File #2479: "2018_Book_HandbookOfAgri-FoodLawInChinaG.pdf"
Text
1|Contents|5
1|List of Abbreviations|6
1|Chapter 1: Agri-Food Law: Term, Development, Structures, System and Framework|7
2|1.1 The Concept of ``Agri-Food Law´´|8
3|1.1.1 The Source of the Terminology|8
3|1.1.2 The Right to Food as a Global Normative Basis for Agri-Food Law|10
2|1.2 The Framework of Agri-Food Law in the European Union and Germany|15
3|1.2.1 The Relationship between the Law of the EU and Germany as a Member State|16
4|1.2.1.1 Foundational Allocation of Competences|16
4|1.2.1.2 Forms of Legal Action|17
4|1.2.1.3 Primacy of Union Laws|18
4|1.2.1.4 Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union|18
4|1.2.1.5 Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and of the German Basic Law|19
3|1.2.2 The Legal Bases for Union Legislation for Agri-Food Law|20
4|1.2.2.1 Agriculture|20
4|1.2.2.2 Environmental Protection|21
4|1.2.2.3 Approximation of Laws|21
4|1.2.2.4 Common Trade Policy|23
3|1.2.3 The Secondary Development of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU|24
4|1.2.3.1 Historical Overview of Common Agricultural Policy|24
4|1.2.3.2 The Two-Pillar Structure of the Common Agricultural Policy|27
4|1.2.3.3 The First Pillar of the CAP: Market Organisation and Direct Payments|28
5|1.2.3.3.1 Common Market Organisation for Agricultural Produce|28
5|1.2.3.3.2 Direct Payments|30
6|1.2.3.3.2.1 The Basic Payment|31
6|1.2.3.3.2.2 Cross Compliance|31
6|1.2.3.3.2.3 Greening|32
4|1.2.3.4 The Second Pillar of the CAP: The Development of Rural Areas|35
3|1.2.4 Brief Overview of EU Food Law|35
3|1.2.5 The Basic Federal Structures of Agri-Food Law in Germany|37
2|1.3 The Framework of Agri-Food Law in China|40
3|1.3.1 Legal Hierarchy and Legislative Authority in China|40
4|1.3.1.1 Introduction|40
4|1.3.1.2 Framework of Agricultural Laws, Regulations and Rules in China|42
5|1.3.1.2.1 Provisions on Agriculture and Food in the Constitution|42
5|1.3.1.2.2 Laws on Agriculture|43
5|1.3.1.2.3 Administrative Regulations on Agriculture and Food|46
5|1.3.1.2.4 Departmental Rules of Agriculture|47
5|1.3.1.2.5 Local Decrees and Regulations|49
3|1.3.2 Implementation of Agricultural Law of the People´s Republic of China|50
4|1.3.2.1 Solutions of Civil Conflicts|50
4|1.3.2.2 Administrative Responsibility for Violations of the Law of Agriculture|51
4|1.3.2.3 Criminal Responsibility for Violations of the Law of Agriculture|52
3|1.3.3 Development of Chinese Agriculture Law, Environmental Law and Food Law|53
4|1.3.3.1 Objective and Fundamental Measure of Agriculture Law|53
5|1.3.3.1.1 To Clarify Rights and Obligations|53
5|1.3.3.1.2 To Establish an Agricultural Access System|54
5|1.3.3.1.3 To Establish the System of Agricultural Subsidies|55
4|1.3.3.2 Chinese Environmental Resources Law Related to Agriculture and Food|57
4|1.3.3.3 The Relationship between Chinese Agriculture and Food Law|58
2|References|59
1|Chapter 2: Food Security and Food Safety Law|63
2|2.1 The Significance of Food Security and Food Safety|65
3|2.1.1 The Permanent Challenge|65
3|2.1.2 Food Security|66
3|2.1.3 Food Safety|70
2|2.2 Global Food Safety Law|72
3|2.2.1 Multi-Level Legal Network|72
3|2.2.2 Codex Alimentarius|73
3|2.2.3 Private Food Safety Standards|76
2|2.3 European and German Food Safety Law|78
3|2.3.1 Legal Framework|78
4|2.3.1.1 Development|78
4|2.3.1.2 Legal System and Structure|80
3|2.3.2 General Food Safety Law|80
4|2.3.2.1 Concept of Food Safety|80
4|2.3.2.2 Principle of the Entire Food Chain|82
4|2.3.2.3 Principle of Entrepreneurial Responsibility|82
4|2.3.2.4 Principle of Traceability|82
4|2.3.2.5 Recall|84
4|2.3.2.6 Risk Analysis: Risk Evaluation, Risk Management, Risk Communication|85
4|2.3.2.7 Precautionary Principle|86
3|2.3.3 Specific Food Safety Law|87
4|2.3.3.1 Food Hygiene|87
5|2.3.3.1.1 General Rules for Food Hygiene|88
5|2.3.3.1.2 Specific Hygiene Rules for Food of Animal Origin|89
4|2.3.3.2 Novel Foods|90
4|2.3.3.3 Special Food Types; Food Supplements, Enzymes, Flavourings|94
4|2.3.3.4 Contaminants and Residues|95
4|2.3.3.5 Food Irradiation|96
3|2.3.4 Enforcement|97
4|2.3.4.1 Control System and Enforcement Structure|97
5|2.3.4.1.1 General Allocation of Competences in a Federal Multi-Level System|97
5|2.3.4.1.2 Tasks and Powers of Food Authorities in Germany|99
5|2.3.4.1.3 Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)|100
5|2.3.4.1.4 Tasks and Powers of EU Food Authorities|101
4|2.3.4.2 Criminal Sanctions; Civil Law Liability|102
2|2.4 Chinese Food Safety Law|103
3|2.4.1 Legal Framework|103
4|2.4.1.1 Development of the Legal Framework|103
4|2.4.1.2 Chinese Food Safety Legal Structure|104
5|2.4.1.2.1 Overall Information and Legal Structure|104
5|2.4.1.2.2 Principles in the Food Sector|108
6|2.4.1.2.2.1 The ``From-Field-to-Table´´ Supervision Principle|108
6|2.4.1.2.2.2 The Public Participation Principle|108
6|2.4.1.2.2.3 The Precautionary Principle|109
6|2.4.1.2.2.4 The Principle of Management in Accordance with the Law|109
6|2.4.1.2.2.5 Principles of Openness and Transparency of Information|110
3|2.4.2 Legal Purposes and Scope|110
4|2.4.2.1 Legal Purposes|110
4|2.4.2.2 Adjustment Range of the Food Safety Law System in China|111
5|2.4.2.2.1 Food Production and Management|111
5|2.4.2.2.2 Production and Operation of Food Additives and New Raw Materials for Food|112
5|2.4.2.2.3 Production and Management of Food-Related Products|112
5|2.4.2.2.4 Food Manufacturing Operators Using Food Additives and Food-Related Products|112
5|2.4.2.2.5 Security Management of Food Additives and Food-Related Products|112
5|2.4.2.2.6 Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law and the Food Safety Law|113
3|2.4.3 Legal Instruments|113
4|2.4.3.1 Voluntary/Mandatory Standards|113
4|2.4.3.2 The Legal System of Agricultural Product Quality Safety|114
4|2.4.3.3 Legal System of Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment|115
4|2.4.3.4 Food Additives|116
4|2.4.3.5 Food Production and Distribution|117
4|2.4.3.6 Food Inspection|118
4|2.4.3.7 Food Import and Export|119
4|2.4.3.8 Settlement of Food Safety Incidents|120
4|2.4.3.9 Supervision and Administration|121
4|2.4.3.10 Legal Liability|122
3|2.4.4 Effectiveness of Law Enforcement|123
4|2.4.4.1 Comprehensive Management of Food Safety Has Achieved Positive Results|123
4|2.4.4.2 Monitoring and Early Warning Capability of Food Safety Risk Has Been Strengthened|124
4|2.4.4.3 Supporting Regulations and Standards Have Made Progress|124
4|2.4.4.4 Establishment of the Emergency Response Mechanism of Food Safety Incidents|125
4|2.4.4.5 The Initial Establishment of the Comprehensive Coordination Mechanism for Food Safety and the Improvement of the Regul...|125
4|2.4.4.6 Strengthening the Responsibility of Food Safety|126
3|2.4.5 Improvements and Outlook|127
4|2.4.5.1 Focusing on Improving and Implementing Compensation First System of the Food Producers|127
4|2.4.5.2 Focusing on Building and Improving Risk Prevention and Monitoring System of Food Safety|128
4|2.4.5.3 Improving and Unifying the Supervision Mechanism and Social Cohabitation Mechanism of Food Safety Authoritatively|128
4|2.4.5.4 Coordinating with Other Laws to Improve the Relevant Specific System|129
2|References|130
1|Chapter 3: Land Resources Law|133
2|3.1 Introduction|135
3|3.1.1 Foreign Direct Investments|136
3|3.1.2 Investments Worldwide|138
3|3.1.3 German Investments|139
3|3.1.4 Chinese Investments|140
2|3.2 Global Law|141
3|3.2.1 International Legal Measures|141
4|3.2.1.1 Legal Rules in Favour of Private Investors|142
5|3.2.1.1.1 The Customary Law of Nations on Foreigners|142
5|3.2.1.1.2 Host Government Agreements|143
5|3.2.1.1.3 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)|144
6|3.2.1.1.3.1 Material Application with Regard to Foreign Direct Investments in Agricultural Soils|145
6|3.2.1.1.3.2 Personal Application|145
6|3.2.1.1.3.3 Temporary Application|145
6|3.2.1.1.3.4 Noteworthy Levels of Protection|146
6|3.2.1.1.3.5 Legal Remedies of the Investor|150
5|3.2.1.1.4 Failure of a Multilateral Investment Treaty (MIT)|151
5|3.2.1.1.5 Integration of Investment Protection Provisions into Bilateral Trading Agreements|152
5|3.2.1.1.6 The German-Chinese Bilateral Investment Treaty|152
4|3.2.1.2 Legal System to Protect the Population of the Hosting Country|153
5|3.2.1.2.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|153
5|3.2.1.2.2 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|154
5|3.2.1.2.3 Asia´s Efforts to Codify Human Rights|155
5|3.2.1.2.4 Non-binding Rules and Drafts for Enterprises|157
6|3.2.1.2.4.1 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises|157
6|3.2.1.2.4.2 UN Global Compact|157
6|3.2.1.2.4.3 UN Draft for Norms of the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regar...|158
6|3.2.1.2.4.4 Concepts of Human Rights Impact Assessment and John Ruggie´s Acting Concept: Protect, Respect and Remedy|158
6|3.2.1.2.4.5 FAO Guideline Package|158
6|3.2.1.2.4.6 Principles of the World Bank Group, the FAO, the IFAD and the UNCTAD|160
6|3.2.1.2.4.7 Principles of the CFS|160
6|3.2.1.2.4.8 Goals of Sustainable Development of the United Nations|160
5|3.2.1.2.5 Criticism|161
3|3.2.2 Summary|162
