File #2484: "2018_Book_OrganisedCrimeGroupsInvolvedIn.pdf"
Text
1|Series Editor’s Introduction|7
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Acronyms|12
1|List of Figures|14
1|List of Tables|15
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|16
2|Organised Crime and Fraud in the UK1|17
3|Why Focus on Organised Crime and Fraud?|18
2|Aims of the Research|19
2|Methods|20
2|Limitations of the Research|20
2|Structure of This Book|22
2|References|23
1|Chapter 2: What Do We Know About Organised Crime and Fraud?|26
2|What Is Organised Crime?|27
2|Definitions of Organised Crime|28
2|The Perceived ‘Threat’ of Organised Crime|30
2|What Is Fraud?|30
2|Careers in Organised Crime and Fraud|31
3|Government and Law Enforcement Responses to Organised Crime and Fraud|33
2|Policing Fraud|34
3|At a National Level|35
2|Regional and Local|36
2|The National Picture: Analysis of the NCA-Administered OCGM Data9|37
3|Definitions|37
3|The Characteristics of Fraud OCGs|38
3|Intent and Capability|38
3|Nature and Extent of Harm|38
3|Links with Business|39
3|Specialist Roles: The Use of Professional Enablers|39
3|Technology as an Enabler of Criminality|39
3|International Connections|40
3|In Summary|40
2|References|41
1|Chapter 3: Routes into Organised Crime and Fraud|45
2|Routes into Fraud and Organised Crime|48
2|A Conscious Choice|49
3|Defrauding a Legitimate Employer|50
3|Fraud Built into a Business Plan|54
3|Conscious Choice Driven by Greed|57
3|Political Connections to Facilitate Fraud|58
2|The Recruited|58
3|Targeted Recruitment|59
3|Wilber’s Process of Recruiting Enablers|59
3|Serendipitous Recruitment|64
2|The Preconditions: Overlapping Criminal, Social, and Business Circles|66
2|Conclusion|68
2|References|69
1|Chapter 4: The Nature and Structure of Organised Crime Groups Involved in Fraud|71
2|Measuring Success … and Reflecting on Failure|72
2|Hierarchies or Networks? What the Existing Research Tells Us About OCGs|74
2|The Police Perspective|75
2|The Classic Structure|78
2|The Global Network|78
2|The Chaotic Lower Tier|79
2|The Flat or Horizontal Structure|80
2|Conclusion|80
2|References|81
1|Chapter 5: Cops and Twenty-First-Century Robbers|83
2|The Allocation of Cases and Setting the Parameters of an Investigation|85
2|The Challenges Faced by Enforcement Agencies|88
3|The Length and Complexity of Fraud Investigations|88
3|Complexity at a European Level|89
3|Technological Challenges|92
3|Cultural Blindness: ‘The Cinderella Crime’|93
2|Legislation to Tackle Organised Fraud: Asset Recovery, Money Laundering, and Post-conviction Court Orders|96
2|The Perceived Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System: Views from the Other Side|100
3|Views of the CPS and Trial by Jury|101
3|Prison Associations and Networks|102
2|In Conclusion|103
2|References|106
1|Chapter 6: Concluding Thoughts|108
2|Routes into Organised Fraud|109
2|The Nature and Structure of OCGs Involved in Fraud|110
2|Policing Organised Fraudsters|110
2|Capable Guardianship and the Role of Professional Enablers|111
3|Early Identification of People at Risk of Involvement in Organised Crime|112
3|Better Targeting of Resources to Charge and Prosecute Enablers|113
2|Encouraging the Greater Use of Criminal Sanctions|114
2|Consolidating, Sharing, and Acting upon Information and Data|114
3|Less Can Sometimes Be More|115
2|Tackling the Misperception That Organised Fraud Is a Victimless Crime|116
3|‘The Victim Is Recompensed’|116
3|‘Fraud Victims Are Not Real Victims; They Are Victims of Their Own Stupidity and Greed’|117
2|And Finally|117
2|References|118
1|Appendix A: Taking Stock of Organised Crime: Analysis of National Organised Crime Group Mapping Data|119
2|Key Findings|119
3|Data Source|122
3|Definitions|122
3|Levels of Analysis|123
2|Results|123
3|Intent and Capability|123
3|Quality of Intelligence Around Intent and Capability|124
3|The Characteristics of Mapped OCGs|124
3|Nature and Extent of Harm|126
3|Specialist Roles and Links to Business|127
3|Extent to Which Criminality Is Considered to Be Internet/Technology Enabled9|130
3|What Factors Predict Involvement in a High Level of Fraud-Related Criminality?10|131
