File #2476: "2018_Book_InternationalHumanitarianActio.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|7
1|Part I: World Politics|10
2|The Changing Context of Humanitarian Action: Key Challenges and Issues|11
3|1 Introduction|11
3|2 The Confluence of Global Trends|12
3|3 Change and Continuity in Armed Conflict and Other Forms of Violence|13
3|4 Protection at the Centre of Humanitarian Action|16
3|5 Humanitarian Implications of Migration Flows|17
3|6 Demanding a Paradigm Shift: From Managing Crisis to Managing Risk|18
3|7 A Common Understanding of Humanitarian Action and Its Limits?|20
3|8 A Call for a More Inclusive Humanitarian System|21
3|9 Conclusion|23
3|References|24
3|Further Readings|25
2|Humanitarian Action in International Relations: Power and Politics|27
3|1 Introduction|27
3|2 Humanitarians as Subject to State Power|29
3|3 Humanitarianism as Part of Western Hegemony|31
3|4 Humanitarianism Wielding Normative Power|32
3|5 Humanitarians and Power|34
3|6 Conclusion|35
3|References|36
3|Further Reading|37
2|World Politics and Humanitarian Action: Mutual Influences|38
3|1 Introduction|38
3|2 World Politics and Lawmaking|39
4|2.1 The Influence of World Politics on Humanitarian Norms|39
4|2.2 The Example of Refugee Law|40
3|3 World Politics and Humanitarian Needs|40
4|3.1 Geopolitical Games Induce Humanitarian Needs|41
4|3.2 Understanding World Politics Helps Tackle Humanitarian Needs|42
5|3.2.1 Conflict Triggers: Lack of National Sentiment|42
5|3.2.2 Conflict Triggers: Regional Turbulences and Other External Factors|43
5|3.2.3 Conflict Triggers: Absence of Democratic Structures|44
4|3.3 World Politics Influences Awareness of Humanitarian Crises|46
3|4 World Politics and Humanitarian Responses|46
4|4.1 World Politics and Beneficiaries of Humanitarian Action|47
4|4.2 The Influence of World Politics on Protection|47
5|4.2.1 World Politics Shapes Assistance and Protection Needs|47
5|4.2.2 Safe Havens|49
3|5 Humanitarian Action as a Facet of World Politics|50
4|5.1 Humanitarian Action as a Substitute for Political Measures|50
4|5.2 Humanitarian Action as a Provisional Measure|51
4|5.3 Humanitarian Action Supporting Special Status for Conflict Areas|52
4|5.4 Humanitarian Action as a Complement to Stabilisation Policies|53
4|5.5 Humanitarian Action as a Tool Against Ethnic Cleansing|54
3|6 Humanitarian Action as a Mirror of the International Community?|55
4|6.1 Era-Specific Features of Humanitarian Action|55
4|6.2 Regional Specificities of Humanitarian Action|59
3|7 Conclusion|60
3|References|61
3|Further Reading|61
2|The Changing Nature of Conflict: The Need for a Conflict-Sensitive Approach|63
3|1 Introduction|63
3|2 Definition and Types of Conflict|66
3|3 Contemporary Conflict Trends and Humanitarian Response|70
3|4 Conflict Analysis Frameworks and Tools|74
3|5 Challenges of Conflict Analysis in Humanitarian Action|80
3|6 Conclusion|82
3|References|82
3|Further Reading|84
2|The Governance of Humanitarian Action in World Politics|85
3|1 Introduction|85
3|2 Humanitarian Governance: Principles and Actors|86
3|3 Setting the Stage|89
4|3.1 The Role of the State|89
4|3.2 The State vs. Civil Society: From Government to Governance|90
4|3.3 International Organisations|92
4|3.4 International Non-governmental Organisations|96
3|4 Humanitarian Architecture|96
4|4.1 Victims, Beneficiaries and Stakeholders|96
4|4.2 Access, Safety and Security|97
4|4.3 Finances: Receivers and Donors of Humanitarian Action|99
4|4.4 Coordination of Humanitarian Action|100
4|4.5 Humanitarian Non-governmental Organisations|102
3|5 Conclusion|103
3|References|105
3|Further Reading|107
2|Principles and Professionalism: Towards Humanitarian Intelligence|108
3|1 Introduction|108
3|2 The Changing Nature of Humanitarian Analysis Needs|109
3|3 Humanitarian Space and Humanitarian Principles|111
3|4 The Effects of Terrorism and Counterterrorism|113
3|5 The Professionalisation of Humanitarian Aid|115
3|6 Coordination Challenges Among Humanitarian Stakeholders|118
3|7 Defining Humanitarian Intelligence|120
3|8 Conclusion|123
3|References|124
3|Further Reading|125
1|Part II: International Law|126
2|Public International Law|127
3|1 What Is Public International Law?|127
3|2 Public International Law and Municipal Law|129
4|2.1 The Absence of a Central Legislature|129
4|2.2 The Absence of Compulsory Law Enforcement|130
4|2.3 The Absence of a Compulsory Judicial System|131
4|2.4 Public International Law Is Real Law|133
3|3 Subjects of Public International Law|133
4|3.1 States|134
4|3.2 International Governmental Organisations|134
4|3.3 The International Committee of the Red Cross|136
4|3.4 Individuals|137
3|4 Sources of Public International Law|138
4|4.1 International Treaties, Conventions and Other Agreements|138
4|4.2 Customary International Law|139
4|4.3 International Organisations and the Development of International Law|141
4|4.4 The Relationship Between Sources and Norms of International Law|142
3|5 Conclusion|143
3|References|143
3|Books and Reports|143
3|Treaties and Statutes|143
3|Cases|144
3|Further Reading|144
2|International Human Rights Law|145
3|1 The Process of Internationalisation of Human Rights|145
3|2 The Basis of the Regulatory System: The United Nations Charter|146