2|3.3 European Law (Including German Law)|162
3|3.3.1 Introduction|162
3|3.3.2 Legal Framework|163
4|3.3.2.1 Development|163
4|3.3.2.2 Legal System|165
5|3.3.2.2.1 European Level|165
6|3.3.2.2.1.1 Legal Rules in Favour of Private Investors|165
6|3.3.2.2.1.2 Legal System to Protect the Population of the Hosting Country|166
5|3.3.2.2.2 National Level|167
6|3.3.2.2.2.1 The Constitutional Right to Property|168
6|3.3.2.2.2.2 Ordinary Law on the Federal Level Relating to the Transaction of Agricultural Soils|169
6|3.3.2.2.2.3 Ordinary Law Curbing the Utilisation of Farmland for Non-agricultural Purposes|172
4|3.3.2.3 The Backbones of the Legal German Acts|175
5|3.3.2.3.1 The Grounds for Refusal|175
5|3.3.2.3.2 The Pre-emptive Right|176
3|3.3.3 Legal Purposes|176
4|3.3.3.1 Food Security|177
4|3.3.3.2 Prevention of Speculation|177
4|3.3.3.3 Creation of Competitive Farms|178
4|3.3.3.4 Intermediate Conclusion|178
3|3.3.4 Enforcement/Implementation/Control of Law|178
4|3.3.4.1 Administrative Practice|179
4|3.3.4.2 Jurisdiction Practice|179
3|3.3.5 Evaluation/Discussion|181
3|3.3.6 Outlook|182
2|3.4 Chinese Law|183
3|3.4.1 Introduction|183
3|3.4.2 Legal Framework|183
4|3.4.2.1 The Constitution|184
4|3.4.2.2 Laws Relating to Land Resource|184
4|3.4.2.3 The State Council Regulations on Land Resources|185
4|3.4.2.4 The Department Regulations of Land Conservation|185
4|3.4.2.5 The Local Regulations of Land Resources|186
3|3.4.3 Legal Purposes of the Laws Relating to Land Resource|186
4|3.4.3.1 Safeguarding the Socialist Public Ownership of Land|187
4|3.4.3.2 Protecting and Developing Land Resources|187
4|3.4.3.3 Promoting Economic and Social Sustainable Development|187
3|3.4.4 Legal Instruments|188
4|3.4.4.1 Land Ownership System|188
5|3.4.4.1.1 The State Ownership of Land|188
5|3.4.4.1.2 The Collective Ownership of Land|189
4|3.4.4.2 Land-Use Right System|189
5|3.4.4.2.1 Right to the Contracted Management of Land|189
6|3.4.4.2.1.1 The Acquisition of Right to the Contracted Management of Land|190
6|3.4.4.2.1.2 Effectiveness of Right to the Contracted Management of Land|192
6|3.4.4.2.1.3 Extinction of the Right to the Contracted Management of Land|194
6|3.4.4.2.1.4 Circulation of the Right to Land Contractual Management|195
6|3.4.4.2.1.5 Investments of Foreign Companies in the Chinese Agriculture Real Estate Market|196
5|3.4.4.2.2 Right to Use Construction Land|197
5|3.4.4.2.3 Right to Use House Sites|198
4|3.4.4.3 Overall Plans for Land Utilization|199
4|3.4.4.4 Protection of Cultivated Land|200
5|3.4.4.4.1 Strictly Restricting Conversion of Cultivated Land to Non-cultivated Land|200
5|3.4.4.4.2 The System of Compensation for the Use of Cultivated Land for Other Purposes|200
5|3.4.4.4.3 The System of Protection of Capital Farmland|201
5|3.4.4.4.4 The System of Land Reclamation|201
3|3.4.5 Enforcement/Implementation/Control of the Law|202
3|3.4.6 Evaluation of China´s Legal System of Land Resources|204
3|3.4.7 Outlook|207
2|3.5 Comparison|208
2|References|210
1|Chapter 4: Genetic Resources Law|217
2|4.1 Introduction|218
2|4.2 Global Law|221
3|4.2.1 Convention on Biological Diversity, Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol|221
3|4.2.2 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture|225
3|4.2.3 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the TRIPS-Agreement|227
3|4.2.4 Individual Contractual Regulations|230
2|4.3 European Law (Including German Law)|230
3|4.3.1 Introduction|230
3|4.3.2 Legal Framework|232
4|4.3.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|232
4|4.3.2.2 Legal System and Structure|233
3|4.3.3 Idea of Law/Legal Purposes|234
3|4.3.4 (Legal) Instruments|235
4|4.3.4.1 Instruments of Actions, Aims and Reports|235
5|4.3.4.1.1 The European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR)|236
5|4.3.4.1.2 National Programmes in Germany|238
5|4.3.4.1.3 Documentation and Monitoring|238
4|4.3.4.2 Instruments of Direct Behaviour Control|239
5|4.3.4.2.1 Breeding|239
6|4.3.4.2.1.1 Animal Genetic Resources|239
6|4.3.4.2.1.2 Plant Genetic Resources|240
6|4.3.4.2.1.3 Biopatents|241
5|4.3.4.2.2 Import, Export and Trade System|243
4|4.3.4.3 Instruments of Indirect Behaviour Control|244
3|4.3.5 Access to Genetic Resources in Germany|246
3|4.3.6 Enforcement/Implementation/Control|247
4|4.3.6.1 International Instruments|247
4|4.3.6.2 National Instruments|248
5|4.3.6.2.1 Special Programs|248
5|4.3.6.2.2 Breeding|249
5|4.3.6.2.3 Funding|249
3|4.3.7 Evaluation/Discussion|249
3|4.3.8 Outlook|250
2|4.4 Chinese Law|250
3|4.4.1 Introduction|250
3|4.4.2 Legal Framework|252
4|4.4.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|252
4|4.4.2.2 Legal System and Structure|253
3|4.4.3 Legislative Aims for the Protection of Agricultural Genetic Resources|255
3|4.4.4 Legal Instruments of the Agricultural Genetic Resources Legal System|257
4|4.4.4.1 Protection System of Germ Plasm Resources|257
4|4.4.4.2 Protection Zones and Systems|258
4|4.4.4.3 The Documentation and Protection Directory System|259
4|4.4.4.4 The System of Entry and Exit for Animal and Plant Quarantine|261
4|4.4.4.5 The Approval System of Entry and Exit|262
4|4.4.4.6 The System of Classification Management|262
4|4.4.4.7 The System of Resources Licence|263
3|4.4.5 The Effect of the Implementation of Agricultural Genetic Resources Legal System|265
4|4.4.5.1 Germplasm|266
4|4.4.5.2 Nature Reserves|267
4|4.4.5.3 New Varieties of Plants|268
4|4.4.5.4 Chinese Biological Species List|268
4|4.4.5.5 Biodiversity|269
3|4.4.6 Evaluation and Discussion of the Legal System of Agricultural Genetic Resources|270
3|4.4.7 Trends and Vision of the Amendment of the Legal System Related to Agricultural Genetic Resources|272
2|4.5 Legal Comparison|275
3|4.5.1 International Level|275
3|4.5.2 National Level|275
3|4.5.3 Individual Contractual Regulations and the Access to Genetic Resources|276
2|References|277
1|Chapter 5: Regulations Concerning Pesticides and Fertilizers|282
2|5.1 Introduction|283
2|5.2 Global/International Law|284
3|5.2.1 Pesticides|285
3|5.2.2 Fertilisers|286
2|5.3 European Law (Including German Law)|286
3|5.3.1 Pesticides|286
4|5.3.1.1 Introduction|286
4|5.3.1.2 Legal Framework|287
5|5.3.1.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|287
5|5.3.1.2.2 Overview of Legal Acts|289
6|5.3.1.2.2.1 European Level|289
6|5.3.1.2.2.2 National Level|290
5|5.3.1.2.3 System/Structure of the Legal Acts|291
6|5.3.1.2.3.1 Regulation 1107/2009|292
6|5.3.1.2.3.2 Directive 2009/128/EC|293
6|5.3.1.2.3.3 Pflanzenschutzgesetz: Plant Protection Law|294
4|5.3.1.3 Idea of Law and Legal Purposes|296
4|5.3.1.4 (Legal) Instruments/National Action Plan|296
4|5.3.1.5 Outlook|297
3|5.3.2 Fertilisers|298
4|5.3.2.1 Introduction|298
4|5.3.2.2 Legal Framework|300
5|5.3.2.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|300
5|5.3.2.2.2 Overview of Legal Acts|300
6|5.3.2.2.2.1 European Level|300
6|5.3.2.2.2.2 National Level|301
5|5.3.2.2.3 System/Structure of the Legal Acts|301
6|5.3.2.2.3.1 Regulation (EC) 2003/2003|301
6|5.3.2.2.3.2 Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC)|302
6|5.3.2.2.3.3 Düngegesetz (Fertiliser Law) and Düngeverordnung (Fertiliser Application Ordinance)|303
4|5.3.2.3 Idea of Law and Legal Purposes|305
4|5.3.2.4 (Legal) Instruments|306
4|5.3.2.5 Enforcement and Control of the Law|308
4|5.3.2.6 Outlook|309
2|5.4 Chinese Law|310
3|5.4.1 Introduction|310
3|5.4.2 Legal Systems on Fertiliser and Pesticides|311
4|5.4.2.1 Current Situation|311
4|5.4.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|313
4|5.4.2.3 Legal System and Institutions|314
4|5.4.2.4 Legislative Purposes|315
4|5.4.2.5 Legal Instruments|316
5|5.4.2.5.1 Chinese Legal System for Pesticide|316
6|5.4.2.5.1.1 Chinese Licensing System for Pesticide|316
6|5.4.2.5.1.2 Pesticide Registration System|318
5|5.4.2.5.2 Chinese Fertiliser Legal System|328
6|5.4.2.5.2.1 Fertiliser Standard System|328
6|5.4.2.5.2.2 Production License System|329
6|5.4.2.5.2.3 Fertiliser Registration System|329
6|5.4.2.5.2.4 Supervision System of the Fertiliser Market|330
6|5.4.2.5.2.5 Guidance System on Fertiliser Use|332
4|5.4.2.6 Effects of Law Enforcement|332
5|5.4.2.6.1 Effects of Chinese Pesticide Law Enforcement|332
6|5.4.2.6.1.1 High Pass Rate of Pesticide Product Quality|334
6|5.4.2.6.1.2 Effects Achieved by Supervision|335
5|5.4.2.6.2 Effects of Chinese Fertiliser Law Enforcement|336
4|5.4.2.7 Legal Evaluations|337
5|5.4.2.7.1 Problems of the Chinese Pesticide Legal System|337
5|5.4.2.7.2 Problems of the Chinese Fertiliser Legal System|338
4|5.4.2.8 Improvement and Prospects|339
5|5.4.2.8.1 Pesticide Legal System and System Trend Prospects|339
6|5.4.2.8.1.1 The Trend of Pesticide Legal System|339
6|5.4.2.8.1.2 Pesticide Legal System Prospects|341
5|5.4.2.8.2 Legal System Fertiliser Trends and Prospects|343
6|5.4.2.8.2.1 Legal System Fertiliser Trends|343
6|5.4.2.8.2.2 Fertiliser Legal System Prospect|345
2|5.5 Legal Comparison|347
2|References|348
1|Chapter 6: Water Resources Law|352
2|6.1 Introduction|354
2|6.2 Global Law|355
2|6.3 European Law (Including German Law)|359
3|6.3.1 Introduction|359
3|6.3.2 Legal Framework|360
4|6.3.2.1 European Union|360
4|6.3.2.2 Federal Republic of Germany|361