1|Glossary|135
1|References|138
1|Index|147
1|Acknowledgements|9
1|Contents|11
1|Acronyms|12
1|List of Figures|14
1|List of Tables|15
1|Chapter 1: Introduction|16
2|Organised Crime and Fraud in the UK1|17
3|Why Focus on Organised Crime and Fraud?|18
2|Aims of the Research|19
2|Methods|20
2|Limitations of the Research|20
2|Structure of This Book|22
2|References|23
1|Chapter 2: What Do We Know About Organised Crime and Fraud?|26
2|What Is Organised Crime?|27
2|Definitions of Organised Crime|28
2|The Perceived ‘Threat’ of Organised Crime|30
2|What Is Fraud?|30
2|Careers in Organised Crime and Fraud|31
3|Government and Law Enforcement Responses to Organised Crime and Fraud|33
2|Policing Fraud|34
3|At a National Level|35
2|Regional and Local|36
2|The National Picture: Analysis of the NCA-Administered OCGM Data9|37
3|Definitions|37
3|The Characteristics of Fraud OCGs|38
3|Intent and Capability|38
3|Nature and Extent of Harm|38
3|Links with Business|39
3|Specialist Roles: The Use of Professional Enablers|39
3|Technology as an Enabler of Criminality|39
3|International Connections|40
3|In Summary|40
2|References|41
1|Chapter 3: Routes into Organised Crime and Fraud|45
2|Routes into Fraud and Organised Crime|48
2|A Conscious Choice|49
3|Defrauding a Legitimate Employer|50
3|Fraud Built into a Business Plan|54
3|Conscious Choice Driven by Greed|57
3|Political Connections to Facilitate Fraud|58
2|The Recruited|58
3|Targeted Recruitment|59
3|Wilber’s Process of Recruiting Enablers|59
3|Serendipitous Recruitment|64
2|The Preconditions: Overlapping Criminal, Social, and Business Circles|66
2|Conclusion|68
2|References|69
1|Chapter 4: The Nature and Structure of Organised Crime Groups Involved in Fraud|71
2|Measuring Success … and Reflecting on Failure|72
2|Hierarchies or Networks? What the Existing Research Tells Us About OCGs|74
2|The Police Perspective|75
2|The Classic Structure|78
2|The Global Network|78
2|The Chaotic Lower Tier|79
2|The Flat or Horizontal Structure|80
2|Conclusion|80
2|References|81
1|Chapter 5: Cops and Twenty-First-Century Robbers|83
2|The Allocation of Cases and Setting the Parameters of an Investigation|85
2|The Challenges Faced by Enforcement Agencies|88
3|The Length and Complexity of Fraud Investigations|88
3|Complexity at a European Level|89
3|Technological Challenges|92
3|Cultural Blindness: ‘The Cinderella Crime’|93
2|Legislation to Tackle Organised Fraud: Asset Recovery, Money Laundering, and Post-conviction Court Orders|96
2|The Perceived Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System: Views from the Other Side|100
3|Views of the CPS and Trial by Jury|101
3|Prison Associations and Networks|102
2|In Conclusion|103
2|References|106
1|Chapter 6: Concluding Thoughts|108
2|Routes into Organised Fraud|109
2|The Nature and Structure of OCGs Involved in Fraud|110
2|Policing Organised Fraudsters|110
2|Capable Guardianship and the Role of Professional Enablers|111
3|Early Identification of People at Risk of Involvement in Organised Crime|112
3|Better Targeting of Resources to Charge and Prosecute Enablers|113
2|Encouraging the Greater Use of Criminal Sanctions|114
2|Consolidating, Sharing, and Acting upon Information and Data|114
3|Less Can Sometimes Be More|115
2|Tackling the Misperception That Organised Fraud Is a Victimless Crime|116
3|‘The Victim Is Recompensed’|116
3|‘Fraud Victims Are Not Real Victims; They Are Victims of Their Own Stupidity and Greed’|117
2|And Finally|117
2|References|118
1|Appendix A: Taking Stock of Organised Crime: Analysis of National Organised Crime Group Mapping Data|119
2|Key Findings|119
3|Data Source|122
3|Definitions|122
3|Levels of Analysis|123
2|Results|123
3|Intent and Capability|123
3|Quality of Intelligence Around Intent and Capability|124
3|The Characteristics of Mapped OCGs|124
3|Nature and Extent of Harm|126
3|Specialist Roles and Links to Business|127
3|Extent to Which Criminality Is Considered to Be Internet/Technology Enabled9|130
3|What Factors Predict Involvement in a High Level of Fraud-Related Criminality?10|131
1|Glossary|135
1|References|138
1|Index|147