File #2459: "2018_Book_ContemporaryIssuesInInternatio.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|5
1|Preface|7
1|Contents|9
1|Editors and Contributors|13
1|1 Introduction|17
2|1 Part II: International Environmental Law|18
2|2 Part III: International Trade Law|25
2|3 Part IV: Information Technology Law|37
2|4 Part V: Legal Education|43
1|Environment, Trade, Information Technology and Legal Education: Overview|50
1|2 Legal Education|51
1|3 International Environment Law, Trade Law, Information Technology Law and Legal Education|57
1|4 Environmental Pollution and Its Control|61
1|International Environmental Law|65
1|5 Understanding Further Regulatory Needs of Components of Agrobiodiversity and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture for Sustainable Use|66
2|1 Introduction|66
2|2 Germplasm for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture|67
3|2.1 Agroecosystems|68
3|2.2 Diversity of Crop and Farm Species|68
3|2.3 Intra-specific Agrobiodiversity|70
2|3 Patents on Bioresources Vis-à-Vis Their Sustainable Use|70
2|4 Conservation for Sustainable Use|72
2|5 Enhancement of Genetic Resources for Focused Use|74
2|6 Regulatory Perspective|74
2|7 Conclusion|77
2|References|78
1|6 Environmental Law: Post-Rio Discussions on Environmental Protection—A Reflection|79
2|1 Introduction|79
2|2 Concept of Environment|81
2|3 Historical Background of the 1992 and 2012 Rio Conferences|81
2|4 Reflection on Post-Rio Discussions on Environmental Protection|84
3|4.1 Substantial Development|85
3|4.2 Sovereignty and Environmental Responsibility in the Use of Natural Resources|86
3|4.3 The Right to Development in an Environmental Context|86
3|4.4 Precautionary Principle|87
3|4.5 The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities|88
3|4.6 Procedural Safeguards|89
3|4.7 The Interface of Trade and Environment|90
3|4.8 Public Participation|90
3|4.9 Women in Development|92
3|4.10 Indigenous Peoples|92
3|4.11 The ‘Polluter Pays’ Principle|93
3|4.12 Environmental Liability and Compensation|94
3|4.13 Broad Statement of Principles for Protecting Forests|97
2|5 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity|97
2|6 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|99
2|7 Agenda 21|106
2|8 Rio+20 Declaration on Sustainable Development|107
2|9 Observations|110
2|10 Recommendations|111
2|11 Conclusion|111
1|7 Principles of International Environmental Law: Application in National Laws of Bangladesh|112
2|1 Introduction|112
2|2 Brief Scenario of Environmental Laws in Bangladesh|113
2|3 Principles of International Environmental Law and Its National Application|114
3|3.1 Sustainable Development|115
3|3.2 Polluter Pays Principle|116
3|3.3 Precautionary Principle|116
3|3.4 Environmental Impact Assessment|118
3|3.5 Intergenerational Equity|118
3|3.6 Harm Prevention|119
2|4 Conclusion|120
1|8 Technology for Climate Cha(lle)nge: Issues and Concerns|121
2|1 Introduction|121
2|2 Technology and Sustainable Development|121
2|3 Transfer of Technology(TT) for Climate Justice—Issues and Challenges|122
2|4 Emerging Technologies for Climate Change|130
3|4.1 Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) Technology|130
2|5 Conclusion|132
1|9 Current Perspectives on Environmental Law|133
2|1 Introduction|133
2|2 International Cooperation to Protect Earth|133
2|3 UNESCO’s Contribution for Biosphere Protection|134
2|4 Conclusion|135
1|10 Authority for Protection and Conservation of the Environment: A Judicial Invocation in India|136
2|1 Introduction|136
2|2 Pollution Control Board|138
2|3 Advisory Committee Under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980|140
2|4 Authority Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986|141
2|5 International Instrument|145
2|6 Conclusion|146
1|11 Human Right to Water and National Water Policy-2012: Emerging Issues|147
2|1 Introduction|147
2|2 Legal Recognition of Right to Water|149
2|3 National Water Policy and Need for Reform|154
2|4 Draft National Water Framework Bill, 2013|165
2|5 Conclusion|168
1|12 From Rio to Doha: In Search of Cooperative Action for Climate Change|169
2|1 Introduction|169
2|2 Addressing the Issue of Climate Change|170
2|3 Challenges We Face|172
2|4 Rio to Doha—The Journey So Far|174
2|5 What Can We Do|177
1|13 The Principle of Sustainable Development: International and National Perspectives|180
2|1 Introduction|180
2|2 Meaning, Underlying Idea and Elements of Sustainable Development|182
3|2.1 Linkage Between Environment and Development|182
3|2.2 The Elements of Sustainable Development|185
3|2.3 The Concomitant Principles of Sustainable Development|189
2|3 Normative Status of the Principle of Sustainable Development|190
2|4 Sustainable Development: National Perspective|193
3|4.1 Compulsion of Rapid Economic Growth and the Challenges of Sustainability|194
3|4.2 Executive Initiatives|195
3|4.3 Legal Framework for Sustainable Development and Judicial Response|197