3|6.3.3 System of the Legal Acts|361
4|6.3.3.1 Water Framework Directive|362
5|6.3.3.1.1 ``Good Condition´´ of Waters|362
5|6.3.3.1.2 Heavily Modified or Artificial Water Bodies|363
4|6.3.3.2 Federal Water Act|364
5|6.3.3.2.1 Principles of Water Management|364
5|6.3.3.2.2 General Duties of Care|365
5|6.3.3.2.3 Property and Use of Water Bodies|365
3|6.3.4 Legal Purposes|366
4|6.3.4.1 Water Framework Direction|366
4|6.3.4.2 Federal Water Act|366
3|6.3.5 Legal Instruments WRRL/WHG|366
4|6.3.5.1 Management Plans|366
4|6.3.5.2 Instruments of Direct Behaviour Control|367
5|6.3.5.2.1 Regulations of River Development|367
5|6.3.5.2.2 Distance Spaces|368
5|6.3.5.2.3 Water Protection Areas|368
5|6.3.5.2.4 Output of Fertilizers|369
5|6.3.5.2.5 Permits and Licences|369
5|6.3.5.2.6 Dealing with Substances Endangering a Body of Water|371
5|6.3.5.2.7 Liability Rules|372
4|6.3.5.3 Instruments of Indirect Behaviour Control|372
3|6.3.6 Enforcement/Control of the Law|373
3|6.3.7 Evaluation|374
3|6.3.8 Outlook|375
2|6.4 Chinese Law|376
3|6.4.1 Introduction|376
3|6.4.2 Legal Framework|377
4|6.4.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|377
4|6.4.2.2 Legal System and Structure|380
3|6.4.3 Legal Purposes of Chinese Water Resources Legal System|381
4|6.4.3.1 Water Quantity Protection|381
4|6.4.3.2 Water Quality Improvement|382
4|6.4.3.3 Adjust Industrial Structure|382
3|6.4.4 Legal Instruments of Chinese Water Resources Legal System|382
4|6.4.4.1 Water Resources Ownership System|382
4|6.4.4.2 The System of Licensing for Water-Taking and the System of Compensation for the Use of Water|383
4|6.4.4.3 Planning System for Water Resources|384
4|6.4.4.4 System for the Use of Water Under Which Control over the Total Volume Is Combined with Control over the Quotas|385
4|6.4.4.5 Total Discharge Volume Control System of Key Water Pollutants|385
4|6.4.4.6 System of Emission Allowances|386
4|6.4.4.7 Rural Water Pollution Prevention System|387
3|6.4.5 Enforcement of the Law|388
3|6.4.6 Evaluation|390
4|6.4.6.1 Legal Issues on Water Resource Conservation|390
5|6.4.6.1.1 Imperfect Agricultural Water Resource Conservation Legal System|390
5|6.4.6.1.2 Lack of Necessary Co-ordination Between the Agricultural Water Resource Protection Legal System|391
4|6.4.6.2 Issues on Water Resource Administrative System|391
4|6.4.6.3 Rural Water Resource Issues|392
5|6.4.6.3.1 Rural Water Pollution Issues|392
5|6.4.6.3.2 Water Quantity of Irrigation in Rural Areas|393
4|6.4.6.4 The Weak Rural Environmental Awareness, and the Low Public Participation|394
3|6.4.7 Outlook|394
4|6.4.7.1 Improve the Agricultural Water Resources Protection Legal System|394
4|6.4.7.2 Establish and Improve the Administrative System of Water Resources Protection|396
4|6.4.7.3 Specify Rural Water Pollution Control Regulations|397
5|6.4.7.3.1 Establish the Rural Water Pollution Control Planning System|397
5|6.4.7.3.2 Establish Environmental Supervision System of Rural Industry and Agricultural Production|397
2|6.5 Comparison|398
2|References|400
1|Chapter 7: Soil Protection Law|402
2|7.1 Introduction|403
2|7.2 Global Law: Influence of International Law on Soil Protection|404
2|7.3 German and European Law|406
3|7.3.1 Introduction|406
3|7.3.2 Legal Framework|406
4|7.3.2.1 Development|406
4|7.3.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|408
4|7.3.2.3 System and Structure of the Law|409
5|7.3.2.3.1 Scope of Application|409
5|7.3.2.3.2 Structure|410
3|7.3.3 Aims|410
3|7.3.4 Instruments|411
4|7.3.4.1 Planning of Soil Protection|411
4|7.3.4.2 Instruments of Direct Behaviour Control|412
5|7.3.4.2.1 Measures for the Identification of Harmful Soil Changes|412
5|7.3.4.2.2 Remediation Order|413
5|7.3.4.2.3 Power to Issue Orders in Complex Remediation Cases|414
5|7.3.4.2.4 Precautionary Orders|414
5|7.3.4.2.5 Orders of Desealing Areas|415
4|7.3.4.3 Instruments of Indirect Behaviour Control|415
4|7.3.4.4 Privileged Status of Agriculture|415
5|7.3.4.4.1 General Information|415
5|7.3.4.4.2 Exemption from the Duty of Precaution|416
5|7.3.4.4.3 The Requirements of the Code of Good Practice|416
5|7.3.4.4.4 Exemption from the Duty of Danger Defence and of Remediation|418
3|7.3.5 Implementation and Enforcement|419
3|7.3.6 Evaluation|419
3|7.3.7 Outlook|420
2|7.4 Chinese Law|421
3|7.4.1 Introduction of Legal System|421
3|7.4.2 Legal System on Soil Protection|423
4|7.4.2.1 Introduction|423
4|7.4.2.2 Legal Framework|425
4|7.4.2.3 Table of Legal Acts|426
4|7.4.2.4 Legal System and Structure|428
3|7.4.3 Legal Purpose and Scope|430
3|7.4.4 Legal Instruments|431
4|7.4.4.1 Classification and Gradation of Cultivated Land System|432
4|7.4.4.2 Prevention and Control System for Soil Degradation|433
4|7.4.4.3 Soil Environmental Quality Standard System|435
4|7.4.4.4 Soil Survey, Monitoring, Assessment and Remediation Systems|436
4|7.4.4.5 Target Responsibility for Soil Environmental Protection and Unified Management|438
4|7.4.4.6 Soil Environmental Information Disclosure System|438
3|7.4.5 Effects of Law Enforcement|439
3|7.4.6 Legal Evaluation|442
3|7.4.7 Outlook|444
4|7.4.7.1 Development of Law on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution|445
4|7.4.7.2 Development of Soil Environmental Protection Law|445
4|7.4.7.3 Soil Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Action Plan|446
2|7.5 Legal Comparison|447
2|References|448
1|Chapter 8: Climate Change Law|450
2|8.1 Introduction|452
2|8.2 Global Law|453
3|8.2.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol|453
3|8.2.2 Copenhagen Accord/Cancun Agreement|454
3|8.2.3 Further COPs (Durban, Doha, Warsaw, Lima)|455
3|8.2.4 Paris Climate Agreement|456
3|8.2.5 US-China Joint Presidential Statement on Climate Change|457
3|8.2.6 China-EU Joint Statement on Climate Change|458
2|8.3 European Law (Including German Law)|459
3|8.3.1 Introduction|459
3|8.3.2 Legal Framework of Agricultural Climate Change Law|460
4|8.3.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|460
4|8.3.2.2 Legal System and Structure of Agricultural Climate Change Law|463
3|8.3.3 Legal Purposes and Scope of Agricultural Climate Change Law|464
3|8.3.4 Legal Instruments in the Field of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaption|467
4|8.3.4.1 Targets, Instruments of Action and Obligations of Report|467
5|8.3.4.1.1 Climate Targets and Actions of the Agricultural Sector|467
5|8.3.4.1.2 Information Transfer, Standards and Certification Systems|467
5|8.3.4.1.3 Obligations of Report|469
4|8.3.4.2 Planning Instruments|469
4|8.3.4.3 Direct Control Instruments|470
5|8.3.4.3.1 CCS-Technology|470
5|8.3.4.3.2 Risks of CCS-Technology|470
5|8.3.4.3.3 CCS-Directive and the German Implementation|471
4|8.3.4.4 Indirect Instruments (Economic Incentives)|472
5|8.3.4.4.1 Emissions Trading in the Rural Area|472
5|8.3.4.4.2 Direct Payments of the First Pillar of the GAP (Cross Compliance)|474
5|8.3.4.4.3 The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Second Pillar|475
5|8.3.4.4.4 Agri-Environmental Measures|475
5|8.3.4.4.5 LEADER|476
5|8.3.4.4.6 Facility-Related Incentive Systems|476
5|8.3.4.4.7 Renewable Energies Act|477
4|8.3.4.5 Self-Commitments in the Agri-Food Sector|478
3|8.3.5 Enforcement and Control|478
4|8.3.5.1 Bio-Gas Plans|478
5|8.3.5.1.1 Building Approval|478
5|8.3.5.1.2 The Approval Under the Federal Pollution Control Act|478
4|8.3.5.2 CCS-Rules|479
4|8.3.5.3 Funding Possibilities|479
3|8.3.6 Legal Evaluation|479
3|8.3.7 Outlook|480
2|8.4 Chinese Law|480
3|8.4.1 Introduction|480
3|8.4.2 Legal Framework of China Agricultural Climate Changes|481
4|8.4.2.1 Status Quo and Development|481
4|8.4.2.2 Legal System and Structure of Agriculture Climate Change|483
5|8.4.2.2.1 Agricultural Climate Change National Policy|484
5|8.4.2.2.2 The Legal and Administrative Regulations|485
5|8.4.2.2.3 Local Regulations|486
5|8.4.2.2.4 Departmental Rules|486
3|8.4.3 Legal Purposes of China Agricultural Climate Change Law|487
4|8.4.3.1 Reducing Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions|488
4|8.4.3.2 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change|490
4|8.4.3.3 Sustainable Development of Agriculture|492
3|8.4.4 The Basic Legal Principles of Agriculture to Climate Change|492
4|8.4.4.1 The Principle of `Common but Differentiated´|492
4|8.4.4.2 The Principle of Equity|493
4|8.4.4.3 The Principle of Respective Capability|494
4|8.4.4.4 The Principle of Laying Equal Stress on Mitigation and Adaptation|494
3|8.4.5 Legal Means of Agricultural Climate Change Law|495
4|8.4.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation Legal System|495
5|8.4.5.1.1 The Agricultural Energy Conservation System|495
5|8.4.5.1.2 The Agricultural Cleaner Production Systems|496
5|8.4.5.1.3 The Circular Agriculture System|497
5|8.4.5.1.4 Agricultural Resources and Environmental Protection System|498
5|8.4.5.1.5 Reforestation System|499
4|8.4.5.2 Climate Change Adaptation Legal System|500
5|8.4.5.2.1 The Agricultural Development Planning System|500
5|8.4.5.2.2 The Legal System of Agricultural Production|501
5|8.4.5.2.3 Evaluation of Environmental Effects System|502
5|8.4.5.2.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Agricultural Disaster System|503
3|8.4.6 Effects of Law Enforcement|504