3|3 Major Instruments of International Human Rights Law|147
4|3.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948|147
4|3.2 The International Covenants of 1966|148
3|4 Defining Features of the Treaties on Human Rights|150
3|5 International Systems to Protect Human Rights|151
4|5.1 Treaty Mechanisms|151
4|5.2 United Nations Human Rights Special Procedures|152
3|6 The United Nations Human Rights Council|153
3|References|155
3|Books and Reports|155
3|Articles and Book Chapters|156
3|UN Documents|156
3|Further Reading|157
2|International Humanitarian Law|158
3|1 Concept and Sources of International Humanitarian Law|158
3|2 Application of International Humanitarian Law|161
3|3 International and Non-international Armed Conflict|163
3|4 Principle of Distinction|164
3|5 Means and Methods of Warfare|167
3|6 Legal Status and Protection of Humanitarian Workers|167
3|7 Access to Humanitarian Relief During Armed Conflict|169
3|8 Responsibility for Breaches of International Humanitarian Law|170
3|References|172
3|Books and Reports|172
3|Articles and Book Chapters|172
3|Treaties and Statutes|173
3|UN Documents|173
3|Cases|173
3|Further Reading|174
2|International Criminal Law|175
3|1 International Criminal Law and Human Rights Law|175
3|2 The Origins of International Criminal Law|176
4|2.1 The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals|177
4|2.2 The International Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda|178
4|2.3 Other International and Hybrid Criminal Tribunals|179
4|2.4 The International Criminal Court|181
3|3 Some General Principles of Criminal Law|183
4|3.1 Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena sine Lege|183
4|3.2 In Dubio Pro Reo|184
4|3.3 Ne bis in Idem|185
3|4 The International Criminal Court´s Jurisdiction Under the Rome Statute|185
4|4.1 Criminal Procedure|186
5|4.1.1 Ways to Establish Jurisdiction|186
5|4.1.2 The Principle of Complementarity|187
5|4.1.3 The Principle of Immunity|188
4|4.2 Substantive Law|189
5|4.2.1 Genocide (Article 6 Rome Statute)|189
5|4.2.2 Crimes Against Humanity (Article 7 Rome Statute)|190
5|4.2.3 War Crimes (Article 8 Rome Statute)|191
5|4.2.4 Aggression (Article 8 bis Rome Statute)|192
3|5 Conclusion|193
3|References|194
3|Books and Reports|194
3|Articles and Book Chapters|194
3|Treaties and Statutes|195
3|Cases|195
3|UN Documents|196
3|Other|196
3|Further Reading|197
2|Disaster Law|198
3|1 The Fragmented Nature of Disaster Law|198
3|2 Definition and Scope of Application of Disaster Law|198
3|3 Emergence and Early Development of Disaster Law|199
3|4 Bilateral, Regional and Global Disaster Law Mechanisms|200
4|4.1 Bilateral Disaster Law Treaties|200
4|4.2 Regional Disaster Law Mechanisms|201
4|4.3 Global Multilateral Disaster Law Instruments|201
5|4.3.1 Broad International Regimes Addressing Disaster Issues|202
5|4.3.2 Mechanisms Addressing Specific Hazards|203
5|4.3.3 Mechanisms Addressing Particular Aspects of Disaster Relief|204
5|4.3.4 The International Law Commission´s Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disaster|204
3|5 Soft Law Instruments|205
4|5.1 Soft Law Instruments Addressed to States|205
4|5.2 Soft Law Instruments Addressed to Other Humanitarian Actors|206
3|6 Conclusion|207
3|References|207
3|Books and Reports|207
3|Articles and Book Chapters|207
3|Treaties and Statutes|208
3|UN Documents|208
3|Further Reading|208
2|Protection of Refugees and Minorities|210
3|1 Introduction|210
3|2 International Refugee Law|211
4|2.1 The Historical Development of International Refugee Law|211
4|2.2 Legal Instruments and Sources of Refugee Protection|212
4|2.3 Refugees in International Law|214
4|2.4 Exceptions to Refugee Protection|216
4|2.5 The Rights of Refugees|217
3|3 Implementation and Enforcement of Refugee Law|218
3|4 Minority Rights|219
4|4.1 Historical Development|220
4|4.2 Holders of Minority Rights|221
4|4.3 Content of Minority Rights|223
3|5 The European Dimension of Minority Protection|224
3|6 Conclusion|225
3|References|225
3|Books and Reports|225
3|Articles and Book Chapters|226
3|Other|226
3|Further Reading|227
1|Part III: Public Health|228
2|Learning Objectives|228
2|Basic Concepts and Current Challenges of Public Health in Humanitarian Action|229
3|1 Introduction|230
4|1.1 General Concepts and Approaches|230
4|1.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|235
3|2 Basic Demographic and Epidemiological Concepts|236
3|3 The Overall Human Impact of Emergencies|239
4|3.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|239
4|3.2 Levels and Possible Pathways to Excess Mortality and Morbidity|241
4|3.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|244
3|4 Governance in Humanitarian Action|244
4|4.1 The Role of Governance in Humanitarian Action|244
4|4.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|247
3|5 International Coordination of Humanitarian Aid|247
4|5.1 The Evolution of the International Humanitarian System|247
4|5.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|249
3|6 Assessing Humanitarian Needs|250
4|6.1 Why Assessments?|250
4|6.2 When Should Assessments Take Place?|251
4|6.3 Basic Principles of Data Assessment|252
4|6.4 What/How: Demography|253
4|6.5 What/How: Epidemiology|254
4|6.6 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|255