2|5 Conclusion|198
1|Trade Law|200
1|14 Globalization, International Human Rights Law and Current Economic Crisis|201
2|1 Introduction|202
2|2 Emerging Dimensions of Globalization|204
3|2.1 Meaning and Definition|204
3|2.2 Forms of Globalization|205
3|2.3 Symbiotic Relationship Between ‘Globalization from Above’ and ‘Globalization from Below’|211
2|3 Effects and Consequences of Globalization|212
3|3.1 The Erosion of the Nation-State|212
3|3.2 Fragmentation of Nation-States|215
3|3.3 Good Governance Agenda|216
3|3.4 Challenges of Globalization for the International Rule of Law|217
3|3.5 Effects of Globalization on the Developing Countries|219
2|4 International Human Rights Law|225
2|5 Conclusion|230
1|15 National and International Perspectives of IPR Laws with a Focus on Some Sui Generis Options|233
2|1 Introduction|233
2|2 Trips, Patenting and Doha Round|235
2|3 Doha Perspective|241
2|4 Key Issues Vis-a-Vis Developing—Developed Concerns|243
2|5 Perspective|247
2|Acknowledgements|249
1|16 The Impact of Liberalization on Higher Education and Domestic Regulation|250
2|1 Introduction|250
2|2 Some Background on Services Trade Negotiation|252
2|3 Impact on the Malaysian Market and Domestic Private Providers|252
2|4 Impact on Malaysian Private Education Exporters|256
2|5 Potential Impact on Domestic Regulations|257
3|5.1 Fulfillment of Objective and Transparency Requirements Under the DDDR|260
2|6 Policy Suggestions|262
2|7 Conclusion|266
1|17 WTO and the Regulation of International Trade Law|267
2|1 Introduction|267
2|2 Principles of the WTO Trading System|268
2|3 Doha Round Negotiation|269
3|3.1 Some of the Main Issues in Negotiation|271
2|4 Non-Agricultural-Market Access (NAMA) Negotiations|275
2|5 Conclusion|276
1|18 The Complexities of Nigeria’s Copyright (Collective Management Organizations) Regulations, 2007|277
2|1 Introduction|277
2|2 Rationale for Collective Management|279
2|3 CMOS VIS-À-VIS The Regulations|281
3|3.1 CMOs: Charity or for Profit?|282
3|3.2 Laxity on Public Notice|283
3|3.3 Arbitrary Tendencies|283
3|3.4 Regulatory Equivocation|285
3|3.5 Tariff Modulation|286
3|3.6 Loss of Confidentiality|286
3|3.7 Cost of Audit|287
3|3.8 Misuse of ‘May’|287
3|3.9 Settlement of Dispute|289
2|4 Conclusion|289
1|19 Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Perspectives|290
2|1 Introduction|290
2|2 Categories of Intellectual Property|291
2|3 Patents and Public Health|292
3|3.1 Novartis Case: A Critique|293
2|4 Stem Cells—Culturing Life (Therapeutic Cloning)|296
2|5 Information Technologies and IPRS|299
2|6 Traditional Knowledge and IPRS|300
3|6.1 Need to Fill the Vacuum Created by TRIPs and TRIPs Plus|300
3|6.2 Special Legal and Constitutional Status of TK Holders|301
2|7 Recent Developments|302
3|7.1 Lex Genetikos|302
2|8 Biotechnology and IPRS|303
3|8.1 Lex Pharmacia|304
2|9 India Story—From Strength to Strength|305
1|20 The Changing Contours in the Regime of Copyrights in India with Reference to Broadcasting|307
2|1 Introduction|307
2|2 Broadcasting: Meaning and Source of Rights|308
3|2.1 Common Law|308
3|2.2 International Conventions|308
3|2.3 National Legislation|310
2|3 Conclusion|314
1|21 Copyright Law in Nepal: Challenges of Effective Implementation|315
2|1 Introduction|315
2|2 A Brief History of Copyright Law|316
2|3 International Legal Framework on Copyright Law|317
3|3.1 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary Artistic and Works, 1886|317
3|3.2 The Universal Copyright Convention, 1952|318
3|3.3 The Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms, and Broadcasting Organizations, 1961|318
3|3.4 The Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms, 1971|319
3|3.5 The Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, 1967|319
3|3.6 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs), 1994|319
2|4 Meaning of Copyright|320
2|5 What Can or What Cannot Be Copyrighted|321
2|6 Important Provisions of Copyright Act, 2002|322
2|7 Problems Related to Copyright Law in Nepal|323
2|8 Conclusion|325
1|22 Communication to the Public Under Copyright Law and the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies: An Analysis|326
2|1 Introduction|326
2|2 From Analogue to Digital—Technological Revolution and Communication to Public|327
2|3 Digital Transmissions and Communication to the Public|328
2|4 Technological Advancements and Communication to the Public: Analysis|329
1|23 Arbitration for Intellectual Property Disputes: Problem of Mutually Exclusive Development of Laws|331
2|1 Introduction|331
2|2 Nature of IP Dispute|332
2|3 What Is Arbitration?|334
3|3.1 Party Autonomy and Neutrality|336
3|3.2 Confidentiality and Finality of Awards|337
3|3.3 Recognition and Enforcement of Awards|338
2|4 Arbitration for Intellectual Property Disputes|339
3|4.1 Arbitrability|340
3|4.2 Law Applicable to Contractual IP Issues|342
3|4.3 Law Applicable to Non-Contractual IP Issues|343