4|8.4.6.1 The State Legal Systems Are Improving in Combating Climate Change|505
4|8.4.6.2 Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change Has Been Improved|506
4|8.4.6.3 Guarantee the Realization of Energy Saving Driven by Innovation|507
3|8.4.7 Legal Evaluations|508
4|8.4.7.1 Continuously Improving Laws and Regulations and Providing Support for Agricultural Climate Change|508
4|8.4.7.2 The Practice Promotes Local Legislation and Further to National Level Legislation|508
4|8.4.7.3 Agriculture and Rural Energy Conservation Policies and Regulations Should Strengthened by Implementation and Financial...|509
3|8.4.8 Outlook|509
4|8.4.8.1 China´s Climate Change Law|509
4|8.4.8.2 The Meteorological Disaster Prevention Law|510
4|8.4.8.3 The New Round of ``Grain for Green Project´´|511
4|8.4.8.4 The New Opportunities for Agricultural Carbon Emissions Trading|511
4|8.4.8.5 The New Mission of Sustainable Development of Agriculture|513
2|8.5 Legal Comparison|513
2|References|515
1|Chapter 9: Genetically Modified Organisms Law|521
2|9.1 Introduction|522
2|9.2 International Law|523
3|9.2.1 International Law on GMO|523
3|9.2.2 Implementation of the International Law in China and the EU|525
2|9.3 EU and German Law|527
3|9.3.1 Introduction|527
3|9.3.2 Legal Framework|527
4|9.3.2.1 Development|527
4|9.3.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|528
4|9.3.2.3 System and Structure of the Legal Acts|528
3|9.3.3 Principles|529
3|9.3.4 Instruments|529
4|9.3.4.1 The Authorisation Scheme|529
4|9.3.4.2 Scope of Application and Opt Out|531
4|9.3.4.3 Labelling of GM Food and Feed|532
4|9.3.4.4 Cultivation and Good Agricultural Practice|534
4|9.3.4.5 Import and Export|535
4|9.3.4.6 Liability|535
3|9.3.5 Enforcement, Implementation and Control|535
3|9.3.6 Evaluation/Discussion|536
3|9.3.7 Outlook|537
2|9.4 Chinese Law|537
3|9.4.1 Introduction and Historical Process|537
3|9.4.2 Legal Framework|539
4|9.4.2.1 Status Quo|539
4|9.4.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|539
3|9.4.3 Legal Purpose and Scope|541
3|9.4.4 Legal Instruments|542
4|9.4.4.1 Safety Evaluation System|542
4|9.4.4.2 Licensing System|543
4|9.4.4.3 Labelling System|543
4|9.4.4.4 Import Approval System|544
4|9.4.4.5 Administrative System and Technical Support System|545
3|9.4.5 Effects of Law Enforcement|546
4|9.4.5.1 Local Supervision and Guidance on GMOs Has Been Improved|546
4|9.4.5.2 Import of Genetically Modified Crops Has Been Controlled|546
4|9.4.5.3 Production and Extension of GM Crops Is Prudently Administrated|547
4|9.4.5.4 Transgenic Technology Research Is Regulated and Promoted|547
3|9.4.6 Legal Evaluations|548
4|9.4.6.1 Legal Content Is Not Comprehensive and Legal Scale Is Not Large Enough|548
4|9.4.6.2 A Minority of Regulations Lacks Efficiency in Practice|548
4|9.4.6.3 The Staff Composition of the Biosafety Committee for Agricultural GMOs Is Questionable|548
3|9.4.7 Outlook|549
4|9.4.7.1 Legislation Level Should Be Enhanced|549
4|9.4.7.2 Legislation Principles Should Be Confirmed and Regulations Revised|549
4|9.4.7.3 Supervision and Inspection Will Be Further Strengthened|550
2|9.5 Legal Comparison|550
2|References|552
1|Chapter 10: Organic Farming Law|554
2|10.1 Introduction|556
2|10.2 Global Law|557
2|10.3 European Law (Including German law)|560
3|10.3.1 Introduction to the European-German Law on Organic Production|560
3|10.3.2 Legal Framework|560
4|10.3.2.1 European Law|561
5|10.3.2.1.1 Development|561
5|10.3.2.1.2 System and Structure of the Legal Acts|562
4|10.3.2.2 National German Law|562
5|10.3.2.2.1 Development|562
5|10.3.2.2.2 System and Structure of the Legal Acts|563
3|10.3.3 Legal Purposes|563
4|10.3.3.1 Scope|563
4|10.3.3.2 Objectives and Principles|564
3|10.3.4 Legal Instruments|565
4|10.3.4.1 Production Rules|565
5|10.3.4.1.1 General Production Rules|565
5|10.3.4.1.2 Production Rules for Primary Farm Production|566
5|10.3.4.1.3 Production Rules for the Processing of Food and Feed|567
4|10.3.4.2 Labelling|567
5|10.3.4.2.1 Terms Referring to Organic Production|567
5|10.3.4.2.2 Organic Production Logos|568
6|10.3.4.2.2.1 European Organic Production Logo|568
6|10.3.4.2.2.2 Organic Production Logos on the National German Level|569
6|10.3.4.2.2.3 Private Organic Production Logos|572
6|10.3.4.2.2.4 Typology of Organic Production Logos on the European Food Market|573
4|10.3.4.3 Subsidization|574
3|10.3.5 Enforcement|575
4|10.3.5.1 Controls|575
4|10.3.5.2 Import of Organic Products from Non-EU Member States|579
3|10.3.6 Evaluation|580
3|10.3.7 Prospect for the Future|580
3|10.3.8 Table of Legal Acts|582
4|10.3.8.1 European Union Law|582
4|10.3.8.2 National German Law|582
2|10.4 Chinese Law|583
3|10.4.1 Introduction to the Chinese Law on Sustainable High Quality Food|583
3|10.4.2 Legal Framework (System, Structure and Development)|584
4|10.4.2.1 Common Regulatory Groundwork|584
4|10.4.2.2 Specific Regulations|585
5|10.4.2.2.1 Organic Products|586
5|10.4.2.2.2 Green Food|587
3|10.4.3 Legal Purposes|588
4|10.4.3.1 Scope|588
5|10.4.3.1.1 Organic Products|588
5|10.4.3.1.2 Green Food|589
4|10.4.3.2 Objectives|589
5|10.4.3.2.1 Organic Products|589
5|10.4.3.2.2 Green Food|590
3|10.4.4 Legal Instruments|590
4|10.4.4.1 Organic Products|591
5|10.4.4.1.1 Unified Standards|591
5|10.4.4.1.2 Detection and Certification System|592
6|10.4.4.1.2.1 Origin Environment Quality Detection|592
6|10.4.4.1.2.2 Organic Product Certification|592
5|10.4.4.1.3 Labelling|592
4|10.4.4.2 Green Food|593
5|10.4.4.2.1 Unified Standards|593
5|10.4.4.2.2 Detection and Certification System|594
6|10.4.4.2.2.1 Environmental Monitoring|594
6|10.4.4.2.2.2 Green Food Certification|595
5|10.4.4.2.3 Labelling|595
3|10.4.5 Enforcement|597
4|10.4.5.1 Organic Products|597
5|10.4.5.1.1 Detection and Certification System|597
5|10.4.5.1.2 Import Control|597
4|10.4.5.2 Green Food|598
5|10.4.5.2.1 Detection and Certification System|598
5|10.4.5.2.2 Import Control|599
3|10.4.6 Evaluation|599
4|10.4.6.1 Effects of Legal System|599
5|10.4.6.1.1 Legal System Regulates Green Food Market|600
5|10.4.6.1.2 The Organic Product Certification Conducted Efficiently|600
5|10.4.6.1.3 Forming an Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Detection and Certification System|601
6|10.4.6.1.3.1 Establishing High Quality Agricultural Product Detection System|601
6|10.4.6.1.3.2 Establishing High Quality Agricultural Product Certification System|601
4|10.4.6.2 Legal Evaluations|602
5|10.4.6.2.1 Problems During Certification|602
6|10.4.6.2.1.1 Problems During Green Food Certification|602
6|10.4.6.2.1.2 Problems During Organic Product Certification|602
5|10.4.6.2.2 Explicit Legal Liability|603
5|10.4.6.2.3 Standards Updating Slowly|604
3|10.4.7 Prospect for the Future|604
4|10.4.7.1 Legally Normalize Certification and Enhance Market Supervision|604
4|10.4.7.2 Define Legal Responsibility and Relevant Subjects|604
4|10.4.7.3 Update the Standards of Green Food and Organic Products|604
3|10.4.8 Table of Legal Acts|605
2|10.5 Legal Comparison|606
2|References|608
1|Chapter 11: The Right of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products and Food|613
2|11.1 Introduction|614
3|11.1.1 The Importance of Geographic Data for Trade Policy|614
3|11.1.2 International Trade Law|616
3|11.1.3 Terminology and Protection Concept|616
2|11.2 Protection System of the European Union|618
3|11.2.1 Historical Outline of the Law of the European Union|618
3|11.2.2 Multi-Dimensional Protection|619
3|11.2.3 Subjects of Protection|620
3|11.2.4 Non-Eligible Generic Terms|621
3|11.2.5 Registration Procedure and Legal Protection|623
3|11.2.6 The Legal Character of the Registered Geographical Indications of Origin|626
3|11.2.7 Classification into the Overall System|627
2|11.3 Protection System of China Under the Trademark Law Model|629
3|11.3.1 Overview|629
3|11.3.2 Unique Protection System|629
3|11.3.3 Basic GI Protection Under the Trademark Law Model|631
4|11.3.3.1 Definition and General Protection|632
4|11.3.3.2 GI as Certification Marks or Collective Mark|633
4|11.3.3.3 Stronger Protection for GIs for Wines and Spirits|634
4|11.3.3.4 Procedure of Registration|634
3|11.3.4 Recent Developments of the Legislation|635
4|11.3.4.1 Revisions of the Chinese Trademark Law in 2013|635
5|11.3.4.1.1 Fair Use for Geographic Names|636
5|11.3.4.1.2 Time Limitations of Trademark Prosecutions|636
5|11.3.4.1.3 GIs as Relative Ground for Opposition and Invalidation Appeal Procedures|637
4|11.3.4.2 Supreme Court Rules on Hearing Administrative Cases on Authorization and Determination of Trademark Rights|638
3|11.3.5 Conclusion: Prospect in the Future|639
2|References|640
1|Appendix: List of Contents|644
2|Chapter 1 Agri-Food Law: Term, Development, Structures, System and Framework Ines|644
2|Chapter 2 Food Security and Food Safety Law|645
2|Chapter 3 Land Resources Law|647
2|Chapter 4 Genetic Resources Law|650
2|Chapter 5 Regulations Concerning Pesticides and Fertilizers|652
2|Chapter 6 Water Resources Law|653
2|Chapter 7 Soil Protection Law|655
2|Chapter 8 Climate Change Law|657
2|Chapter 9 Genetically Modified Organisms Law|659
2|Chapter 10 Organic Farming Law|660
