File #2504: "2018_Book_ReformingWaterLawAndGovernance.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|7
1|1 Replenishing Australia’s Water Future: From Stagnation to Innovation|9
2|Abstract|9
2|1 Introduction|10
2|2 Australia’s Water Reform Journey—from Innovation to Stagnation|13
2|3 The Water Scarcity Governance Challenge|18
2|4 Water Law and Governance: Insights from Australia|23
3|4.1 How Successful Is Australia’s Approach to Designing and Implementing Water Governance?|23
3|4.2 What Conditions Have Enabled or Blocked Its Success, Including Environmental, Social, Political and Legal?|25
3|4.3 How Does Australia’s Water Governance System Compare and Contrast with Different International Water Governance Practices, Particularly in Northern America?|28
3|4.4 What Are the Broader Insights for Future Water Governance Practice and Theory?|30
4|4.4.1 The Future of Australia’s Reforms|30
4|4.4.2 Hybrid Water Governance|32
2|References|34
1|The Murray-Darling Basin—Progress and Challenges in Multi-jurisdictional Water Governance|40
1|2 The Unwinding of Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin: A Cautionary Tale for Transboundary River Systems|41
2|Abstract|41
2|1 Introduction|41
3|1.1 Environmental Background|43
2|2 The Refocussing of Basin Law and Policy Between 2007 and 2017|44
3|2.1 Water Act|44
3|2.2 Guide to the Basin Plan|46
3|2.3 Draft Basin Plan to Final Basin Plan|47
3|2.4 Amendments to the Water Act|48
3|2.5 Supply Measures and Efficiency Works|49
3|2.6 1,500 G/L Cap on the Purchase of Entitlements|50
3|2.7 Northern Basin Review|53
3|2.8 Protection of Environmental Water|54
3|2.9 Complementary Measures|55
2|3 Legal Validity and the Path Forward|56
2|4 Conclusions|58
2|References|58
2|Legislation|61
2|Cases|61
1|3 Multi-jurisdictional Water Governance in Australia: Muddle or Model?|62
2|Abstract|62
2|1 Introduction|62
2|2 The Colorado River: The Limitations of a Rights-Based Approach|63
2|3 The Great Lakes: The Limitations of International Law in Transboundary Natural Resource Management|69
2|4 How Does the Murray-Darling Compare?|77
2|5 Conclusion|81
2|References|82
1|4 Environmental Water Transactions and Innovation in Australia|84
2|Abstract|84
2|1 Introduction|85
2|2 Private Finance, Impact Investment and Environmental Water Transactions|86
2|3 Legal Supports for the Emergence of Private Environmental Water Initiatives in the Murray-Darling Basin|87
2|4 The Murray-Darling Basin Balanced Water Fund|91
2|5 Broader Lessons from Australia’s Experience in Relation to Private Initiatives, Impact Investment and Environmental Water Recovery|97
2|6 Conclusion|99
2|References|100
1|Water Markets—Property, Regulation and Implementation|103
1|5 Water Entitlements as Property: A Work in Progress or Watertight Now?|104
2|Abstract|104
2|1 Introduction|105
2|2 Understanding Property|106
3|2.1 Different Approaches to Property|107
3|2.2 Two Key Questions|111
2|3 Implications of Propertisation|113
2|4 Conclusion|121
2|References|121
2|Case Citations|124
1|6 Regulatory and Economic Instruments: A Useful Partnership to Achieve Collective Objectives?|126
2|Abstract|126
2|1 Introduction|127
2|2 Economic Instruments and Regulatory Processes|128
2|3 Theoretical Foundations of Economic Instruments|129
3|3.1 Economic Instrument Types|131
2|4 Taking Stock|136
2|5 Conclusion|139
2|Acknowledgements|139
2|References|140
1|7 Water Markets and Regulation: Implementation, Successes and Limitations|143
2|Abstract|143
2|1 Introduction|144
2|2 Water Governance Reforms and Markets in Australia|147
2|3 Achievements and Limits of Water Markets|149
3|3.1 Achievements of Water Markets|150
3|3.2 Limits of Water Markets|154
2|4 Discussion|161
2|5 Conclusion|164
2|References|166
1|Collaboration and Participation—Litigation, Coordination and Water Rights|171
1|8 Public Participation in Water Resources Management in Australia: Procedure and Possibilities|172
2|Abstract|172
2|1 Introduction|172
2|2 Water Management in Australia|173
2|3 Public Participation in Water Management: Modes of Procedure|174
2|4 Modes of Public Participation: Consultation|175
3|4.1 Consultation Generally|175
3|4.2 Consultation with Aboriginal Peoples|178
3|4.3 Lessons: Participation Through Consultation|181
2|5 Participation Through Adjudicative Procedure|182