3|7 Cooperation with Local Health Systems|256
4|7.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|256
4|7.2 Fragility and Resilience of Health Systems in Emergency Situations|257
4|7.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|258
5|Case in Point: Nepal-Please Send No More Dogs|259
3|8 Communicable Diseases and Outbreak Control|259
4|8.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|259
4|8.2 Pathways to Excess Mortality and Morbidity in Emergencies|260
5|8.2.1 Measles|260
5|8.2.2 Malaria|261
5|8.2.3 Cholera and Other Diarrhoeal Diseases|262
5|8.2.4 Acute Respiratory Infections|262
5|8.2.5 Outbreak Preparedness and Control|263
3|9 Reproductive Health, HIV/AIDS and Sexual and Gender-Based Violence|264
4|9.1 Concepts|264
4|9.2 Baseline Situation|266
5|9.2.1 Maternal/Neonatal Health|266
5|9.2.2 Contraception|267
5|9.2.3 STIs, HIV/AIDS and SGBV|267
5|9.2.4 Excess Mortality/Morbidity|268
4|9.3 Existing Approaches and Guidelines|269
4|9.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|271
3|10 Non-communicable Diseases|272
4|10.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|272
4|10.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|275
3|11 Mental Health and Psychosocial Support|276
4|11.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|276
4|11.2 Excess Mortality and Morbidity|276
4|11.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|278
3|12 Forms of Injury and Treatment|279
4|12.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|279
4|12.2 Excess Mortality and Morbidity: Levels and Pathways|280
4|12.3 Approaches for Response|281
4|12.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|281
3|13 Nutrition|282
4|13.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|282
4|13.2 Pathways to Excess Mortality and Morbidity in Emergencies|283
4|13.3 Existing Approaches and Guidelines for Response|284
3|14 Environmental Health, Including Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|285
3|15 Water Supply: The Water Safety Chain|287
4|15.1 Water Sources and Demand|288
4|15.2 Source Selection, Advantages and Disadvantages|289
4|15.3 Construction and Protection of Sources and Sustainable Supply|290
4|15.4 Water Transport, Storage and Distribution|290
4|15.5 Water Treatment at the Community and Household Level and Testing|291
3|16 Excreta and Waste Management|292
4|16.1 Excreta Management|292
5|16.1.1 Concepts|292
5|16.1.2 What Latrines Do: Components and Options|293
5|16.1.3 Cross-Cutting Issues|294
5|16.1.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|295
4|16.2 Waste Management|296
5|16.2.1 Concepts|296
5|16.2.2 Types of Waste and Strategies for Dealing with Them|296
5|16.2.3 `Managing the Dead´: Or `Safe and Dignified Burial´?|298
5|16.2.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|299
3|17 Health and Hygiene Promotion|299
4|17.1 Concepts|299
4|17.2 Communication Channels|300
5|17.2.1 Steps in Health/Hygiene Promotion|300
5|17.2.2 Communication Channels|302
5|17.2.3 Measuring Health/Hygiene Promotion|302
5|17.2.4 Hygiene Related Non-food Items|303
4|17.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|303
3|18 Vector Control, Settlement Planning and Household Air Pollution|304
4|18.1 Vector Control|304
5|18.1.1 Concepts|304
5|18.1.2 Strategies for the Control of Vectors|304
5|18.1.3 Bednets and Indoor Residual Spraying with Respect to Malaria|305
5|18.1.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|305
4|18.2 Household Air Pollution|305
4|18.3 Shelter/Housing and Site/Settlement Planning|306
3|References|307
3|Further Reading|312
3|Section 1|312
3|Section 2|313
3|Section 3|313
3|Section 4|313
3|Section 5|314
3|Section 6|314
3|Section 7|314
3|Section 8|314
3|Section 9|315
3|Section 10|315
3|Section 11|315
3|Section 12|316
3|Section 13|316
3|Section 14|316
3|Sections 15 and 16|317
3|Section 17|317
3|Section 18|317
1|Part IV: Anthropology|318
2|Anthropology and Humanitarianism?|319
3|1 What Is Anthropology?|320
3|2 Holism: How the Social, the Material and the Symbolic Are Related|321
3|3 Methodological Relativism|323
3|4 Comparing for Understanding|325
3|5 Culture in Everyday Life|327
3|6 Anthropological Methods: Fieldwork, Participant Observation and Ethnography|331
3|7 Conclusion|335
3|References|335
3|Further Reading|336
2|Anthropological Perspectives|337
3|1 Understanding Culture|338
4|1.1 Defining Culture|338
4|1.2 Universality and Specificity of Culture|340
4|1.3 Permanence and Dynamics of Culture|341
3|2 The `Emic´ and `Etic´ Approaches to Culture|341
3|3 Ethnocentrism: The Belief in the Superiority of One´s Own Culture|345
4|3.1 Defining Ethnocentrism|345
4|3.2 Consequences of Ethnocentrism|347
3|4 Cultural Relativism or the Equivalence of Cultures|348
4|4.1 Defining Cultural Relativism|348
4|4.2 Criticism of Cultural Relativism|349
4|4.3 The Anthropologist´s Attitude|352
3|5 Conclusion|353
3|References|353
3|Further Reading|354
2|Armed Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises: Insights from the Anthropology of War|355
3|1 Introduction|355
3|2 Anthropological Perspectives on Armed Conflict|356
4|2.1 Violence and War as Social Institution|357
4|2.2 Primitive Versus Modern Warfare|358
4|2.3 The `Myth of the Peaceful Savage´|359