2|5 Conclusion|345
1|24 Intellectual Property Rights and Parallel Trade: Debate on National Versus International Exhaustion of Rights|347
2|1 Introduction|347
2|2 Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights|348
2|3 Parallel Trade|350
2|4 International Legal Frame Work for Parallel Trade|353
3|4.1 Different Approach on Parallel Trade|356
2|5 Conclusion|358
1|25 Transborder Reputation and Trademark Law in India|359
2|1 Introduction|359
2|2 Trademarks|360
2|3 Distinction Between Goodwill and Reputation|360
2|4 Protection of Transborder Reputation Under International Conventions|361
3|4.1 Madrid Protocol Relating to the International Registration of Marks|361
3|4.2 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|361
3|4.3 TRIPs Agreement|362
2|5 Transborder Reputation of Trademarks in UK|362
2|6 Transborder Reputation of Trade Marks in India|363
2|7 Conclusion|367
1|Information Technology Law|369
1|26 Information Asset as Property: A Legal Perspective|370
2|1 Introduction|370
2|2 Information as Intangible Asset|371
2|3 The Characteristics of Information Asset|374
2|4 Is Information a Property?|375
3|4.1 ‘Information Is Not a Property’—The Opposing View|376
3|4.2 Commentary and Analysis—And the Proponent Views|377
3|4.3 The Position in Malaysia|378
2|5 Conclusion|379
1|27 Data Protection Law and Policy Factor Impact on Public Trust in E-Government System in Developing Countries|381
2|1 Introduction|381
2|2 E-Government System|382
3|2.1 E-Government in Developing Countries|383
3|2.2 Success and Failure Story of E-Government System in Developing Countries|383
3|2.3 Indigenous Problems in Implementing E-Government System in Developing Countries|384
2|3 Enabling Public Trust in E-Government System|384
3|3.1 Trust in E-Government System|384
3|3.2 Role and Importance of Public Trust in Implementing Successful E-Government System|385
2|4 Comprehensive E-Government Laws for Enhancing Public Trust in E-Government System|386
3|4.1 Two Approaches of E-Government Law in Practice|387
3|4.2 Data Protection Scheme is One of the Crucial Elements of Comprehensive E-Government Law|388
3|4.3 Right to Information versus Right to Privacy|389
2|5 Case Studies|390
3|5.1 Observation of International and Regional Standards of E-Government Laws|390
3|5.2 Observation of E-Government Failure Cases Due To Lack of Data Protection Scheme at Initial Stage|391
2|6 Conclusion|392
1|28 Law Relating to Information Technology in Nepal: An Overview|393
2|1 Introduction|393
2|2 Major Provisions of Information Technology Laws|394
3|2.1 The Electronic Transactions Act, 2008|394
3|2.2 The Telecommunication Act, 1997|396
3|2.3 The National Broadcasting Act, 1993|396
3|2.4 The Radio Act, 1957|397
3|2.5 The Information Technology Policy, 2000|397
2|3 Conclusion|398
1|29 Analysis of Law Relating to Cybercrime in Nepal|399
2|1 Introduction|399
2|2 Historical Development of Information and Communication Technology in Nepal|401
2|3 Status of Cybercrime in Nepal|401
2|4 Efforts Towards Combating Cybercrime in Nepal|403
3|4.1 Legal Framework|403
3|4.2 Institutional Frameworks|405
2|5 Analysis of Some Sample Cases|406
3|5.1 Categories of Cases|406
2|6 Conclusion and Suggestions|408
3|6.1 Suggestions|408
1|30 High-Tech and Computer Crimes: Global Challenges, Global Responses|411
2|1 Introduction|411
2|2 Definition, Nature, and Types of Computer Crime|412
2|3 The Potential Impacts of High-Tech and Computer Crimes|413
2|4 High-Tech and Computer Crime: A Global Challenge|415
2|5 Trans-Border Criminality and Extra-Territorial Issues|417
2|6 Problems with Evidence and Proof|419
2|7 International and Regional Initiatives|420
3|7.1 United Nations|421
3|7.2 The Council of Europe|422
3|7.3 The G8 Group of States|424
3|7.4 The Commonwealth Cybercrime Initiatives|426
3|7.5 European Union/EU Directives|427
3|7.6 Interpol|429
3|7.7 Other Initiatives|430
2|8 National Legal Framework|430
2|9 What Need to Be Done at International and National Level|433
2|10 Conclusion|435
1|31 Globalization, Communication and Obscenity: A Feminist Perspective|436
2|1 Introduction|436
2|2 Globalization|437
2|3 Communication|438
2|4 Obscenity|439
2|5 Legal Control of Obscenity|441
2|6 Conclusion|442
1|32 Taxation of E-Commerce: Problems and Possible Solutions|444
2|1 Introduction|444
2|2 Taxation of Income from E-Commerce|444
3|2.1 General|444
3|2.2 Income Through or from Business Connection|445
4|2.2.1 Factors Playing Roles in E-Commerce|446
4|2.2.2 Permanent Establishment in E-Commerce|447
5|Whether Website is a Permanent Establishment|447
5|Whether Server on which website is stored constitutes Permanent Establishment of the website owner in the country where the Server is located|447
5|Outcome|448
4|2.2.3 Business Income and Income by way of Royalties, Fee, Interests, etc.|449
4|2.2.4 Categorisation of Income|450
3|2.3 Customs Duty|452
3|2.4 Sales Tax|453