3|5.1 Litigation Under Water Resources Law|183
3|5.2 Constraining Factors in the Use of Litigation as a Participation Vehicle|184
3|5.3 Lessons: Participation Through Adjudicative Procedure|188
2|6 Conclusions|189
2|References|190
1|9 A Governance Solution to Australian Freshwater Law and Policy|193
2|Abstract|193
2|1 Introduction to the Major Policy Events and Cases in Australian Water Law and Policy by Type of Water, Rivers, Aquifers and Manufactured Water Since 2003|193
2|2 Australian Water Governance Institutional Aspects by Scale, Urban/Rural and Type of Water|198
3|2.1 The Law Statutory and Cases on the Broad ESD Rules|199
3|2.2 Public Authority Decision Making and Liability and Private Sector Engagement in Water Supply Delivery|199
3|2.3 Civil Society/Epistemic Communities and NGOs Engaged in Water Policy Development|205
2|3 China Urban Water Supply Institutional Models and Views of the Community About Foreign Players|206
3|3.1 Case Study: Lanzhou Veolia Water|206
2|4 Research Agenda for Governance in Australian Water|209
2|5 Summary and Reflections on Questions|209
2|References|210
2|References Chinese Section|212
1|10 Lessons from Australian Water Reforms: Indigenous and Environmental Values in Market-Based Water Regulation|213
2|Abstract|213
2|1 Introduction|214
2|2 Water Governance in the Driest Continent|215
2|3 Legal Frameworks Enabling Water Governance in Australia|217
3|3.1 Early Approaches: Common Law Riparian Rights and State-Based Statutes|217
3|3.2 Introducing the Hybrid Model: Major Water Reforms of the Late Twentieth Century|218
3|3.3 Indigenous and Environmental Values in Recent Water Policies|221
4|3.3.1 Our North, Our Future|221
4|3.3.2 Water for Victoria|223
2|4 Lessons for an International Audience|225
3|4.1 Including Indigenous Peoples in Water Governance|225
3|4.2 Embedding Environmental Values|228
2|5 Conclusion|230
2|References|230
1|Future Governance Challenges—Cumulative Impacts, Resource Industries and Climate Change|235
1|11 Regulating Cumulative Impacts in Groundwater Systems: Global Lessons from the Australian Experience|236
2|Abstract|236
2|1 Introduction|237
2|2 Cumulative Impacts and Groundwater: Expanding Our Horizons|238
3|2.1 The Scientific Perspective|238
3|2.2 When Science Meets Groundwater Law|239
2|3 Groundwater Cumulative Impacts in Australian Water Reforms|241
3|3.1 Groundwater Cumulative Impacts and Statutory Water Planning|241
4|3.1.1 National Water Initiative|241
4|3.1.2 Federal Water Act and Basin Plan|243
3|3.2 Cumulative Impacts in State Groundwater Regimes: Licensing and Other Approaches|245
3|3.3 Groundwater Cumulative Impacts at the Intersection of Water and Environmental Law|248
2|4 Synthesis, Comparative Reflections, and Lessons|250
2|5 Conclusion|252
2|References|253
1|12 Compromising Confidence? Water, Coal Seam Gas and Mining Governance Reform in Queensland and Wyoming|256
2|Abstract|256
2|1 Introduction|257
2|2 Federal and State Regulatory Approaches|258
3|2.1 The NWI’s Provisions for the Resources Industry|258
3|2.2 Water Rights, Planning and Allocation in Queensland|260
3|2.3 Approvals Required for Resources Projects|260
3|2.4 P&G Industry’s Statutory Right to Take Groundwater|262
2|3 Key Issues with Regulatory Framework and Respective Reforms|263
3|3.1 Bifurcated Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity Impact|263
4|3.1.1 Wandoan and Alpha Coal Mines|264
4|3.1.2 Controversial Queensland Reform in 2014 and 2016: WROLA 2014 and EPOLA 2016|265
3|3.2 The Problem of Exceptions in Water Planning|266
3|3.3 Wyoming’s Approach to Water Quality Protection, Water Allocation and CSG Activities|267
2|4 Discussion and Concluding Analysis|270
2|References|273
1|13 Governing the Freshwater Commons: Lessons from Application of the Trilogy of Governance Tools in Australia and the Western United States|279
2|Abstract|279
2|1 Introduction|279
2|2 Governing the Water Commons|280
3|2.1 Marketable Property Rights|282
3|2.2 Government Regulation|282
3|2.3 Self-organisation|283
3|2.4 Combining Governance Approaches|283
2|3 Water Law Reform in Australia and the Western United States|284
3|3.1 The Millennium Drought and Water Reform in Australia|284
3|3.2 Drought and Water Law Reform in the Western United States|288