4|2.4 Causes and Effects of Armed Conflict|360
4|2.5 Anthropology and Contemporary Armed Conflicts|361
4|2.6 Anthropology of Peace|363
3|3 Anthropologists in Armed Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises|364
4|3.1 Anthropologists and Counter-Insurgency|364
4|3.2 Fieldwork in Conflict Zones|365
3|4 Conclusion|366
3|References|367
3|Further Reading|368
2|Forced Migration and Refugee Settings from an Anthropological Perspective|369
3|1 Introduction|369
3|2 The Meaning of Forced Migration|369
3|3 An Anthropological Conceptualisation of Forced Migration|372
3|4 An Anthropological Perspective of Forced Migration and Displacement|372
4|4.1 Social Networks, Identities and Community Perspectives|373
4|4.2 Refugees, Space and Place: The Micro Level|375
4|4.3 The Humanitarian Sector Related to Displacement|376
3|5 The Case of Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal|377
3|6 Conclusion|380
3|References|381
3|Further Reading|382
2|An Anthropological Perspective on the Timeline of Humanitarian Interventions|383
3|1 Early Identification of Probable Future Hazards|383
3|2 Implementation of Risk Reduction Programmes|384
3|3 The Disaster or Emergency Situation|385
3|4 Reconstruction and the Link with Development|386
3|5 Conclusion|390
3|References|391
3|Further Reading|392
1|Part V: Management|393
2|Managing Humanitarian Action: An Introduction|394
3|1 The Global Humanitarian Context|395
3|2 Diversity of Humanitarian Actors and Management Challenges|396
3|3 The Complexity of the Operating Environment|401
3|4 Managing Humanitarian Action in the Future|408
3|5 Conclusion|410
3|References|411
2|The Basics of Managing Emergencies|413
3|1 Introduction|413
3|2 Communication as a Management Tool|416
3|3 Management Styles|417
3|4 Reacting to the Unknown|418
3|5 Leadership and Management|419
3|6 Team Building|421
3|7 Needs, Goals and Effectiveness|422
4|7.1 Setting Objectives|424
4|7.2 Strategic Management|426
4|7.3 Organisational Structure|426
3|References|428
2|Project Management|430
3|1 Introduction|430
3|2 Project Identification or Needs Assessment|432
4|2.1 Situational Analysis|433
4|2.2 Stakeholder Analysis|434
4|2.3 Results of the Project Identification Phase|436
5|Box 1: Insights from the Field|437
3|3 Project Design and Planning|437
4|Box 2: Insights from the Field|438
4|3.1 Operationalisation into Indicators|439
4|3.2 Work Plans|440
4|3.3 Financing Projects|440
4|3.4 Stakeholder Consultation|441
4|3.5 Impact Analysis: Ecology, Economics and Finance|441
4|3.6 On Risks and Indicators|442
4|3.7 Project Review/Appraisal and Project Results|443
3|4 Writing a Project Proposal|444
3|5 Implementation with a Focus on Monitoring and Evaluation|445
4|5.1 Major Tasks Within the Project Implementation Phase|445
4|5.2 Implementation|446
5|Box 3: Insights from the Field|446
4|5.3 Monitoring|447
4|5.4 Evaluation|447
4|5.5 Auditing Humanitarian Projects|450
3|6 Managing Human Relations|451
3|7 Conclusion|452
3|References|452
3|Further Reading|453
2|Humanitarian Logistics|454
3|1 Introduction|454
4|1.1 The Importance of Logistics for Humanitarian Action|455
4|1.2 The Development of Logistics Principles Within the Military, Business and Humanitarian Action|455
3|2 Definition, Scope of Application and Fundamental Specificity|456
4|2.1 A Definition `Open to Loose Interpretation´|456
4|2.2 Particularities of Humanitarian Logistics|457
4|2.3 Logistics and Coordination|458
3|3 The Humanitarian Supply Chain|459
4|3.1 Needs Assessment and Planning|459
4|3.2 Procurement of Relief Goods and Services|460
4|3.3 Transport of Humanitarian Supplies|461
4|3.4 Warehousing|461
3|4 Conclusion|463
3|References|464
3|Further Reading|465
2|Security Management in Humanitarian Organisations|466
3|1 Introduction and Definitions|466
3|2 Context Assessment and Stakeholder Mapping|468
3|3 Security Stakeholder Mapping|469
3|4 From Context to Risk Assessment|470
3|5 From Risk Assessment to Security Planning|471
3|6 Securing People Not Career Paths|473
3|7 Security Is Everybody´s Business|473
3|8 Sharing Keeps Everyone Safe|475
3|9 Let It Flow, Keep It Simple|475
3|10 Keep It Focused and Separate|476
3|11 Security Management Strategies|479
4|11.1 Acceptance: The Holy Grail?|479
4|11.2 Protection: Be a Harder Target|480
4|11.3 Deterrence: The Credibility Choice|481
4|11.4 The Elephant in the Room: Risk Transfer|482
3|12 First, Know Thyself|483
3|13 Effective Security Management: A Legal Requirement|483
3|14 The Cost Factor|484
3|15 Security and Technology|485
3|16 The Dangerous Double Fallacy of Zero Risk|487
3|17 Good Staff Management for Good Security|487
3|18 Conclusion|488
3|References|488
3|Further Reading|489
2|Human Resource Management in the Humanitarian Sector|490
3|1 Introduction|491
4|1.1 Comparative Human Resource Management|493
4|1.2 Culture and Cross-Cultural Management|493
5|Discussion|496
3|2 Humanitarian Organisations and How They Manage People|497
4|Discussion|508
3|3 Human Research Management Tasks|508
3|References|512
2|Financial Management|514
3|1 Introduction|514
3|2 Budget Management|515
4|2.1 Overhead|515
4|2.2 Monitoring and Control|516
4|2.3 Linking Budget and Project Plans|517
3|3 Budgetary Control|518
3|4 The Human Dimension to Budget Preparation and Budgetary Control|518