2|3 Conclusion|453
1|33 Legislation for Domain Name Registration: A Requirement in Globalisation|455
2|1 Introduction|455
2|2 Domain Name and Commerce|456
2|3 Domain Name and Law|456
3|3.1 Disputes|457
3|3.2 Dispute Resolution System|458
2|4 Tenets in Deciding Disputes|458
3|4.1 The UDRP|459
3|4.2 Critical Issues for UDRP|460
3|4.3 American Law for Dispute Resolution|461
2|5 Indian Policy|467
3|5.1 Judicial Approach|468
2|6 Need for the Legislation|469
1|34 Legal Framework of Information Technology in India: With Special Reference to Cyber Obscenity|470
2|1 Introduction|470
2|2 Origin and Development of the Internet|472
2|3 Evolution of Information Technology Law|473
2|4 Cyber Offences|474
2|5 Cyber Obscenity|477
3|5.1 Teleological Development and Obscenity|478
3|5.2 Cyber Obscenity: Meaning|483
3|5.3 International Legal Response Against Cyber Obscenity|483
3|5.4 National Legal Response|487
3|5.5 Indian Legislative Response|489
3|5.6 Indian Judicial Response|492
2|6 Conclusion and Suggestions|494
1|Legal Education|496
1|35 Research Excellence in Legal Education: A Critical Assessment of the Research Excellence Framework 2014 and the British Approach|497
2|1 Introduction|497
2|2 The 2014 Research Excellence Framework|498
2|3 Some Brief Thoughts About the Research Excellence Framework 2014|501
2|4 Conclusion|504
1|36 Legal Education: Ideological and Institutional Perspectives|506
2|1 Introduction|506
2|2 Legal Education|507
3|2.1 Role of Universities|508
3|2.2 Universities’ Committees on Legal Education|508
3|2.3 Three-Year-Six-Term LL.B. Degree Course|509
3|2.4 Response to the Banaras Scheme of Legal Education|509
2|3 Clinical Legal Education|510
2|4 Legal Education and Techno-Science Challenges|512
2|5 Critical Studies—Post Modernist Perspective|513
2|6 Alternative Adjudicatory Mechanism—Challenge to Legal Academia|514
2|7 The Practice Theory of Law and Legal Education|515
2|8 Strategies for Institutional Involvement|516
2|9 Conclusion|517
1|37 Problems and Challenges Bedeviling Law Teachers in Developing Societies|519
2|1 Introduction|519
2|2 The Ideal Minimum|521
2|3 Factors Militating Against the Ideal|522
3|3.1 Psychological and Physical Unpreparedness|522
3|3.2 Personnel Challenge|524
3|3.3 Structural and Infrastructural Challenge|527
3|3.4 Decline of Educational Culture|528
3|3.5 Governmental Influence|529
2|4 Conclusion|530
1|38 Legal Education and Research in India: The Changes and the Challenges|531
1|39 Legal Education in Nepal: Recent Reform and Need for Change|548
2|1 Introduction|548
2|2 Objective of Legal Education|549
2|3 Brief History of Legal Education in Nepal|549
2|4 Existing Programmes for Imparting Legal Education in Nepal|553
2|5 Legal Education at Higher Secondary Level|559
2|6 Problems of Legal Education in Nepal|560
2|7 Conclusion|563
1|40 Need of Clinical Legal Education in the Scientific Era|564
1|41 The Landscape of Legal Pedagogy in India: Issues and Challenges|572
2|1 Introduction|572
2|2 Historical Background of Legal Education in India|573
2|3 Role of Law Schools Imparting Legal Education: Current Scenario|574
3|3.1 Challenges before Law Faculties/Schools|575
2|4 Regulator V/S Academia: The Ongoing Debate|576
3|4.1 Global Legal Education|576
3|4.2 New Pedagogic Techniques: Need of the Hour|577
2|5 Conclusions|578
1|42 Issues and Challenges on Legal Education: A Study with Special Reference to Odisha|579
2|1 Introduction|579
2|2 Historical Development of Legal Education in India|580
2|3 Issues and Challenges Concerning Legal Education|581
3|3.1 The Report of the Ahmadi Committee, 1994|581
3|3.2 Law Commission 184th Report, 2002|582
3|3.3 The National Knowledge Commission Working Group on Legal Education, 2007|583
2|4 Position of Legal Education in Odisha|584
3|4.1 Policies for Opening of New Colleges, Admission Etc|586
3|4.2 Problems Regarding Faculties in the Law Colleges|587
3|4.3 Problems Regarding Research Opportunities and Infrastructural Facilities in Colleges|587
3|4.4 Problems of the Law Graduates|587
2|5 Conclusion|588
1|43 Legal Education in India: Need for Reform|589
2|1 Introduction|589
2|2 Historical Background of Legal Education in India|590
2|3 Issues Relating to Legal Education in India|591
2|4 Comparisons Between National Law School and the Traditional Universities|593
2|5 Conclusion|594
1|44 Donut Style of Teaching Law, the Multidisciplinary Subject|595
2|1 Introduction|595
2|2 Setting the Ground|596
3|2.1 Law Taught in Donut Style|598
2|3 Conclusion|600
1|45 Legal Education in India: A Contemporary Discourse|601
2|1 Legal Education in India: A Historical Backdrop|601
2|2 State of Legal Education in Post-Independence Era|603
2|3 Legal Education in Present Scenario|603
3|3.1 Advocates Act 1961 and BCI Rules|604
3|3.2 Experience with National Law School (Five Years B.A. LL.B Integrated Course)|605
3|3.3 Quality of Research|606
3|3.4 Teaching|607
3|3.5 Continuing Legal Education|609