2|Chapter 11 The Right of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products and Food|663
1|List of Abbreviations|6
1|Chapter 1: Agri-Food Law: Term, Development, Structures, System and Framework|7
2|1.1 The Concept of ``Agri-Food Law´´|8
3|1.1.1 The Source of the Terminology|8
3|1.1.2 The Right to Food as a Global Normative Basis for Agri-Food Law|10
2|1.2 The Framework of Agri-Food Law in the European Union and Germany|15
3|1.2.1 The Relationship between the Law of the EU and Germany as a Member State|16
4|1.2.1.1 Foundational Allocation of Competences|16
4|1.2.1.2 Forms of Legal Action|17
4|1.2.1.3 Primacy of Union Laws|18
4|1.2.1.4 Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union|18
4|1.2.1.5 Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and of the German Basic Law|19
3|1.2.2 The Legal Bases for Union Legislation for Agri-Food Law|20
4|1.2.2.1 Agriculture|20
4|1.2.2.2 Environmental Protection|21
4|1.2.2.3 Approximation of Laws|21
4|1.2.2.4 Common Trade Policy|23
3|1.2.3 The Secondary Development of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU|24
4|1.2.3.1 Historical Overview of Common Agricultural Policy|24
4|1.2.3.2 The Two-Pillar Structure of the Common Agricultural Policy|27
4|1.2.3.3 The First Pillar of the CAP: Market Organisation and Direct Payments|28
5|1.2.3.3.1 Common Market Organisation for Agricultural Produce|28
5|1.2.3.3.2 Direct Payments|30
6|1.2.3.3.2.1 The Basic Payment|31
6|1.2.3.3.2.2 Cross Compliance|31
6|1.2.3.3.2.3 Greening|32
4|1.2.3.4 The Second Pillar of the CAP: The Development of Rural Areas|35
3|1.2.4 Brief Overview of EU Food Law|35
3|1.2.5 The Basic Federal Structures of Agri-Food Law in Germany|37
2|1.3 The Framework of Agri-Food Law in China|40
3|1.3.1 Legal Hierarchy and Legislative Authority in China|40
4|1.3.1.1 Introduction|40
4|1.3.1.2 Framework of Agricultural Laws, Regulations and Rules in China|42
5|1.3.1.2.1 Provisions on Agriculture and Food in the Constitution|42
5|1.3.1.2.2 Laws on Agriculture|43
5|1.3.1.2.3 Administrative Regulations on Agriculture and Food|46
5|1.3.1.2.4 Departmental Rules of Agriculture|47
5|1.3.1.2.5 Local Decrees and Regulations|49
3|1.3.2 Implementation of Agricultural Law of the People´s Republic of China|50
4|1.3.2.1 Solutions of Civil Conflicts|50
4|1.3.2.2 Administrative Responsibility for Violations of the Law of Agriculture|51
4|1.3.2.3 Criminal Responsibility for Violations of the Law of Agriculture|52
3|1.3.3 Development of Chinese Agriculture Law, Environmental Law and Food Law|53
4|1.3.3.1 Objective and Fundamental Measure of Agriculture Law|53
5|1.3.3.1.1 To Clarify Rights and Obligations|53
5|1.3.3.1.2 To Establish an Agricultural Access System|54
5|1.3.3.1.3 To Establish the System of Agricultural Subsidies|55
4|1.3.3.2 Chinese Environmental Resources Law Related to Agriculture and Food|57
4|1.3.3.3 The Relationship between Chinese Agriculture and Food Law|58
2|References|59
1|Chapter 2: Food Security and Food Safety Law|63
2|2.1 The Significance of Food Security and Food Safety|65
3|2.1.1 The Permanent Challenge|65
3|2.1.2 Food Security|66
3|2.1.3 Food Safety|70
2|2.2 Global Food Safety Law|72
3|2.2.1 Multi-Level Legal Network|72
3|2.2.2 Codex Alimentarius|73
3|2.2.3 Private Food Safety Standards|76
2|2.3 European and German Food Safety Law|78
3|2.3.1 Legal Framework|78
4|2.3.1.1 Development|78
4|2.3.1.2 Legal System and Structure|80
3|2.3.2 General Food Safety Law|80
4|2.3.2.1 Concept of Food Safety|80
4|2.3.2.2 Principle of the Entire Food Chain|82
4|2.3.2.3 Principle of Entrepreneurial Responsibility|82
4|2.3.2.4 Principle of Traceability|82
4|2.3.2.5 Recall|84
4|2.3.2.6 Risk Analysis: Risk Evaluation, Risk Management, Risk Communication|85
4|2.3.2.7 Precautionary Principle|86
3|2.3.3 Specific Food Safety Law|87
4|2.3.3.1 Food Hygiene|87
5|2.3.3.1.1 General Rules for Food Hygiene|88
5|2.3.3.1.2 Specific Hygiene Rules for Food of Animal Origin|89
4|2.3.3.2 Novel Foods|90
4|2.3.3.3 Special Food Types; Food Supplements, Enzymes, Flavourings|94
4|2.3.3.4 Contaminants and Residues|95
4|2.3.3.5 Food Irradiation|96
3|2.3.4 Enforcement|97
4|2.3.4.1 Control System and Enforcement Structure|97
5|2.3.4.1.1 General Allocation of Competences in a Federal Multi-Level System|97
5|2.3.4.1.2 Tasks and Powers of Food Authorities in Germany|99
5|2.3.4.1.3 Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)|100
5|2.3.4.1.4 Tasks and Powers of EU Food Authorities|101
4|2.3.4.2 Criminal Sanctions; Civil Law Liability|102
2|2.4 Chinese Food Safety Law|103
3|2.4.1 Legal Framework|103
4|2.4.1.1 Development of the Legal Framework|103
4|2.4.1.2 Chinese Food Safety Legal Structure|104
5|2.4.1.2.1 Overall Information and Legal Structure|104
5|2.4.1.2.2 Principles in the Food Sector|108
6|2.4.1.2.2.1 The ``From-Field-to-Table´´ Supervision Principle|108
6|2.4.1.2.2.2 The Public Participation Principle|108
6|2.4.1.2.2.3 The Precautionary Principle|109
6|2.4.1.2.2.4 The Principle of Management in Accordance with the Law|109
6|2.4.1.2.2.5 Principles of Openness and Transparency of Information|110
3|2.4.2 Legal Purposes and Scope|110
4|2.4.2.1 Legal Purposes|110
4|2.4.2.2 Adjustment Range of the Food Safety Law System in China|111
5|2.4.2.2.1 Food Production and Management|111
5|2.4.2.2.2 Production and Operation of Food Additives and New Raw Materials for Food|112
5|2.4.2.2.3 Production and Management of Food-Related Products|112
5|2.4.2.2.4 Food Manufacturing Operators Using Food Additives and Food-Related Products|112
5|2.4.2.2.5 Security Management of Food Additives and Food-Related Products|112
5|2.4.2.2.6 Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law and the Food Safety Law|113
3|2.4.3 Legal Instruments|113
4|2.4.3.1 Voluntary/Mandatory Standards|113
4|2.4.3.2 The Legal System of Agricultural Product Quality Safety|114
4|2.4.3.3 Legal System of Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment|115
4|2.4.3.4 Food Additives|116
4|2.4.3.5 Food Production and Distribution|117
4|2.4.3.6 Food Inspection|118
4|2.4.3.7 Food Import and Export|119
4|2.4.3.8 Settlement of Food Safety Incidents|120
4|2.4.3.9 Supervision and Administration|121
4|2.4.3.10 Legal Liability|122
3|2.4.4 Effectiveness of Law Enforcement|123
4|2.4.4.1 Comprehensive Management of Food Safety Has Achieved Positive Results|123
4|2.4.4.2 Monitoring and Early Warning Capability of Food Safety Risk Has Been Strengthened|124
4|2.4.4.3 Supporting Regulations and Standards Have Made Progress|124
4|2.4.4.4 Establishment of the Emergency Response Mechanism of Food Safety Incidents|125
4|2.4.4.5 The Initial Establishment of the Comprehensive Coordination Mechanism for Food Safety and the Improvement of the Regul...|125
4|2.4.4.6 Strengthening the Responsibility of Food Safety|126
3|2.4.5 Improvements and Outlook|127
4|2.4.5.1 Focusing on Improving and Implementing Compensation First System of the Food Producers|127
4|2.4.5.2 Focusing on Building and Improving Risk Prevention and Monitoring System of Food Safety|128
4|2.4.5.3 Improving and Unifying the Supervision Mechanism and Social Cohabitation Mechanism of Food Safety Authoritatively|128
4|2.4.5.4 Coordinating with Other Laws to Improve the Relevant Specific System|129
2|References|130
1|Chapter 3: Land Resources Law|133
2|3.1 Introduction|135
3|3.1.1 Foreign Direct Investments|136
3|3.1.2 Investments Worldwide|138
3|3.1.3 German Investments|139
3|3.1.4 Chinese Investments|140
2|3.2 Global Law|141
3|3.2.1 International Legal Measures|141
4|3.2.1.1 Legal Rules in Favour of Private Investors|142
5|3.2.1.1.1 The Customary Law of Nations on Foreigners|142
5|3.2.1.1.2 Host Government Agreements|143
5|3.2.1.1.3 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)|144
6|3.2.1.1.3.1 Material Application with Regard to Foreign Direct Investments in Agricultural Soils|145
6|3.2.1.1.3.2 Personal Application|145
6|3.2.1.1.3.3 Temporary Application|145
6|3.2.1.1.3.4 Noteworthy Levels of Protection|146
6|3.2.1.1.3.5 Legal Remedies of the Investor|150
5|3.2.1.1.4 Failure of a Multilateral Investment Treaty (MIT)|151
5|3.2.1.1.5 Integration of Investment Protection Provisions into Bilateral Trading Agreements|152
5|3.2.1.1.6 The German-Chinese Bilateral Investment Treaty|152
4|3.2.1.2 Legal System to Protect the Population of the Hosting Country|153
5|3.2.1.2.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|153
5|3.2.1.2.2 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|154
5|3.2.1.2.3 Asia´s Efforts to Codify Human Rights|155
5|3.2.1.2.4 Non-binding Rules and Drafts for Enterprises|157
6|3.2.1.2.4.1 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises|157
6|3.2.1.2.4.2 UN Global Compact|157
6|3.2.1.2.4.3 UN Draft for Norms of the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regar...|158
6|3.2.1.2.4.4 Concepts of Human Rights Impact Assessment and John Ruggie´s Acting Concept: Protect, Respect and Remedy|158
6|3.2.1.2.4.5 FAO Guideline Package|158
6|3.2.1.2.4.6 Principles of the World Bank Group, the FAO, the IFAD and the UNCTAD|160
6|3.2.1.2.4.7 Principles of the CFS|160
6|3.2.1.2.4.8 Goals of Sustainable Development of the United Nations|160
5|3.2.1.2.5 Criticism|161
3|3.2.2 Summary|162
2|3.3 European Law (Including German Law)|162