3|5 Financial Reporting|519
3|6 Conclusion|523
3|References|523
1|Contents|7
1|Part I: World Politics|10
2|The Changing Context of Humanitarian Action: Key Challenges and Issues|11
3|1 Introduction|11
3|2 The Confluence of Global Trends|12
3|3 Change and Continuity in Armed Conflict and Other Forms of Violence|13
3|4 Protection at the Centre of Humanitarian Action|16
3|5 Humanitarian Implications of Migration Flows|17
3|6 Demanding a Paradigm Shift: From Managing Crisis to Managing Risk|18
3|7 A Common Understanding of Humanitarian Action and Its Limits?|20
3|8 A Call for a More Inclusive Humanitarian System|21
3|9 Conclusion|23
3|References|24
3|Further Readings|25
2|Humanitarian Action in International Relations: Power and Politics|27
3|1 Introduction|27
3|2 Humanitarians as Subject to State Power|29
3|3 Humanitarianism as Part of Western Hegemony|31
3|4 Humanitarianism Wielding Normative Power|32
3|5 Humanitarians and Power|34
3|6 Conclusion|35
3|References|36
3|Further Reading|37
2|World Politics and Humanitarian Action: Mutual Influences|38
3|1 Introduction|38
3|2 World Politics and Lawmaking|39
4|2.1 The Influence of World Politics on Humanitarian Norms|39
4|2.2 The Example of Refugee Law|40
3|3 World Politics and Humanitarian Needs|40
4|3.1 Geopolitical Games Induce Humanitarian Needs|41
4|3.2 Understanding World Politics Helps Tackle Humanitarian Needs|42
5|3.2.1 Conflict Triggers: Lack of National Sentiment|42
5|3.2.2 Conflict Triggers: Regional Turbulences and Other External Factors|43
5|3.2.3 Conflict Triggers: Absence of Democratic Structures|44
4|3.3 World Politics Influences Awareness of Humanitarian Crises|46
3|4 World Politics and Humanitarian Responses|46
4|4.1 World Politics and Beneficiaries of Humanitarian Action|47
4|4.2 The Influence of World Politics on Protection|47
5|4.2.1 World Politics Shapes Assistance and Protection Needs|47
5|4.2.2 Safe Havens|49
3|5 Humanitarian Action as a Facet of World Politics|50
4|5.1 Humanitarian Action as a Substitute for Political Measures|50
4|5.2 Humanitarian Action as a Provisional Measure|51
4|5.3 Humanitarian Action Supporting Special Status for Conflict Areas|52
4|5.4 Humanitarian Action as a Complement to Stabilisation Policies|53
4|5.5 Humanitarian Action as a Tool Against Ethnic Cleansing|54
3|6 Humanitarian Action as a Mirror of the International Community?|55
4|6.1 Era-Specific Features of Humanitarian Action|55
4|6.2 Regional Specificities of Humanitarian Action|59
3|7 Conclusion|60
3|References|61
3|Further Reading|61
2|The Changing Nature of Conflict: The Need for a Conflict-Sensitive Approach|63
3|1 Introduction|63
3|2 Definition and Types of Conflict|66
3|3 Contemporary Conflict Trends and Humanitarian Response|70
3|4 Conflict Analysis Frameworks and Tools|74
3|5 Challenges of Conflict Analysis in Humanitarian Action|80
3|6 Conclusion|82
3|References|82
3|Further Reading|84
2|The Governance of Humanitarian Action in World Politics|85
3|1 Introduction|85
3|2 Humanitarian Governance: Principles and Actors|86
3|3 Setting the Stage|89
4|3.1 The Role of the State|89
4|3.2 The State vs. Civil Society: From Government to Governance|90
4|3.3 International Organisations|92
4|3.4 International Non-governmental Organisations|96
3|4 Humanitarian Architecture|96
4|4.1 Victims, Beneficiaries and Stakeholders|96
4|4.2 Access, Safety and Security|97
4|4.3 Finances: Receivers and Donors of Humanitarian Action|99
4|4.4 Coordination of Humanitarian Action|100
4|4.5 Humanitarian Non-governmental Organisations|102
3|5 Conclusion|103
3|References|105
3|Further Reading|107
2|Principles and Professionalism: Towards Humanitarian Intelligence|108
3|1 Introduction|108
3|2 The Changing Nature of Humanitarian Analysis Needs|109
3|3 Humanitarian Space and Humanitarian Principles|111
3|4 The Effects of Terrorism and Counterterrorism|113
3|5 The Professionalisation of Humanitarian Aid|115
3|6 Coordination Challenges Among Humanitarian Stakeholders|118
3|7 Defining Humanitarian Intelligence|120
3|8 Conclusion|123
3|References|124
3|Further Reading|125
1|Part II: International Law|126
2|Public International Law|127
3|1 What Is Public International Law?|127
3|2 Public International Law and Municipal Law|129
4|2.1 The Absence of a Central Legislature|129
4|2.2 The Absence of Compulsory Law Enforcement|130
4|2.3 The Absence of a Compulsory Judicial System|131
4|2.4 Public International Law Is Real Law|133
3|3 Subjects of Public International Law|133
4|3.1 States|134
4|3.2 International Governmental Organisations|134
4|3.3 The International Committee of the Red Cross|136
4|3.4 Individuals|137
3|4 Sources of Public International Law|138
4|4.1 International Treaties, Conventions and Other Agreements|138
4|4.2 Customary International Law|139
4|4.3 International Organisations and the Development of International Law|141
4|4.4 The Relationship Between Sources and Norms of International Law|142
3|5 Conclusion|143
3|References|143
3|Books and Reports|143
3|Treaties and Statutes|143
3|Cases|144
3|Further Reading|144
2|International Human Rights Law|145
3|1 The Process of Internationalisation of Human Rights|145
3|2 The Basis of the Regulatory System: The United Nations Charter|146
3|3 Major Instruments of International Human Rights Law|147
