2|References|112
1|4 Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda: Ordinary Courts|114
2|Abstract|114
2|4.1 Domestic Responses to the Rwandan Genocide|114
3|4.1.1 Organic Law 8/1996|116
3|4.1.2 The Reform of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Law 9/1996|122
4|4.1.2.1 The Problem of the Length and Conditions of Detention|129
3|4.1.3 The Domestic Trials|131
2|References|135
1|5 National Responses to the Rwandan Genocide: Gacaca Courts|137
2|Abstract|137
2|5.1 Traditional Gacaca from Precolonial Time to the Eve of Genocide|138
2|5.2 The Legal Framework of Inkiko Gacaca|140
2|5.3 Organic Law 40/2000|144
3|5.3.1 Compensation Fund|152
2|5.4 Organic Law 33/2001|153
2|5.5 Organic Law 16/2004|154
3|5.5.1 Confession and Guilty Plea Procedure|157
3|5.5.2 Sanctions|158
3|5.5.3 Appeal|161
2|5.6 Organic Law 28/2006|163
2|5.7 Organic Law 10/2007|163
2|5.8 Organic Law 13/2008|164
2|5.9 Organic Law 04/2012 Terminating Gacaca Courts and Determining Mechanisms for Solving Issues Which Were Under Their Jurisdiction|166
2|References|168
1|6 Gacaca Courts Under Human Rights Scrutiny|170
2|Abstract|170
2|6.1 Premise|171
2|6.2 Principle of Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Law|173
2|6.3 Fair Trial Standards|177
3|6.3.1 Equality Before Courts and Tribunals|179
3|6.3.2 The Prohibition Against Trial by Special Tribunals|181
3|6.3.3 The Right to Be Tried by a Competent, Impartial and Independent Tribunal|184
3|6.3.4 The Right to a Counsel and the Right to a Defence|188
3|6.3.5 Presumption of Innocence|190
3|6.3.6 The Burden and Standards of Proof|192
3|6.3.7 Trial in Absentia|193
3|6.3.8 Ne bis in idem|193
2|References|195
1|7 Gacaca Jurisdictions in Practice|197
2|Abstract|197
2|7.1 Overview|198
2|7.2 The Preparation of Gacaca Jurisdictions|200
2|7.3 The Pre-gacaca|202
2|7.4 The Election and Training of the Judges|204
2|7.5 The Launch of Gacaca Courts|206
2|7.6 The Judgement Phase|213
3|7.6.1 The Gacaca Judgements: An Overview|214
2|7.7 The Perspective of Women and Children|219
2|7.8 Shortcomings of Gacaca Trials|223
2|References|230
1|8 The Reconciliation Process in Rwanda|232
2|Abstract|232
2|8.1 Post-Violence Reconciliation: A Framework for Rwanda|233
2|8.2 The Official Discourse|239
2|8.3 Genocide Denial and Memory Wars|244
3|8.3.1 Rwandan Policy on Divisionism, Sectarianism and Genocide Denial|247
3|8.3.2 The Rwandan Law 18/2008 on Genocide Ideology|250
4|8.3.2.1 Impact of Law 18/2008 on Rwandan Society|254
2|8.4 The Meaning of Reconciliation According to Rwandans|262
3|8.4.1 Questioning Rwandans|264
3|8.4.2 Assessing Reconciliation|272
4|8.4.2.1 Reconciliation and Truth|273
4|8.4.2.2 Reconciliation and Justice|277
4|8.4.2.3 Reconciliation and Reparation|280
4|8.4.2.4 Reconciliation and Healing|285
2|References|290
1|9 Conclusion|293
2|References|299
1|Bibliography|300
1|Index|313