2|4 What Is Next/Future|609
1|Subject Index|611
1|Preface|7
1|Contents|9
1|Editors and Contributors|13
1|1 Introduction|17
2|1 Part II: International Environmental Law|18
2|2 Part III: International Trade Law|25
2|3 Part IV: Information Technology Law|37
2|4 Part V: Legal Education|43
1|Environment, Trade, Information Technology and Legal Education: Overview|50
1|2 Legal Education|51
1|3 International Environment Law, Trade Law, Information Technology Law and Legal Education|57
1|4 Environmental Pollution and Its Control|61
1|International Environmental Law|65
1|5 Understanding Further Regulatory Needs of Components of Agrobiodiversity and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture for Sustainable Use|66
2|1 Introduction|66
2|2 Germplasm for Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture|67
3|2.1 Agroecosystems|68
3|2.2 Diversity of Crop and Farm Species|68
3|2.3 Intra-specific Agrobiodiversity|70
2|3 Patents on Bioresources Vis-à-Vis Their Sustainable Use|70
2|4 Conservation for Sustainable Use|72
2|5 Enhancement of Genetic Resources for Focused Use|74
2|6 Regulatory Perspective|74
2|7 Conclusion|77
2|References|78
1|6 Environmental Law: Post-Rio Discussions on Environmental Protection—A Reflection|79
2|1 Introduction|79
2|2 Concept of Environment|81
2|3 Historical Background of the 1992 and 2012 Rio Conferences|81
2|4 Reflection on Post-Rio Discussions on Environmental Protection|84
3|4.1 Substantial Development|85
3|4.2 Sovereignty and Environmental Responsibility in the Use of Natural Resources|86
3|4.3 The Right to Development in an Environmental Context|86
3|4.4 Precautionary Principle|87
3|4.5 The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities|88
3|4.6 Procedural Safeguards|89
3|4.7 The Interface of Trade and Environment|90
3|4.8 Public Participation|90
3|4.9 Women in Development|92
3|4.10 Indigenous Peoples|92
3|4.11 The ‘Polluter Pays’ Principle|93
3|4.12 Environmental Liability and Compensation|94
3|4.13 Broad Statement of Principles for Protecting Forests|97
2|5 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity|97
2|6 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|99
2|7 Agenda 21|106
2|8 Rio+20 Declaration on Sustainable Development|107
2|9 Observations|110
2|10 Recommendations|111
2|11 Conclusion|111
1|7 Principles of International Environmental Law: Application in National Laws of Bangladesh|112
2|1 Introduction|112
2|2 Brief Scenario of Environmental Laws in Bangladesh|113
2|3 Principles of International Environmental Law and Its National Application|114
3|3.1 Sustainable Development|115
3|3.2 Polluter Pays Principle|116
3|3.3 Precautionary Principle|116
3|3.4 Environmental Impact Assessment|118
3|3.5 Intergenerational Equity|118
3|3.6 Harm Prevention|119
2|4 Conclusion|120
1|8 Technology for Climate Cha(lle)nge: Issues and Concerns|121
2|1 Introduction|121
2|2 Technology and Sustainable Development|121
2|3 Transfer of Technology(TT) for Climate Justice—Issues and Challenges|122
2|4 Emerging Technologies for Climate Change|130
3|4.1 Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) Technology|130
2|5 Conclusion|132
1|9 Current Perspectives on Environmental Law|133
2|1 Introduction|133
2|2 International Cooperation to Protect Earth|133
2|3 UNESCO’s Contribution for Biosphere Protection|134
2|4 Conclusion|135
1|10 Authority for Protection and Conservation of the Environment: A Judicial Invocation in India|136
2|1 Introduction|136
2|2 Pollution Control Board|138
2|3 Advisory Committee Under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980|140
2|4 Authority Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986|141
2|5 International Instrument|145
2|6 Conclusion|146
1|11 Human Right to Water and National Water Policy-2012: Emerging Issues|147
2|1 Introduction|147
2|2 Legal Recognition of Right to Water|149
2|3 National Water Policy and Need for Reform|154
2|4 Draft National Water Framework Bill, 2013|165
2|5 Conclusion|168
1|12 From Rio to Doha: In Search of Cooperative Action for Climate Change|169
2|1 Introduction|169
2|2 Addressing the Issue of Climate Change|170
2|3 Challenges We Face|172
2|4 Rio to Doha—The Journey So Far|174
2|5 What Can We Do|177
1|13 The Principle of Sustainable Development: International and National Perspectives|180
2|1 Introduction|180
2|2 Meaning, Underlying Idea and Elements of Sustainable Development|182
3|2.1 Linkage Between Environment and Development|182
3|2.2 The Elements of Sustainable Development|185
3|2.3 The Concomitant Principles of Sustainable Development|189
2|3 Normative Status of the Principle of Sustainable Development|190
2|4 Sustainable Development: National Perspective|193
3|4.1 Compulsion of Rapid Economic Growth and the Challenges of Sustainability|194
3|4.2 Executive Initiatives|195
3|4.3 Legal Framework for Sustainable Development and Judicial Response|197
2|5 Conclusion|198
1|Trade Law|200