4|3.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948|147
4|3.2 The International Covenants of 1966|148
3|4 Defining Features of the Treaties on Human Rights|150
3|5 International Systems to Protect Human Rights|151
4|5.1 Treaty Mechanisms|151
4|5.2 United Nations Human Rights Special Procedures|152
3|6 The United Nations Human Rights Council|153
3|References|155
3|Books and Reports|155
3|Articles and Book Chapters|156
3|UN Documents|156
3|Further Reading|157
2|International Humanitarian Law|158
3|1 Concept and Sources of International Humanitarian Law|158
3|2 Application of International Humanitarian Law|161
3|3 International and Non-international Armed Conflict|163
3|4 Principle of Distinction|164
3|5 Means and Methods of Warfare|167
3|6 Legal Status and Protection of Humanitarian Workers|167
3|7 Access to Humanitarian Relief During Armed Conflict|169
3|8 Responsibility for Breaches of International Humanitarian Law|170
3|References|172
3|Books and Reports|172
3|Articles and Book Chapters|172
3|Treaties and Statutes|173
3|UN Documents|173
3|Cases|173
3|Further Reading|174
2|International Criminal Law|175
3|1 International Criminal Law and Human Rights Law|175
3|2 The Origins of International Criminal Law|176
4|2.1 The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals|177
4|2.2 The International Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda|178
4|2.3 Other International and Hybrid Criminal Tribunals|179
4|2.4 The International Criminal Court|181
3|3 Some General Principles of Criminal Law|183
4|3.1 Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena sine Lege|183
4|3.2 In Dubio Pro Reo|184
4|3.3 Ne bis in Idem|185
3|4 The International Criminal Court´s Jurisdiction Under the Rome Statute|185
4|4.1 Criminal Procedure|186
5|4.1.1 Ways to Establish Jurisdiction|186
5|4.1.2 The Principle of Complementarity|187
5|4.1.3 The Principle of Immunity|188
4|4.2 Substantive Law|189
5|4.2.1 Genocide (Article 6 Rome Statute)|189
5|4.2.2 Crimes Against Humanity (Article 7 Rome Statute)|190
5|4.2.3 War Crimes (Article 8 Rome Statute)|191
5|4.2.4 Aggression (Article 8 bis Rome Statute)|192
3|5 Conclusion|193
3|References|194
3|Books and Reports|194
3|Articles and Book Chapters|194
3|Treaties and Statutes|195
3|Cases|195
3|UN Documents|196
3|Other|196
3|Further Reading|197
2|Disaster Law|198
3|1 The Fragmented Nature of Disaster Law|198
3|2 Definition and Scope of Application of Disaster Law|198
3|3 Emergence and Early Development of Disaster Law|199
3|4 Bilateral, Regional and Global Disaster Law Mechanisms|200
4|4.1 Bilateral Disaster Law Treaties|200
4|4.2 Regional Disaster Law Mechanisms|201
4|4.3 Global Multilateral Disaster Law Instruments|201
5|4.3.1 Broad International Regimes Addressing Disaster Issues|202
5|4.3.2 Mechanisms Addressing Specific Hazards|203
5|4.3.3 Mechanisms Addressing Particular Aspects of Disaster Relief|204
5|4.3.4 The International Law Commission´s Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disaster|204
3|5 Soft Law Instruments|205
4|5.1 Soft Law Instruments Addressed to States|205
4|5.2 Soft Law Instruments Addressed to Other Humanitarian Actors|206
3|6 Conclusion|207
3|References|207
3|Books and Reports|207
3|Articles and Book Chapters|207
3|Treaties and Statutes|208
3|UN Documents|208
3|Further Reading|208
2|Protection of Refugees and Minorities|210
3|1 Introduction|210
3|2 International Refugee Law|211
4|2.1 The Historical Development of International Refugee Law|211
4|2.2 Legal Instruments and Sources of Refugee Protection|212
4|2.3 Refugees in International Law|214
4|2.4 Exceptions to Refugee Protection|216
4|2.5 The Rights of Refugees|217
3|3 Implementation and Enforcement of Refugee Law|218
3|4 Minority Rights|219
4|4.1 Historical Development|220
4|4.2 Holders of Minority Rights|221
4|4.3 Content of Minority Rights|223
3|5 The European Dimension of Minority Protection|224
3|6 Conclusion|225
3|References|225
3|Books and Reports|225
3|Articles and Book Chapters|226
3|Other|226
3|Further Reading|227
1|Part III: Public Health|228
2|Learning Objectives|228
2|Basic Concepts and Current Challenges of Public Health in Humanitarian Action|229
3|1 Introduction|230
4|1.1 General Concepts and Approaches|230
4|1.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|235
3|2 Basic Demographic and Epidemiological Concepts|236
3|3 The Overall Human Impact of Emergencies|239
4|3.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|239
4|3.2 Levels and Possible Pathways to Excess Mortality and Morbidity|241
4|3.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|244
3|4 Governance in Humanitarian Action|244
4|4.1 The Role of Governance in Humanitarian Action|244
4|4.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|247
3|5 International Coordination of Humanitarian Aid|247
4|5.1 The Evolution of the International Humanitarian System|247
4|5.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|249
3|6 Assessing Humanitarian Needs|250
4|6.1 Why Assessments?|250
4|6.2 When Should Assessments Take Place?|251
4|6.3 Basic Principles of Data Assessment|252
4|6.4 What/How: Demography|253
4|6.5 What/How: Epidemiology|254
4|6.6 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|255