3|3.3.1 Introduction|162
3|3.3.2 Legal Framework|163
4|3.3.2.1 Development|163
4|3.3.2.2 Legal System|165
5|3.3.2.2.1 European Level|165
6|3.3.2.2.1.1 Legal Rules in Favour of Private Investors|165
6|3.3.2.2.1.2 Legal System to Protect the Population of the Hosting Country|166
5|3.3.2.2.2 National Level|167
6|3.3.2.2.2.1 The Constitutional Right to Property|168
6|3.3.2.2.2.2 Ordinary Law on the Federal Level Relating to the Transaction of Agricultural Soils|169
6|3.3.2.2.2.3 Ordinary Law Curbing the Utilisation of Farmland for Non-agricultural Purposes|172
4|3.3.2.3 The Backbones of the Legal German Acts|175
5|3.3.2.3.1 The Grounds for Refusal|175
5|3.3.2.3.2 The Pre-emptive Right|176
3|3.3.3 Legal Purposes|176
4|3.3.3.1 Food Security|177
4|3.3.3.2 Prevention of Speculation|177
4|3.3.3.3 Creation of Competitive Farms|178
4|3.3.3.4 Intermediate Conclusion|178
3|3.3.4 Enforcement/Implementation/Control of Law|178
4|3.3.4.1 Administrative Practice|179
4|3.3.4.2 Jurisdiction Practice|179
3|3.3.5 Evaluation/Discussion|181
3|3.3.6 Outlook|182
2|3.4 Chinese Law|183
3|3.4.1 Introduction|183
3|3.4.2 Legal Framework|183
4|3.4.2.1 The Constitution|184
4|3.4.2.2 Laws Relating to Land Resource|184
4|3.4.2.3 The State Council Regulations on Land Resources|185
4|3.4.2.4 The Department Regulations of Land Conservation|185
4|3.4.2.5 The Local Regulations of Land Resources|186
3|3.4.3 Legal Purposes of the Laws Relating to Land Resource|186
4|3.4.3.1 Safeguarding the Socialist Public Ownership of Land|187
4|3.4.3.2 Protecting and Developing Land Resources|187
4|3.4.3.3 Promoting Economic and Social Sustainable Development|187
3|3.4.4 Legal Instruments|188
4|3.4.4.1 Land Ownership System|188
5|3.4.4.1.1 The State Ownership of Land|188
5|3.4.4.1.2 The Collective Ownership of Land|189
4|3.4.4.2 Land-Use Right System|189
5|3.4.4.2.1 Right to the Contracted Management of Land|189
6|3.4.4.2.1.1 The Acquisition of Right to the Contracted Management of Land|190
6|3.4.4.2.1.2 Effectiveness of Right to the Contracted Management of Land|192
6|3.4.4.2.1.3 Extinction of the Right to the Contracted Management of Land|194
6|3.4.4.2.1.4 Circulation of the Right to Land Contractual Management|195
6|3.4.4.2.1.5 Investments of Foreign Companies in the Chinese Agriculture Real Estate Market|196
5|3.4.4.2.2 Right to Use Construction Land|197
5|3.4.4.2.3 Right to Use House Sites|198
4|3.4.4.3 Overall Plans for Land Utilization|199
4|3.4.4.4 Protection of Cultivated Land|200
5|3.4.4.4.1 Strictly Restricting Conversion of Cultivated Land to Non-cultivated Land|200
5|3.4.4.4.2 The System of Compensation for the Use of Cultivated Land for Other Purposes|200
5|3.4.4.4.3 The System of Protection of Capital Farmland|201
5|3.4.4.4.4 The System of Land Reclamation|201
3|3.4.5 Enforcement/Implementation/Control of the Law|202
3|3.4.6 Evaluation of China´s Legal System of Land Resources|204
3|3.4.7 Outlook|207
2|3.5 Comparison|208
2|References|210
1|Chapter 4: Genetic Resources Law|217
2|4.1 Introduction|218
2|4.2 Global Law|221
3|4.2.1 Convention on Biological Diversity, Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol|221
3|4.2.2 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture|225
3|4.2.3 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the TRIPS-Agreement|227
3|4.2.4 Individual Contractual Regulations|230
2|4.3 European Law (Including German Law)|230
3|4.3.1 Introduction|230
3|4.3.2 Legal Framework|232
4|4.3.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|232
4|4.3.2.2 Legal System and Structure|233
3|4.3.3 Idea of Law/Legal Purposes|234
3|4.3.4 (Legal) Instruments|235
4|4.3.4.1 Instruments of Actions, Aims and Reports|235
5|4.3.4.1.1 The European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR)|236
5|4.3.4.1.2 National Programmes in Germany|238
5|4.3.4.1.3 Documentation and Monitoring|238
4|4.3.4.2 Instruments of Direct Behaviour Control|239
5|4.3.4.2.1 Breeding|239
6|4.3.4.2.1.1 Animal Genetic Resources|239
6|4.3.4.2.1.2 Plant Genetic Resources|240
6|4.3.4.2.1.3 Biopatents|241
5|4.3.4.2.2 Import, Export and Trade System|243
4|4.3.4.3 Instruments of Indirect Behaviour Control|244
3|4.3.5 Access to Genetic Resources in Germany|246
3|4.3.6 Enforcement/Implementation/Control|247
4|4.3.6.1 International Instruments|247
4|4.3.6.2 National Instruments|248
5|4.3.6.2.1 Special Programs|248
5|4.3.6.2.2 Breeding|249
5|4.3.6.2.3 Funding|249
3|4.3.7 Evaluation/Discussion|249
3|4.3.8 Outlook|250
2|4.4 Chinese Law|250
3|4.4.1 Introduction|250
3|4.4.2 Legal Framework|252
4|4.4.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|252
4|4.4.2.2 Legal System and Structure|253
3|4.4.3 Legislative Aims for the Protection of Agricultural Genetic Resources|255
3|4.4.4 Legal Instruments of the Agricultural Genetic Resources Legal System|257
4|4.4.4.1 Protection System of Germ Plasm Resources|257
4|4.4.4.2 Protection Zones and Systems|258
4|4.4.4.3 The Documentation and Protection Directory System|259
4|4.4.4.4 The System of Entry and Exit for Animal and Plant Quarantine|261
4|4.4.4.5 The Approval System of Entry and Exit|262
4|4.4.4.6 The System of Classification Management|262
4|4.4.4.7 The System of Resources Licence|263
3|4.4.5 The Effect of the Implementation of Agricultural Genetic Resources Legal System|265
4|4.4.5.1 Germplasm|266
4|4.4.5.2 Nature Reserves|267
4|4.4.5.3 New Varieties of Plants|268
4|4.4.5.4 Chinese Biological Species List|268
4|4.4.5.5 Biodiversity|269
3|4.4.6 Evaluation and Discussion of the Legal System of Agricultural Genetic Resources|270
3|4.4.7 Trends and Vision of the Amendment of the Legal System Related to Agricultural Genetic Resources|272
2|4.5 Legal Comparison|275
3|4.5.1 International Level|275
3|4.5.2 National Level|275
3|4.5.3 Individual Contractual Regulations and the Access to Genetic Resources|276
2|References|277
1|Chapter 5: Regulations Concerning Pesticides and Fertilizers|282
2|5.1 Introduction|283
2|5.2 Global/International Law|284
3|5.2.1 Pesticides|285
3|5.2.2 Fertilisers|286
2|5.3 European Law (Including German Law)|286
3|5.3.1 Pesticides|286
4|5.3.1.1 Introduction|286
4|5.3.1.2 Legal Framework|287
5|5.3.1.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|287
5|5.3.1.2.2 Overview of Legal Acts|289
6|5.3.1.2.2.1 European Level|289
6|5.3.1.2.2.2 National Level|290
5|5.3.1.2.3 System/Structure of the Legal Acts|291
6|5.3.1.2.3.1 Regulation 1107/2009|292
6|5.3.1.2.3.2 Directive 2009/128/EC|293
6|5.3.1.2.3.3 Pflanzenschutzgesetz: Plant Protection Law|294
4|5.3.1.3 Idea of Law and Legal Purposes|296
4|5.3.1.4 (Legal) Instruments/National Action Plan|296
4|5.3.1.5 Outlook|297
3|5.3.2 Fertilisers|298
4|5.3.2.1 Introduction|298
4|5.3.2.2 Legal Framework|300
5|5.3.2.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|300
5|5.3.2.2.2 Overview of Legal Acts|300
6|5.3.2.2.2.1 European Level|300
6|5.3.2.2.2.2 National Level|301
5|5.3.2.2.3 System/Structure of the Legal Acts|301
6|5.3.2.2.3.1 Regulation (EC) 2003/2003|301
6|5.3.2.2.3.2 Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC)|302
6|5.3.2.2.3.3 Düngegesetz (Fertiliser Law) and Düngeverordnung (Fertiliser Application Ordinance)|303
4|5.3.2.3 Idea of Law and Legal Purposes|305
4|5.3.2.4 (Legal) Instruments|306
4|5.3.2.5 Enforcement and Control of the Law|308
4|5.3.2.6 Outlook|309
2|5.4 Chinese Law|310
3|5.4.1 Introduction|310
3|5.4.2 Legal Systems on Fertiliser and Pesticides|311
4|5.4.2.1 Current Situation|311
4|5.4.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|313
4|5.4.2.3 Legal System and Institutions|314
4|5.4.2.4 Legislative Purposes|315
4|5.4.2.5 Legal Instruments|316
5|5.4.2.5.1 Chinese Legal System for Pesticide|316
6|5.4.2.5.1.1 Chinese Licensing System for Pesticide|316
6|5.4.2.5.1.2 Pesticide Registration System|318
5|5.4.2.5.2 Chinese Fertiliser Legal System|328
6|5.4.2.5.2.1 Fertiliser Standard System|328
6|5.4.2.5.2.2 Production License System|329
6|5.4.2.5.2.3 Fertiliser Registration System|329
6|5.4.2.5.2.4 Supervision System of the Fertiliser Market|330
6|5.4.2.5.2.5 Guidance System on Fertiliser Use|332
4|5.4.2.6 Effects of Law Enforcement|332
5|5.4.2.6.1 Effects of Chinese Pesticide Law Enforcement|332
6|5.4.2.6.1.1 High Pass Rate of Pesticide Product Quality|334
6|5.4.2.6.1.2 Effects Achieved by Supervision|335
5|5.4.2.6.2 Effects of Chinese Fertiliser Law Enforcement|336
4|5.4.2.7 Legal Evaluations|337
5|5.4.2.7.1 Problems of the Chinese Pesticide Legal System|337
5|5.4.2.7.2 Problems of the Chinese Fertiliser Legal System|338
4|5.4.2.8 Improvement and Prospects|339
5|5.4.2.8.1 Pesticide Legal System and System Trend Prospects|339
6|5.4.2.8.1.1 The Trend of Pesticide Legal System|339
6|5.4.2.8.1.2 Pesticide Legal System Prospects|341
5|5.4.2.8.2 Legal System Fertiliser Trends and Prospects|343
6|5.4.2.8.2.1 Legal System Fertiliser Trends|343
6|5.4.2.8.2.2 Fertiliser Legal System Prospect|345
2|5.5 Legal Comparison|347
2|References|348
1|Chapter 6: Water Resources Law|352
2|6.1 Introduction|354
2|6.2 Global Law|355
2|6.3 European Law (Including German Law)|359
3|6.3.1 Introduction|359
3|6.3.2 Legal Framework|360
4|6.3.2.1 European Union|360
4|6.3.2.2 Federal Republic of Germany|361
3|6.3.3 System of the Legal Acts|361