1|14 Globalization, International Human Rights Law and Current Economic Crisis|201
2|1 Introduction|202
2|2 Emerging Dimensions of Globalization|204
3|2.1 Meaning and Definition|204
3|2.2 Forms of Globalization|205
3|2.3 Symbiotic Relationship Between ‘Globalization from Above’ and ‘Globalization from Below’|211
2|3 Effects and Consequences of Globalization|212
3|3.1 The Erosion of the Nation-State|212
3|3.2 Fragmentation of Nation-States|215
3|3.3 Good Governance Agenda|216
3|3.4 Challenges of Globalization for the International Rule of Law|217
3|3.5 Effects of Globalization on the Developing Countries|219
2|4 International Human Rights Law|225
2|5 Conclusion|230
1|15 National and International Perspectives of IPR Laws with a Focus on Some Sui Generis Options|233
2|1 Introduction|233
2|2 Trips, Patenting and Doha Round|235
2|3 Doha Perspective|241
2|4 Key Issues Vis-a-Vis Developing—Developed Concerns|243
2|5 Perspective|247
2|Acknowledgements|249
1|16 The Impact of Liberalization on Higher Education and Domestic Regulation|250
2|1 Introduction|250
2|2 Some Background on Services Trade Negotiation|252
2|3 Impact on the Malaysian Market and Domestic Private Providers|252
2|4 Impact on Malaysian Private Education Exporters|256
2|5 Potential Impact on Domestic Regulations|257
3|5.1 Fulfillment of Objective and Transparency Requirements Under the DDDR|260
2|6 Policy Suggestions|262
2|7 Conclusion|266
1|17 WTO and the Regulation of International Trade Law|267
2|1 Introduction|267
2|2 Principles of the WTO Trading System|268
2|3 Doha Round Negotiation|269
3|3.1 Some of the Main Issues in Negotiation|271
2|4 Non-Agricultural-Market Access (NAMA) Negotiations|275
2|5 Conclusion|276
1|18 The Complexities of Nigeria’s Copyright (Collective Management Organizations) Regulations, 2007|277
2|1 Introduction|277
2|2 Rationale for Collective Management|279
2|3 CMOS VIS-À-VIS The Regulations|281
3|3.1 CMOs: Charity or for Profit?|282
3|3.2 Laxity on Public Notice|283
3|3.3 Arbitrary Tendencies|283
3|3.4 Regulatory Equivocation|285
3|3.5 Tariff Modulation|286
3|3.6 Loss of Confidentiality|286
3|3.7 Cost of Audit|287
3|3.8 Misuse of ‘May’|287
3|3.9 Settlement of Dispute|289
2|4 Conclusion|289
1|19 Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Perspectives|290
2|1 Introduction|290
2|2 Categories of Intellectual Property|291
2|3 Patents and Public Health|292
3|3.1 Novartis Case: A Critique|293
2|4 Stem Cells—Culturing Life (Therapeutic Cloning)|296
2|5 Information Technologies and IPRS|299
2|6 Traditional Knowledge and IPRS|300
3|6.1 Need to Fill the Vacuum Created by TRIPs and TRIPs Plus|300
3|6.2 Special Legal and Constitutional Status of TK Holders|301
2|7 Recent Developments|302
3|7.1 Lex Genetikos|302
2|8 Biotechnology and IPRS|303
3|8.1 Lex Pharmacia|304
2|9 India Story—From Strength to Strength|305
1|20 The Changing Contours in the Regime of Copyrights in India with Reference to Broadcasting|307
2|1 Introduction|307
2|2 Broadcasting: Meaning and Source of Rights|308
3|2.1 Common Law|308
3|2.2 International Conventions|308
3|2.3 National Legislation|310
2|3 Conclusion|314
1|21 Copyright Law in Nepal: Challenges of Effective Implementation|315
2|1 Introduction|315
2|2 A Brief History of Copyright Law|316
2|3 International Legal Framework on Copyright Law|317
3|3.1 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary Artistic and Works, 1886|317
3|3.2 The Universal Copyright Convention, 1952|318
3|3.3 The Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms, and Broadcasting Organizations, 1961|318
3|3.4 The Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms, 1971|319
3|3.5 The Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, 1967|319
3|3.6 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs), 1994|319
2|4 Meaning of Copyright|320
2|5 What Can or What Cannot Be Copyrighted|321
2|6 Important Provisions of Copyright Act, 2002|322
2|7 Problems Related to Copyright Law in Nepal|323
2|8 Conclusion|325
1|22 Communication to the Public Under Copyright Law and the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies: An Analysis|326
2|1 Introduction|326
2|2 From Analogue to Digital—Technological Revolution and Communication to Public|327
2|3 Digital Transmissions and Communication to the Public|328
2|4 Technological Advancements and Communication to the Public: Analysis|329
1|23 Arbitration for Intellectual Property Disputes: Problem of Mutually Exclusive Development of Laws|331
2|1 Introduction|331
2|2 Nature of IP Dispute|332
2|3 What Is Arbitration?|334
3|3.1 Party Autonomy and Neutrality|336
3|3.2 Confidentiality and Finality of Awards|337
3|3.3 Recognition and Enforcement of Awards|338
2|4 Arbitration for Intellectual Property Disputes|339
3|4.1 Arbitrability|340
3|4.2 Law Applicable to Contractual IP Issues|342
3|4.3 Law Applicable to Non-Contractual IP Issues|343
2|5 Conclusion|345