3|7 Cooperation with Local Health Systems|256
4|7.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|256
4|7.2 Fragility and Resilience of Health Systems in Emergency Situations|257
4|7.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|258
5|Case in Point: Nepal-Please Send No More Dogs|259
3|8 Communicable Diseases and Outbreak Control|259
4|8.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|259
4|8.2 Pathways to Excess Mortality and Morbidity in Emergencies|260
5|8.2.1 Measles|260
5|8.2.2 Malaria|261
5|8.2.3 Cholera and Other Diarrhoeal Diseases|262
5|8.2.4 Acute Respiratory Infections|262
5|8.2.5 Outbreak Preparedness and Control|263
3|9 Reproductive Health, HIV/AIDS and Sexual and Gender-Based Violence|264
4|9.1 Concepts|264
4|9.2 Baseline Situation|266
5|9.2.1 Maternal/Neonatal Health|266
5|9.2.2 Contraception|267
5|9.2.3 STIs, HIV/AIDS and SGBV|267
5|9.2.4 Excess Mortality/Morbidity|268
4|9.3 Existing Approaches and Guidelines|269
4|9.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|271
3|10 Non-communicable Diseases|272
4|10.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|272
4|10.2 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|275
3|11 Mental Health and Psychosocial Support|276
4|11.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|276
4|11.2 Excess Mortality and Morbidity|276
4|11.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|278
3|12 Forms of Injury and Treatment|279
4|12.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|279
4|12.2 Excess Mortality and Morbidity: Levels and Pathways|280
4|12.3 Approaches for Response|281
4|12.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|281
3|13 Nutrition|282
4|13.1 Concepts and Baseline Situation|282
4|13.2 Pathways to Excess Mortality and Morbidity in Emergencies|283
4|13.3 Existing Approaches and Guidelines for Response|284
3|14 Environmental Health, Including Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|285
3|15 Water Supply: The Water Safety Chain|287
4|15.1 Water Sources and Demand|288
4|15.2 Source Selection, Advantages and Disadvantages|289
4|15.3 Construction and Protection of Sources and Sustainable Supply|290
4|15.4 Water Transport, Storage and Distribution|290
4|15.5 Water Treatment at the Community and Household Level and Testing|291
3|16 Excreta and Waste Management|292
4|16.1 Excreta Management|292
5|16.1.1 Concepts|292
5|16.1.2 What Latrines Do: Components and Options|293
5|16.1.3 Cross-Cutting Issues|294
5|16.1.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|295
4|16.2 Waste Management|296
5|16.2.1 Concepts|296
5|16.2.2 Types of Waste and Strategies for Dealing with Them|296
5|16.2.3 `Managing the Dead´: Or `Safe and Dignified Burial´?|298
5|16.2.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|299
3|17 Health and Hygiene Promotion|299
4|17.1 Concepts|299
4|17.2 Communication Channels|300
5|17.2.1 Steps in Health/Hygiene Promotion|300
5|17.2.2 Communication Channels|302
5|17.2.3 Measuring Health/Hygiene Promotion|302
5|17.2.4 Hygiene Related Non-food Items|303
4|17.3 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|303
3|18 Vector Control, Settlement Planning and Household Air Pollution|304
4|18.1 Vector Control|304
5|18.1.1 Concepts|304
5|18.1.2 Strategies for the Control of Vectors|304
5|18.1.3 Bednets and Indoor Residual Spraying with Respect to Malaria|305
5|18.1.4 Challenges, Dilemmas, Dos and Don´ts|305
4|18.2 Household Air Pollution|305
4|18.3 Shelter/Housing and Site/Settlement Planning|306
3|References|307
3|Further Reading|312
3|Section 1|312
3|Section 2|313
3|Section 3|313
3|Section 4|313
3|Section 5|314
3|Section 6|314
3|Section 7|314
3|Section 8|314
3|Section 9|315
3|Section 10|315
3|Section 11|315
3|Section 12|316
3|Section 13|316
3|Section 14|316
3|Sections 15 and 16|317
3|Section 17|317
3|Section 18|317
1|Part IV: Anthropology|318
2|Anthropology and Humanitarianism?|319
3|1 What Is Anthropology?|320
3|2 Holism: How the Social, the Material and the Symbolic Are Related|321
3|3 Methodological Relativism|323
3|4 Comparing for Understanding|325
3|5 Culture in Everyday Life|327
3|6 Anthropological Methods: Fieldwork, Participant Observation and Ethnography|331
3|7 Conclusion|335
3|References|335
3|Further Reading|336
2|Anthropological Perspectives|337
3|1 Understanding Culture|338
4|1.1 Defining Culture|338
4|1.2 Universality and Specificity of Culture|340
4|1.3 Permanence and Dynamics of Culture|341
3|2 The `Emic´ and `Etic´ Approaches to Culture|341
3|3 Ethnocentrism: The Belief in the Superiority of One´s Own Culture|345
4|3.1 Defining Ethnocentrism|345
4|3.2 Consequences of Ethnocentrism|347
3|4 Cultural Relativism or the Equivalence of Cultures|348
4|4.1 Defining Cultural Relativism|348
4|4.2 Criticism of Cultural Relativism|349
4|4.3 The Anthropologist´s Attitude|352
3|5 Conclusion|353
3|References|353
3|Further Reading|354
2|Armed Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises: Insights from the Anthropology of War|355
3|1 Introduction|355
3|2 Anthropological Perspectives on Armed Conflict|356
4|2.1 Violence and War as Social Institution|357
4|2.2 Primitive Versus Modern Warfare|358
4|2.3 The `Myth of the Peaceful Savage´|359
4|2.4 Causes and Effects of Armed Conflict|360
4|2.5 Anthropology and Contemporary Armed Conflicts|361