2|4 Discussion and Conclusion|291
2|References|293
1|Contents|7
1|1 Replenishing Australia’s Water Future: From Stagnation to Innovation|9
2|Abstract|9
2|1 Introduction|10
2|2 Australia’s Water Reform Journey—from Innovation to Stagnation|13
2|3 The Water Scarcity Governance Challenge|18
2|4 Water Law and Governance: Insights from Australia|23
3|4.1 How Successful Is Australia’s Approach to Designing and Implementing Water Governance?|23
3|4.2 What Conditions Have Enabled or Blocked Its Success, Including Environmental, Social, Political and Legal?|25
3|4.3 How Does Australia’s Water Governance System Compare and Contrast with Different International Water Governance Practices, Particularly in Northern America?|28
3|4.4 What Are the Broader Insights for Future Water Governance Practice and Theory?|30
4|4.4.1 The Future of Australia’s Reforms|30
4|4.4.2 Hybrid Water Governance|32
2|References|34
1|The Murray-Darling Basin—Progress and Challenges in Multi-jurisdictional Water Governance|40
1|2 The Unwinding of Water Reform in the Murray-Darling Basin: A Cautionary Tale for Transboundary River Systems|41
2|Abstract|41
2|1 Introduction|41
3|1.1 Environmental Background|43
2|2 The Refocussing of Basin Law and Policy Between 2007 and 2017|44
3|2.1 Water Act|44
3|2.2 Guide to the Basin Plan|46
3|2.3 Draft Basin Plan to Final Basin Plan|47
3|2.4 Amendments to the Water Act|48
3|2.5 Supply Measures and Efficiency Works|49
3|2.6 1,500 G/L Cap on the Purchase of Entitlements|50
3|2.7 Northern Basin Review|53
3|2.8 Protection of Environmental Water|54
3|2.9 Complementary Measures|55
2|3 Legal Validity and the Path Forward|56
2|4 Conclusions|58
2|References|58
2|Legislation|61
2|Cases|61
1|3 Multi-jurisdictional Water Governance in Australia: Muddle or Model?|62
2|Abstract|62
2|1 Introduction|62
2|2 The Colorado River: The Limitations of a Rights-Based Approach|63
2|3 The Great Lakes: The Limitations of International Law in Transboundary Natural Resource Management|69
2|4 How Does the Murray-Darling Compare?|77
2|5 Conclusion|81
2|References|82
1|4 Environmental Water Transactions and Innovation in Australia|84
2|Abstract|84
2|1 Introduction|85
2|2 Private Finance, Impact Investment and Environmental Water Transactions|86
2|3 Legal Supports for the Emergence of Private Environmental Water Initiatives in the Murray-Darling Basin|87
2|4 The Murray-Darling Basin Balanced Water Fund|91
2|5 Broader Lessons from Australia’s Experience in Relation to Private Initiatives, Impact Investment and Environmental Water Recovery|97
2|6 Conclusion|99
2|References|100
1|Water Markets—Property, Regulation and Implementation|103
1|5 Water Entitlements as Property: A Work in Progress or Watertight Now?|104
2|Abstract|104
2|1 Introduction|105
2|2 Understanding Property|106
3|2.1 Different Approaches to Property|107
3|2.2 Two Key Questions|111
2|3 Implications of Propertisation|113
2|4 Conclusion|121
2|References|121
2|Case Citations|124
1|6 Regulatory and Economic Instruments: A Useful Partnership to Achieve Collective Objectives?|126
2|Abstract|126
2|1 Introduction|127
2|2 Economic Instruments and Regulatory Processes|128
2|3 Theoretical Foundations of Economic Instruments|129
3|3.1 Economic Instrument Types|131
2|4 Taking Stock|136
2|5 Conclusion|139
2|Acknowledgements|139
2|References|140
1|7 Water Markets and Regulation: Implementation, Successes and Limitations|143
2|Abstract|143
2|1 Introduction|144
2|2 Water Governance Reforms and Markets in Australia|147
2|3 Achievements and Limits of Water Markets|149
3|3.1 Achievements of Water Markets|150
3|3.2 Limits of Water Markets|154
2|4 Discussion|161
2|5 Conclusion|164
2|References|166
1|Collaboration and Participation—Litigation, Coordination and Water Rights|171
1|8 Public Participation in Water Resources Management in Australia: Procedure and Possibilities|172
2|Abstract|172
2|1 Introduction|172
2|2 Water Management in Australia|173
2|3 Public Participation in Water Management: Modes of Procedure|174
2|4 Modes of Public Participation: Consultation|175
3|4.1 Consultation Generally|175
3|4.2 Consultation with Aboriginal Peoples|178
3|4.3 Lessons: Participation Through Consultation|181
2|5 Participation Through Adjudicative Procedure|182
3|5.1 Litigation Under Water Resources Law|183