1|24 Intellectual Property Rights and Parallel Trade: Debate on National Versus International Exhaustion of Rights|347
2|1 Introduction|347
2|2 Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights|348
2|3 Parallel Trade|350
2|4 International Legal Frame Work for Parallel Trade|353
3|4.1 Different Approach on Parallel Trade|356
2|5 Conclusion|358
1|25 Transborder Reputation and Trademark Law in India|359
2|1 Introduction|359
2|2 Trademarks|360
2|3 Distinction Between Goodwill and Reputation|360
2|4 Protection of Transborder Reputation Under International Conventions|361
3|4.1 Madrid Protocol Relating to the International Registration of Marks|361
3|4.2 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|361
3|4.3 TRIPs Agreement|362
2|5 Transborder Reputation of Trademarks in UK|362
2|6 Transborder Reputation of Trade Marks in India|363
2|7 Conclusion|367
1|Information Technology Law|369
1|26 Information Asset as Property: A Legal Perspective|370
2|1 Introduction|370
2|2 Information as Intangible Asset|371
2|3 The Characteristics of Information Asset|374
2|4 Is Information a Property?|375
3|4.1 ‘Information Is Not a Property’—The Opposing View|376
3|4.2 Commentary and Analysis—And the Proponent Views|377
3|4.3 The Position in Malaysia|378
2|5 Conclusion|379
1|27 Data Protection Law and Policy Factor Impact on Public Trust in E-Government System in Developing Countries|381
2|1 Introduction|381
2|2 E-Government System|382
3|2.1 E-Government in Developing Countries|383
3|2.2 Success and Failure Story of E-Government System in Developing Countries|383
3|2.3 Indigenous Problems in Implementing E-Government System in Developing Countries|384
2|3 Enabling Public Trust in E-Government System|384
3|3.1 Trust in E-Government System|384
3|3.2 Role and Importance of Public Trust in Implementing Successful E-Government System|385
2|4 Comprehensive E-Government Laws for Enhancing Public Trust in E-Government System|386
3|4.1 Two Approaches of E-Government Law in Practice|387
3|4.2 Data Protection Scheme is One of the Crucial Elements of Comprehensive E-Government Law|388
3|4.3 Right to Information versus Right to Privacy|389
2|5 Case Studies|390
3|5.1 Observation of International and Regional Standards of E-Government Laws|390
3|5.2 Observation of E-Government Failure Cases Due To Lack of Data Protection Scheme at Initial Stage|391
2|6 Conclusion|392
1|28 Law Relating to Information Technology in Nepal: An Overview|393
2|1 Introduction|393
2|2 Major Provisions of Information Technology Laws|394
3|2.1 The Electronic Transactions Act, 2008|394
3|2.2 The Telecommunication Act, 1997|396
3|2.3 The National Broadcasting Act, 1993|396
3|2.4 The Radio Act, 1957|397
3|2.5 The Information Technology Policy, 2000|397
2|3 Conclusion|398
1|29 Analysis of Law Relating to Cybercrime in Nepal|399
2|1 Introduction|399
2|2 Historical Development of Information and Communication Technology in Nepal|401
2|3 Status of Cybercrime in Nepal|401
2|4 Efforts Towards Combating Cybercrime in Nepal|403
3|4.1 Legal Framework|403
3|4.2 Institutional Frameworks|405
2|5 Analysis of Some Sample Cases|406
3|5.1 Categories of Cases|406
2|6 Conclusion and Suggestions|408
3|6.1 Suggestions|408
1|30 High-Tech and Computer Crimes: Global Challenges, Global Responses|411
2|1 Introduction|411
2|2 Definition, Nature, and Types of Computer Crime|412
2|3 The Potential Impacts of High-Tech and Computer Crimes|413
2|4 High-Tech and Computer Crime: A Global Challenge|415
2|5 Trans-Border Criminality and Extra-Territorial Issues|417
2|6 Problems with Evidence and Proof|419
2|7 International and Regional Initiatives|420
3|7.1 United Nations|421
3|7.2 The Council of Europe|422
3|7.3 The G8 Group of States|424
3|7.4 The Commonwealth Cybercrime Initiatives|426
3|7.5 European Union/EU Directives|427
3|7.6 Interpol|429
3|7.7 Other Initiatives|430
2|8 National Legal Framework|430
2|9 What Need to Be Done at International and National Level|433
2|10 Conclusion|435
1|31 Globalization, Communication and Obscenity: A Feminist Perspective|436
2|1 Introduction|436
2|2 Globalization|437
2|3 Communication|438
2|4 Obscenity|439
2|5 Legal Control of Obscenity|441
2|6 Conclusion|442
1|32 Taxation of E-Commerce: Problems and Possible Solutions|444
2|1 Introduction|444
2|2 Taxation of Income from E-Commerce|444
3|2.1 General|444
3|2.2 Income Through or from Business Connection|445
4|2.2.1 Factors Playing Roles in E-Commerce|446
4|2.2.2 Permanent Establishment in E-Commerce|447
5|Whether Website is a Permanent Establishment|447
5|Whether Server on which website is stored constitutes Permanent Establishment of the website owner in the country where the Server is located|447
5|Outcome|448
4|2.2.3 Business Income and Income by way of Royalties, Fee, Interests, etc.|449
4|2.2.4 Categorisation of Income|450
3|2.3 Customs Duty|452
3|2.4 Sales Tax|453
2|3 Conclusion|453
1|33 Legislation for Domain Name Registration: A Requirement in Globalisation|455