4|2.6 Anthropology of Peace|363
3|3 Anthropologists in Armed Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises|364
4|3.1 Anthropologists and Counter-Insurgency|364
4|3.2 Fieldwork in Conflict Zones|365
3|4 Conclusion|366
3|References|367
3|Further Reading|368
2|Forced Migration and Refugee Settings from an Anthropological Perspective|369
3|1 Introduction|369
3|2 The Meaning of Forced Migration|369
3|3 An Anthropological Conceptualisation of Forced Migration|372
3|4 An Anthropological Perspective of Forced Migration and Displacement|372
4|4.1 Social Networks, Identities and Community Perspectives|373
4|4.2 Refugees, Space and Place: The Micro Level|375
4|4.3 The Humanitarian Sector Related to Displacement|376
3|5 The Case of Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal|377
3|6 Conclusion|380
3|References|381
3|Further Reading|382
2|An Anthropological Perspective on the Timeline of Humanitarian Interventions|383
3|1 Early Identification of Probable Future Hazards|383
3|2 Implementation of Risk Reduction Programmes|384
3|3 The Disaster or Emergency Situation|385
3|4 Reconstruction and the Link with Development|386
3|5 Conclusion|390
3|References|391
3|Further Reading|392
1|Part V: Management|393
2|Managing Humanitarian Action: An Introduction|394
3|1 The Global Humanitarian Context|395
3|2 Diversity of Humanitarian Actors and Management Challenges|396
3|3 The Complexity of the Operating Environment|401
3|4 Managing Humanitarian Action in the Future|408
3|5 Conclusion|410
3|References|411
2|The Basics of Managing Emergencies|413
3|1 Introduction|413
3|2 Communication as a Management Tool|416
3|3 Management Styles|417
3|4 Reacting to the Unknown|418
3|5 Leadership and Management|419
3|6 Team Building|421
3|7 Needs, Goals and Effectiveness|422
4|7.1 Setting Objectives|424
4|7.2 Strategic Management|426
4|7.3 Organisational Structure|426
3|References|428
2|Project Management|430
3|1 Introduction|430
3|2 Project Identification or Needs Assessment|432
4|2.1 Situational Analysis|433
4|2.2 Stakeholder Analysis|434
4|2.3 Results of the Project Identification Phase|436
5|Box 1: Insights from the Field|437
3|3 Project Design and Planning|437
4|Box 2: Insights from the Field|438
4|3.1 Operationalisation into Indicators|439
4|3.2 Work Plans|440
4|3.3 Financing Projects|440
4|3.4 Stakeholder Consultation|441
4|3.5 Impact Analysis: Ecology, Economics and Finance|441
4|3.6 On Risks and Indicators|442
4|3.7 Project Review/Appraisal and Project Results|443
3|4 Writing a Project Proposal|444
3|5 Implementation with a Focus on Monitoring and Evaluation|445
4|5.1 Major Tasks Within the Project Implementation Phase|445
4|5.2 Implementation|446
5|Box 3: Insights from the Field|446
4|5.3 Monitoring|447
4|5.4 Evaluation|447
4|5.5 Auditing Humanitarian Projects|450
3|6 Managing Human Relations|451
3|7 Conclusion|452
3|References|452
3|Further Reading|453
2|Humanitarian Logistics|454
3|1 Introduction|454
4|1.1 The Importance of Logistics for Humanitarian Action|455
4|1.2 The Development of Logistics Principles Within the Military, Business and Humanitarian Action|455
3|2 Definition, Scope of Application and Fundamental Specificity|456
4|2.1 A Definition `Open to Loose Interpretation´|456
4|2.2 Particularities of Humanitarian Logistics|457
4|2.3 Logistics and Coordination|458
3|3 The Humanitarian Supply Chain|459
4|3.1 Needs Assessment and Planning|459
4|3.2 Procurement of Relief Goods and Services|460
4|3.3 Transport of Humanitarian Supplies|461
4|3.4 Warehousing|461
3|4 Conclusion|463
3|References|464
3|Further Reading|465
2|Security Management in Humanitarian Organisations|466
3|1 Introduction and Definitions|466
3|2 Context Assessment and Stakeholder Mapping|468
3|3 Security Stakeholder Mapping|469
3|4 From Context to Risk Assessment|470
3|5 From Risk Assessment to Security Planning|471
3|6 Securing People Not Career Paths|473
3|7 Security Is Everybody´s Business|473
3|8 Sharing Keeps Everyone Safe|475
3|9 Let It Flow, Keep It Simple|475
3|10 Keep It Focused and Separate|476
3|11 Security Management Strategies|479
4|11.1 Acceptance: The Holy Grail?|479
4|11.2 Protection: Be a Harder Target|480
4|11.3 Deterrence: The Credibility Choice|481
4|11.4 The Elephant in the Room: Risk Transfer|482
3|12 First, Know Thyself|483
3|13 Effective Security Management: A Legal Requirement|483
3|14 The Cost Factor|484
3|15 Security and Technology|485
3|16 The Dangerous Double Fallacy of Zero Risk|487
3|17 Good Staff Management for Good Security|487
3|18 Conclusion|488
3|References|488
3|Further Reading|489
2|Human Resource Management in the Humanitarian Sector|490
3|1 Introduction|491
4|1.1 Comparative Human Resource Management|493
4|1.2 Culture and Cross-Cultural Management|493
5|Discussion|496
3|2 Humanitarian Organisations and How They Manage People|497
4|Discussion|508
3|3 Human Research Management Tasks|508
3|References|512
2|Financial Management|514
3|1 Introduction|514
3|2 Budget Management|515
4|2.1 Overhead|515
4|2.2 Monitoring and Control|516
4|2.3 Linking Budget and Project Plans|517
3|3 Budgetary Control|518
3|4 The Human Dimension to Budget Preparation and Budgetary Control|518
3|5 Financial Reporting|519
3|6 Conclusion|523
3|References|523