4|6.3.3.1 Water Framework Directive|362
5|6.3.3.1.1 ``Good Condition´´ of Waters|362
5|6.3.3.1.2 Heavily Modified or Artificial Water Bodies|363
4|6.3.3.2 Federal Water Act|364
5|6.3.3.2.1 Principles of Water Management|364
5|6.3.3.2.2 General Duties of Care|365
5|6.3.3.2.3 Property and Use of Water Bodies|365
3|6.3.4 Legal Purposes|366
4|6.3.4.1 Water Framework Direction|366
4|6.3.4.2 Federal Water Act|366
3|6.3.5 Legal Instruments WRRL/WHG|366
4|6.3.5.1 Management Plans|366
4|6.3.5.2 Instruments of Direct Behaviour Control|367
5|6.3.5.2.1 Regulations of River Development|367
5|6.3.5.2.2 Distance Spaces|368
5|6.3.5.2.3 Water Protection Areas|368
5|6.3.5.2.4 Output of Fertilizers|369
5|6.3.5.2.5 Permits and Licences|369
5|6.3.5.2.6 Dealing with Substances Endangering a Body of Water|371
5|6.3.5.2.7 Liability Rules|372
4|6.3.5.3 Instruments of Indirect Behaviour Control|372
3|6.3.6 Enforcement/Control of the Law|373
3|6.3.7 Evaluation|374
3|6.3.8 Outlook|375
2|6.4 Chinese Law|376
3|6.4.1 Introduction|376
3|6.4.2 Legal Framework|377
4|6.4.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|377
4|6.4.2.2 Legal System and Structure|380
3|6.4.3 Legal Purposes of Chinese Water Resources Legal System|381
4|6.4.3.1 Water Quantity Protection|381
4|6.4.3.2 Water Quality Improvement|382
4|6.4.3.3 Adjust Industrial Structure|382
3|6.4.4 Legal Instruments of Chinese Water Resources Legal System|382
4|6.4.4.1 Water Resources Ownership System|382
4|6.4.4.2 The System of Licensing for Water-Taking and the System of Compensation for the Use of Water|383
4|6.4.4.3 Planning System for Water Resources|384
4|6.4.4.4 System for the Use of Water Under Which Control over the Total Volume Is Combined with Control over the Quotas|385
4|6.4.4.5 Total Discharge Volume Control System of Key Water Pollutants|385
4|6.4.4.6 System of Emission Allowances|386
4|6.4.4.7 Rural Water Pollution Prevention System|387
3|6.4.5 Enforcement of the Law|388
3|6.4.6 Evaluation|390
4|6.4.6.1 Legal Issues on Water Resource Conservation|390
5|6.4.6.1.1 Imperfect Agricultural Water Resource Conservation Legal System|390
5|6.4.6.1.2 Lack of Necessary Co-ordination Between the Agricultural Water Resource Protection Legal System|391
4|6.4.6.2 Issues on Water Resource Administrative System|391
4|6.4.6.3 Rural Water Resource Issues|392
5|6.4.6.3.1 Rural Water Pollution Issues|392
5|6.4.6.3.2 Water Quantity of Irrigation in Rural Areas|393
4|6.4.6.4 The Weak Rural Environmental Awareness, and the Low Public Participation|394
3|6.4.7 Outlook|394
4|6.4.7.1 Improve the Agricultural Water Resources Protection Legal System|394
4|6.4.7.2 Establish and Improve the Administrative System of Water Resources Protection|396
4|6.4.7.3 Specify Rural Water Pollution Control Regulations|397
5|6.4.7.3.1 Establish the Rural Water Pollution Control Planning System|397
5|6.4.7.3.2 Establish Environmental Supervision System of Rural Industry and Agricultural Production|397
2|6.5 Comparison|398
2|References|400
1|Chapter 7: Soil Protection Law|402
2|7.1 Introduction|403
2|7.2 Global Law: Influence of International Law on Soil Protection|404
2|7.3 German and European Law|406
3|7.3.1 Introduction|406
3|7.3.2 Legal Framework|406
4|7.3.2.1 Development|406
4|7.3.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|408
4|7.3.2.3 System and Structure of the Law|409
5|7.3.2.3.1 Scope of Application|409
5|7.3.2.3.2 Structure|410
3|7.3.3 Aims|410
3|7.3.4 Instruments|411
4|7.3.4.1 Planning of Soil Protection|411
4|7.3.4.2 Instruments of Direct Behaviour Control|412
5|7.3.4.2.1 Measures for the Identification of Harmful Soil Changes|412
5|7.3.4.2.2 Remediation Order|413
5|7.3.4.2.3 Power to Issue Orders in Complex Remediation Cases|414
5|7.3.4.2.4 Precautionary Orders|414
5|7.3.4.2.5 Orders of Desealing Areas|415
4|7.3.4.3 Instruments of Indirect Behaviour Control|415
4|7.3.4.4 Privileged Status of Agriculture|415
5|7.3.4.4.1 General Information|415
5|7.3.4.4.2 Exemption from the Duty of Precaution|416
5|7.3.4.4.3 The Requirements of the Code of Good Practice|416
5|7.3.4.4.4 Exemption from the Duty of Danger Defence and of Remediation|418
3|7.3.5 Implementation and Enforcement|419
3|7.3.6 Evaluation|419
3|7.3.7 Outlook|420
2|7.4 Chinese Law|421
3|7.4.1 Introduction of Legal System|421
3|7.4.2 Legal System on Soil Protection|423
4|7.4.2.1 Introduction|423
4|7.4.2.2 Legal Framework|425
4|7.4.2.3 Table of Legal Acts|426
4|7.4.2.4 Legal System and Structure|428
3|7.4.3 Legal Purpose and Scope|430
3|7.4.4 Legal Instruments|431
4|7.4.4.1 Classification and Gradation of Cultivated Land System|432
4|7.4.4.2 Prevention and Control System for Soil Degradation|433
4|7.4.4.3 Soil Environmental Quality Standard System|435
4|7.4.4.4 Soil Survey, Monitoring, Assessment and Remediation Systems|436
4|7.4.4.5 Target Responsibility for Soil Environmental Protection and Unified Management|438
4|7.4.4.6 Soil Environmental Information Disclosure System|438
3|7.4.5 Effects of Law Enforcement|439
3|7.4.6 Legal Evaluation|442
3|7.4.7 Outlook|444
4|7.4.7.1 Development of Law on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution|445
4|7.4.7.2 Development of Soil Environmental Protection Law|445
4|7.4.7.3 Soil Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Action Plan|446
2|7.5 Legal Comparison|447
2|References|448
1|Chapter 8: Climate Change Law|450
2|8.1 Introduction|452
2|8.2 Global Law|453
3|8.2.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol|453
3|8.2.2 Copenhagen Accord/Cancun Agreement|454
3|8.2.3 Further COPs (Durban, Doha, Warsaw, Lima)|455
3|8.2.4 Paris Climate Agreement|456
3|8.2.5 US-China Joint Presidential Statement on Climate Change|457
3|8.2.6 China-EU Joint Statement on Climate Change|458
2|8.3 European Law (Including German Law)|459
3|8.3.1 Introduction|459
3|8.3.2 Legal Framework of Agricultural Climate Change Law|460
4|8.3.2.1 Development of the Legal Framework|460
4|8.3.2.2 Legal System and Structure of Agricultural Climate Change Law|463
3|8.3.3 Legal Purposes and Scope of Agricultural Climate Change Law|464
3|8.3.4 Legal Instruments in the Field of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaption|467
4|8.3.4.1 Targets, Instruments of Action and Obligations of Report|467
5|8.3.4.1.1 Climate Targets and Actions of the Agricultural Sector|467
5|8.3.4.1.2 Information Transfer, Standards and Certification Systems|467
5|8.3.4.1.3 Obligations of Report|469
4|8.3.4.2 Planning Instruments|469
4|8.3.4.3 Direct Control Instruments|470
5|8.3.4.3.1 CCS-Technology|470
5|8.3.4.3.2 Risks of CCS-Technology|470
5|8.3.4.3.3 CCS-Directive and the German Implementation|471
4|8.3.4.4 Indirect Instruments (Economic Incentives)|472
5|8.3.4.4.1 Emissions Trading in the Rural Area|472
5|8.3.4.4.2 Direct Payments of the First Pillar of the GAP (Cross Compliance)|474
5|8.3.4.4.3 The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Second Pillar|475
5|8.3.4.4.4 Agri-Environmental Measures|475
5|8.3.4.4.5 LEADER|476
5|8.3.4.4.6 Facility-Related Incentive Systems|476
5|8.3.4.4.7 Renewable Energies Act|477
4|8.3.4.5 Self-Commitments in the Agri-Food Sector|478
3|8.3.5 Enforcement and Control|478
4|8.3.5.1 Bio-Gas Plans|478
5|8.3.5.1.1 Building Approval|478
5|8.3.5.1.2 The Approval Under the Federal Pollution Control Act|478
4|8.3.5.2 CCS-Rules|479
4|8.3.5.3 Funding Possibilities|479
3|8.3.6 Legal Evaluation|479
3|8.3.7 Outlook|480
2|8.4 Chinese Law|480
3|8.4.1 Introduction|480
3|8.4.2 Legal Framework of China Agricultural Climate Changes|481
4|8.4.2.1 Status Quo and Development|481
4|8.4.2.2 Legal System and Structure of Agriculture Climate Change|483
5|8.4.2.2.1 Agricultural Climate Change National Policy|484
5|8.4.2.2.2 The Legal and Administrative Regulations|485
5|8.4.2.2.3 Local Regulations|486
5|8.4.2.2.4 Departmental Rules|486
3|8.4.3 Legal Purposes of China Agricultural Climate Change Law|487
4|8.4.3.1 Reducing Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions|488
4|8.4.3.2 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change|490
4|8.4.3.3 Sustainable Development of Agriculture|492
3|8.4.4 The Basic Legal Principles of Agriculture to Climate Change|492
4|8.4.4.1 The Principle of `Common but Differentiated´|492
4|8.4.4.2 The Principle of Equity|493
4|8.4.4.3 The Principle of Respective Capability|494
4|8.4.4.4 The Principle of Laying Equal Stress on Mitigation and Adaptation|494
3|8.4.5 Legal Means of Agricultural Climate Change Law|495
4|8.4.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation Legal System|495
5|8.4.5.1.1 The Agricultural Energy Conservation System|495
5|8.4.5.1.2 The Agricultural Cleaner Production Systems|496
5|8.4.5.1.3 The Circular Agriculture System|497
5|8.4.5.1.4 Agricultural Resources and Environmental Protection System|498
5|8.4.5.1.5 Reforestation System|499
4|8.4.5.2 Climate Change Adaptation Legal System|500
5|8.4.5.2.1 The Agricultural Development Planning System|500
5|8.4.5.2.2 The Legal System of Agricultural Production|501
5|8.4.5.2.3 Evaluation of Environmental Effects System|502
5|8.4.5.2.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Agricultural Disaster System|503
3|8.4.6 Effects of Law Enforcement|504