2|1 Introduction|455
2|2 Domain Name and Commerce|456
2|3 Domain Name and Law|456
3|3.1 Disputes|457
3|3.2 Dispute Resolution System|458
2|4 Tenets in Deciding Disputes|458
3|4.1 The UDRP|459
3|4.2 Critical Issues for UDRP|460
3|4.3 American Law for Dispute Resolution|461
2|5 Indian Policy|467
3|5.1 Judicial Approach|468
2|6 Need for the Legislation|469
1|34 Legal Framework of Information Technology in India: With Special Reference to Cyber Obscenity|470
2|1 Introduction|470
2|2 Origin and Development of the Internet|472
2|3 Evolution of Information Technology Law|473
2|4 Cyber Offences|474
2|5 Cyber Obscenity|477
3|5.1 Teleological Development and Obscenity|478
3|5.2 Cyber Obscenity: Meaning|483
3|5.3 International Legal Response Against Cyber Obscenity|483
3|5.4 National Legal Response|487
3|5.5 Indian Legislative Response|489
3|5.6 Indian Judicial Response|492
2|6 Conclusion and Suggestions|494
1|Legal Education|496
1|35 Research Excellence in Legal Education: A Critical Assessment of the Research Excellence Framework 2014 and the British Approach|497
2|1 Introduction|497
2|2 The 2014 Research Excellence Framework|498
2|3 Some Brief Thoughts About the Research Excellence Framework 2014|501
2|4 Conclusion|504
1|36 Legal Education: Ideological and Institutional Perspectives|506
2|1 Introduction|506
2|2 Legal Education|507
3|2.1 Role of Universities|508
3|2.2 Universities’ Committees on Legal Education|508
3|2.3 Three-Year-Six-Term LL.B. Degree Course|509
3|2.4 Response to the Banaras Scheme of Legal Education|509
2|3 Clinical Legal Education|510
2|4 Legal Education and Techno-Science Challenges|512
2|5 Critical Studies—Post Modernist Perspective|513
2|6 Alternative Adjudicatory Mechanism—Challenge to Legal Academia|514
2|7 The Practice Theory of Law and Legal Education|515
2|8 Strategies for Institutional Involvement|516
2|9 Conclusion|517
1|37 Problems and Challenges Bedeviling Law Teachers in Developing Societies|519
2|1 Introduction|519
2|2 The Ideal Minimum|521
2|3 Factors Militating Against the Ideal|522
3|3.1 Psychological and Physical Unpreparedness|522
3|3.2 Personnel Challenge|524
3|3.3 Structural and Infrastructural Challenge|527
3|3.4 Decline of Educational Culture|528
3|3.5 Governmental Influence|529
2|4 Conclusion|530
1|38 Legal Education and Research in India: The Changes and the Challenges|531
1|39 Legal Education in Nepal: Recent Reform and Need for Change|548
2|1 Introduction|548
2|2 Objective of Legal Education|549
2|3 Brief History of Legal Education in Nepal|549
2|4 Existing Programmes for Imparting Legal Education in Nepal|553
2|5 Legal Education at Higher Secondary Level|559
2|6 Problems of Legal Education in Nepal|560
2|7 Conclusion|563
1|40 Need of Clinical Legal Education in the Scientific Era|564
1|41 The Landscape of Legal Pedagogy in India: Issues and Challenges|572
2|1 Introduction|572
2|2 Historical Background of Legal Education in India|573
2|3 Role of Law Schools Imparting Legal Education: Current Scenario|574
3|3.1 Challenges before Law Faculties/Schools|575
2|4 Regulator V/S Academia: The Ongoing Debate|576
3|4.1 Global Legal Education|576
3|4.2 New Pedagogic Techniques: Need of the Hour|577
2|5 Conclusions|578
1|42 Issues and Challenges on Legal Education: A Study with Special Reference to Odisha|579
2|1 Introduction|579
2|2 Historical Development of Legal Education in India|580
2|3 Issues and Challenges Concerning Legal Education|581
3|3.1 The Report of the Ahmadi Committee, 1994|581
3|3.2 Law Commission 184th Report, 2002|582
3|3.3 The National Knowledge Commission Working Group on Legal Education, 2007|583
2|4 Position of Legal Education in Odisha|584
3|4.1 Policies for Opening of New Colleges, Admission Etc|586
3|4.2 Problems Regarding Faculties in the Law Colleges|587
3|4.3 Problems Regarding Research Opportunities and Infrastructural Facilities in Colleges|587
3|4.4 Problems of the Law Graduates|587
2|5 Conclusion|588
1|43 Legal Education in India: Need for Reform|589
2|1 Introduction|589
2|2 Historical Background of Legal Education in India|590
2|3 Issues Relating to Legal Education in India|591
2|4 Comparisons Between National Law School and the Traditional Universities|593
2|5 Conclusion|594
1|44 Donut Style of Teaching Law, the Multidisciplinary Subject|595
2|1 Introduction|595
2|2 Setting the Ground|596
3|2.1 Law Taught in Donut Style|598
2|3 Conclusion|600
1|45 Legal Education in India: A Contemporary Discourse|601
2|1 Legal Education in India: A Historical Backdrop|601
2|2 State of Legal Education in Post-Independence Era|603
2|3 Legal Education in Present Scenario|603
3|3.1 Advocates Act 1961 and BCI Rules|604
3|3.2 Experience with National Law School (Five Years B.A. LL.B Integrated Course)|605
3|3.3 Quality of Research|606
3|3.4 Teaching|607
3|3.5 Continuing Legal Education|609
2|4 What Is Next/Future|609
1|Subject Index|611