3|5.2 Constraining Factors in the Use of Litigation as a Participation Vehicle|184
3|5.3 Lessons: Participation Through Adjudicative Procedure|188
2|6 Conclusions|189
2|References|190
1|9 A Governance Solution to Australian Freshwater Law and Policy|193
2|Abstract|193
2|1 Introduction to the Major Policy Events and Cases in Australian Water Law and Policy by Type of Water, Rivers, Aquifers and Manufactured Water Since 2003|193
2|2 Australian Water Governance Institutional Aspects by Scale, Urban/Rural and Type of Water|198
3|2.1 The Law Statutory and Cases on the Broad ESD Rules|199
3|2.2 Public Authority Decision Making and Liability and Private Sector Engagement in Water Supply Delivery|199
3|2.3 Civil Society/Epistemic Communities and NGOs Engaged in Water Policy Development|205
2|3 China Urban Water Supply Institutional Models and Views of the Community About Foreign Players|206
3|3.1 Case Study: Lanzhou Veolia Water|206
2|4 Research Agenda for Governance in Australian Water|209
2|5 Summary and Reflections on Questions|209
2|References|210
2|References Chinese Section|212
1|10 Lessons from Australian Water Reforms: Indigenous and Environmental Values in Market-Based Water Regulation|213
2|Abstract|213
2|1 Introduction|214
2|2 Water Governance in the Driest Continent|215
2|3 Legal Frameworks Enabling Water Governance in Australia|217
3|3.1 Early Approaches: Common Law Riparian Rights and State-Based Statutes|217
3|3.2 Introducing the Hybrid Model: Major Water Reforms of the Late Twentieth Century|218
3|3.3 Indigenous and Environmental Values in Recent Water Policies|221
4|3.3.1 Our North, Our Future|221
4|3.3.2 Water for Victoria|223
2|4 Lessons for an International Audience|225
3|4.1 Including Indigenous Peoples in Water Governance|225
3|4.2 Embedding Environmental Values|228
2|5 Conclusion|230
2|References|230
1|Future Governance Challenges—Cumulative Impacts, Resource Industries and Climate Change|235
1|11 Regulating Cumulative Impacts in Groundwater Systems: Global Lessons from the Australian Experience|236
2|Abstract|236
2|1 Introduction|237
2|2 Cumulative Impacts and Groundwater: Expanding Our Horizons|238
3|2.1 The Scientific Perspective|238
3|2.2 When Science Meets Groundwater Law|239
2|3 Groundwater Cumulative Impacts in Australian Water Reforms|241
3|3.1 Groundwater Cumulative Impacts and Statutory Water Planning|241
4|3.1.1 National Water Initiative|241
4|3.1.2 Federal Water Act and Basin Plan|243
3|3.2 Cumulative Impacts in State Groundwater Regimes: Licensing and Other Approaches|245
3|3.3 Groundwater Cumulative Impacts at the Intersection of Water and Environmental Law|248
2|4 Synthesis, Comparative Reflections, and Lessons|250
2|5 Conclusion|252
2|References|253
1|12 Compromising Confidence? Water, Coal Seam Gas and Mining Governance Reform in Queensland and Wyoming|256
2|Abstract|256
2|1 Introduction|257
2|2 Federal and State Regulatory Approaches|258
3|2.1 The NWI’s Provisions for the Resources Industry|258
3|2.2 Water Rights, Planning and Allocation in Queensland|260
3|2.3 Approvals Required for Resources Projects|260
3|2.4 P&G Industry’s Statutory Right to Take Groundwater|262
2|3 Key Issues with Regulatory Framework and Respective Reforms|263
3|3.1 Bifurcated Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity Impact|263
4|3.1.1 Wandoan and Alpha Coal Mines|264
4|3.1.2 Controversial Queensland Reform in 2014 and 2016: WROLA 2014 and EPOLA 2016|265
3|3.2 The Problem of Exceptions in Water Planning|266
3|3.3 Wyoming’s Approach to Water Quality Protection, Water Allocation and CSG Activities|267
2|4 Discussion and Concluding Analysis|270
2|References|273
1|13 Governing the Freshwater Commons: Lessons from Application of the Trilogy of Governance Tools in Australia and the Western United States|279
2|Abstract|279
2|1 Introduction|279
2|2 Governing the Water Commons|280
3|2.1 Marketable Property Rights|282
3|2.2 Government Regulation|282
3|2.3 Self-organisation|283
3|2.4 Combining Governance Approaches|283
2|3 Water Law Reform in Australia and the Western United States|284
3|3.1 The Millennium Drought and Water Reform in Australia|284
3|3.2 Drought and Water Law Reform in the Western United States|288
2|4 Discussion and Conclusion|291
2|References|293