4|8.4.6.1 The State Legal Systems Are Improving in Combating Climate Change|505
4|8.4.6.2 Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change Has Been Improved|506
4|8.4.6.3 Guarantee the Realization of Energy Saving Driven by Innovation|507
3|8.4.7 Legal Evaluations|508
4|8.4.7.1 Continuously Improving Laws and Regulations and Providing Support for Agricultural Climate Change|508
4|8.4.7.2 The Practice Promotes Local Legislation and Further to National Level Legislation|508
4|8.4.7.3 Agriculture and Rural Energy Conservation Policies and Regulations Should Strengthened by Implementation and Financial...|509
3|8.4.8 Outlook|509
4|8.4.8.1 China´s Climate Change Law|509
4|8.4.8.2 The Meteorological Disaster Prevention Law|510
4|8.4.8.3 The New Round of ``Grain for Green Project´´|511
4|8.4.8.4 The New Opportunities for Agricultural Carbon Emissions Trading|511
4|8.4.8.5 The New Mission of Sustainable Development of Agriculture|513
2|8.5 Legal Comparison|513
2|References|515
1|Chapter 9: Genetically Modified Organisms Law|521
2|9.1 Introduction|522
2|9.2 International Law|523
3|9.2.1 International Law on GMO|523
3|9.2.2 Implementation of the International Law in China and the EU|525
2|9.3 EU and German Law|527
3|9.3.1 Introduction|527
3|9.3.2 Legal Framework|527
4|9.3.2.1 Development|527
4|9.3.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|528
4|9.3.2.3 System and Structure of the Legal Acts|528
3|9.3.3 Principles|529
3|9.3.4 Instruments|529
4|9.3.4.1 The Authorisation Scheme|529
4|9.3.4.2 Scope of Application and Opt Out|531
4|9.3.4.3 Labelling of GM Food and Feed|532
4|9.3.4.4 Cultivation and Good Agricultural Practice|534
4|9.3.4.5 Import and Export|535
4|9.3.4.6 Liability|535
3|9.3.5 Enforcement, Implementation and Control|535
3|9.3.6 Evaluation/Discussion|536
3|9.3.7 Outlook|537
2|9.4 Chinese Law|537
3|9.4.1 Introduction and Historical Process|537
3|9.4.2 Legal Framework|539
4|9.4.2.1 Status Quo|539
4|9.4.2.2 Table of Legal Acts|539
3|9.4.3 Legal Purpose and Scope|541
3|9.4.4 Legal Instruments|542
4|9.4.4.1 Safety Evaluation System|542
4|9.4.4.2 Licensing System|543
4|9.4.4.3 Labelling System|543
4|9.4.4.4 Import Approval System|544
4|9.4.4.5 Administrative System and Technical Support System|545
3|9.4.5 Effects of Law Enforcement|546
4|9.4.5.1 Local Supervision and Guidance on GMOs Has Been Improved|546
4|9.4.5.2 Import of Genetically Modified Crops Has Been Controlled|546
4|9.4.5.3 Production and Extension of GM Crops Is Prudently Administrated|547
4|9.4.5.4 Transgenic Technology Research Is Regulated and Promoted|547
3|9.4.6 Legal Evaluations|548
4|9.4.6.1 Legal Content Is Not Comprehensive and Legal Scale Is Not Large Enough|548
4|9.4.6.2 A Minority of Regulations Lacks Efficiency in Practice|548
4|9.4.6.3 The Staff Composition of the Biosafety Committee for Agricultural GMOs Is Questionable|548
3|9.4.7 Outlook|549
4|9.4.7.1 Legislation Level Should Be Enhanced|549
4|9.4.7.2 Legislation Principles Should Be Confirmed and Regulations Revised|549
4|9.4.7.3 Supervision and Inspection Will Be Further Strengthened|550
2|9.5 Legal Comparison|550
2|References|552
1|Chapter 10: Organic Farming Law|554
2|10.1 Introduction|556
2|10.2 Global Law|557
2|10.3 European Law (Including German law)|560
3|10.3.1 Introduction to the European-German Law on Organic Production|560
3|10.3.2 Legal Framework|560
4|10.3.2.1 European Law|561
5|10.3.2.1.1 Development|561
5|10.3.2.1.2 System and Structure of the Legal Acts|562
4|10.3.2.2 National German Law|562
5|10.3.2.2.1 Development|562
5|10.3.2.2.2 System and Structure of the Legal Acts|563
3|10.3.3 Legal Purposes|563
4|10.3.3.1 Scope|563
4|10.3.3.2 Objectives and Principles|564
3|10.3.4 Legal Instruments|565
4|10.3.4.1 Production Rules|565
5|10.3.4.1.1 General Production Rules|565
5|10.3.4.1.2 Production Rules for Primary Farm Production|566
5|10.3.4.1.3 Production Rules for the Processing of Food and Feed|567
4|10.3.4.2 Labelling|567
5|10.3.4.2.1 Terms Referring to Organic Production|567
5|10.3.4.2.2 Organic Production Logos|568
6|10.3.4.2.2.1 European Organic Production Logo|568
6|10.3.4.2.2.2 Organic Production Logos on the National German Level|569
6|10.3.4.2.2.3 Private Organic Production Logos|572
6|10.3.4.2.2.4 Typology of Organic Production Logos on the European Food Market|573
4|10.3.4.3 Subsidization|574
3|10.3.5 Enforcement|575
4|10.3.5.1 Controls|575
4|10.3.5.2 Import of Organic Products from Non-EU Member States|579
3|10.3.6 Evaluation|580
3|10.3.7 Prospect for the Future|580
3|10.3.8 Table of Legal Acts|582
4|10.3.8.1 European Union Law|582
4|10.3.8.2 National German Law|582
2|10.4 Chinese Law|583
3|10.4.1 Introduction to the Chinese Law on Sustainable High Quality Food|583
3|10.4.2 Legal Framework (System, Structure and Development)|584
4|10.4.2.1 Common Regulatory Groundwork|584
4|10.4.2.2 Specific Regulations|585
5|10.4.2.2.1 Organic Products|586
5|10.4.2.2.2 Green Food|587
3|10.4.3 Legal Purposes|588
4|10.4.3.1 Scope|588
5|10.4.3.1.1 Organic Products|588
5|10.4.3.1.2 Green Food|589
4|10.4.3.2 Objectives|589
5|10.4.3.2.1 Organic Products|589
5|10.4.3.2.2 Green Food|590
3|10.4.4 Legal Instruments|590
4|10.4.4.1 Organic Products|591
5|10.4.4.1.1 Unified Standards|591
5|10.4.4.1.2 Detection and Certification System|592
6|10.4.4.1.2.1 Origin Environment Quality Detection|592
6|10.4.4.1.2.2 Organic Product Certification|592
5|10.4.4.1.3 Labelling|592
4|10.4.4.2 Green Food|593
5|10.4.4.2.1 Unified Standards|593
5|10.4.4.2.2 Detection and Certification System|594
6|10.4.4.2.2.1 Environmental Monitoring|594
6|10.4.4.2.2.2 Green Food Certification|595
5|10.4.4.2.3 Labelling|595
3|10.4.5 Enforcement|597
4|10.4.5.1 Organic Products|597
5|10.4.5.1.1 Detection and Certification System|597
5|10.4.5.1.2 Import Control|597
4|10.4.5.2 Green Food|598
5|10.4.5.2.1 Detection and Certification System|598
5|10.4.5.2.2 Import Control|599
3|10.4.6 Evaluation|599
4|10.4.6.1 Effects of Legal System|599
5|10.4.6.1.1 Legal System Regulates Green Food Market|600
5|10.4.6.1.2 The Organic Product Certification Conducted Efficiently|600
5|10.4.6.1.3 Forming an Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Detection and Certification System|601
6|10.4.6.1.3.1 Establishing High Quality Agricultural Product Detection System|601
6|10.4.6.1.3.2 Establishing High Quality Agricultural Product Certification System|601
4|10.4.6.2 Legal Evaluations|602
5|10.4.6.2.1 Problems During Certification|602
6|10.4.6.2.1.1 Problems During Green Food Certification|602
6|10.4.6.2.1.2 Problems During Organic Product Certification|602
5|10.4.6.2.2 Explicit Legal Liability|603
5|10.4.6.2.3 Standards Updating Slowly|604
3|10.4.7 Prospect for the Future|604
4|10.4.7.1 Legally Normalize Certification and Enhance Market Supervision|604
4|10.4.7.2 Define Legal Responsibility and Relevant Subjects|604
4|10.4.7.3 Update the Standards of Green Food and Organic Products|604
3|10.4.8 Table of Legal Acts|605
2|10.5 Legal Comparison|606
2|References|608
1|Chapter 11: The Right of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products and Food|613
2|11.1 Introduction|614
3|11.1.1 The Importance of Geographic Data for Trade Policy|614
3|11.1.2 International Trade Law|616
3|11.1.3 Terminology and Protection Concept|616
2|11.2 Protection System of the European Union|618
3|11.2.1 Historical Outline of the Law of the European Union|618
3|11.2.2 Multi-Dimensional Protection|619
3|11.2.3 Subjects of Protection|620
3|11.2.4 Non-Eligible Generic Terms|621
3|11.2.5 Registration Procedure and Legal Protection|623
3|11.2.6 The Legal Character of the Registered Geographical Indications of Origin|626
3|11.2.7 Classification into the Overall System|627
2|11.3 Protection System of China Under the Trademark Law Model|629
3|11.3.1 Overview|629
3|11.3.2 Unique Protection System|629
3|11.3.3 Basic GI Protection Under the Trademark Law Model|631
4|11.3.3.1 Definition and General Protection|632
4|11.3.3.2 GI as Certification Marks or Collective Mark|633
4|11.3.3.3 Stronger Protection for GIs for Wines and Spirits|634
4|11.3.3.4 Procedure of Registration|634
3|11.3.4 Recent Developments of the Legislation|635
4|11.3.4.1 Revisions of the Chinese Trademark Law in 2013|635
5|11.3.4.1.1 Fair Use for Geographic Names|636
5|11.3.4.1.2 Time Limitations of Trademark Prosecutions|636
5|11.3.4.1.3 GIs as Relative Ground for Opposition and Invalidation Appeal Procedures|637
4|11.3.4.2 Supreme Court Rules on Hearing Administrative Cases on Authorization and Determination of Trademark Rights|638
3|11.3.5 Conclusion: Prospect in the Future|639
2|References|640
1|Appendix: List of Contents|644
2|Chapter 1 Agri-Food Law: Term, Development, Structures, System and Framework Ines|644
2|Chapter 2 Food Security and Food Safety Law|645
2|Chapter 3 Land Resources Law|647
2|Chapter 4 Genetic Resources Law|650
2|Chapter 5 Regulations Concerning Pesticides and Fertilizers|652
2|Chapter 6 Water Resources Law|653
2|Chapter 7 Soil Protection Law|655
2|Chapter 8 Climate Change Law|657
2|Chapter 9 Genetically Modified Organisms Law|659
2|Chapter 10 Organic Farming Law|660
2|Chapter 11 The Right of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products and Food|663