File #2519: "2018_Book_RoboticsAIAndTheFutureOfLaw.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|8
1|Editors and Contributors|10
1|Acronyms|12
1|The Rise of Robotics amp AI: Technological Advances amp Normative Dilemmas|14
2|1 Introduction|14
2|2 The Evolution of Computer Science and Machine Processing|15
2|3 The Rise of Robots|16
2|4 The Birth amp Growth of AI|18
2|5 Mapping the Organizational, Ethical amp Regulatory Dilemmas|19
2|6 Chapters|20
2|References|25
1|Do We Need New Legal Personhood in the Age of Robots and AI?|27
2|1 Introduction|28
2|2 Legal Subjects as Responsible Actors|30
2|3 What About AI and Robots|31
2|4 The Essence of Legal Personhood|32
2|5 The Physical Person as a (Natural) Legal Person|35
3|5.1 Natural and Human-like Behavior as Determination for Legal Personhood|38
3|5.2 Non-natural (Artificial) Legal Persons|42
2|6 The Autonomous Artificial Intelligent Robot|43
3|6.1 The Increasing Use of AI in Robotic Entities|43
2|7 The Question of Punishment of (Legal) Persons: A Criminal Law for Robots?|46
2|8 A Different Construction of Personhood|47
3|8.1 Abstraction of the Robot by the Cheshire Cat, Reasonable Human Creature and Resposible Subject Model|48
3|8.2 AI Entities and Robots in the Theory of Naffine|50
3|8.3 Conclusion Concerning the “Naffine” Analysis|53
2|9 The Artificial Intelligent Entity or Robot as Legal Actor|54
3|9.1 Legal Subject or Legal Object Specialist?|55
3|9.2 Liability and Legal Subjectivity|56
3|9.3 Legal Acts|58
2|10 Conclusion and Steps into the Future|62
2|References|65
1|The Peculiar Case of the Mushroom Picking Robot: Extra-contractual Liability in Robotics|68
2|1 Introduction|69
2|2 Delineating Artificial Intelligence and Robotics|70
3|2.1 Artificial Intelligence Defined|70
3|2.2 Robots Defined|71
2|3 Exceptional Robots—Lessons from Cyberlaw|72
3|3.1 Embodiment|72
3|3.2 Emergence (Vs. Autonomy)|73
3|3.3 Social Valence|74
3|3.4 An Exceptional Trio|75
2|4 The Extra-contractual Liability of the Robot|76
3|4.1 Robots and Agents|78
3|4.2 Robots, Minors, and Other Persons Under Supervision|79
3|4.3 Robots and Roman Slaves|80
3|4.4 Robots and Animals|81
3|4.5 Robots and Biology|82
2|5 To Whom Liability Shall Fall|84
2|6 Conclusion|86
2|References|87
1|Business and Regulatory Responses to Artificial Intelligence: Dynamic Regulation, Innovation Ecosystems and the Strategic Management of Disruptive Technology|91
2|1 Introduction|92
2|2 The “AI Challenge”|93
3|2.1 AI-Technologies amp the Disruption of Existing Business Models|93
3|2.2 AI-Driven Investment, Start-Ups amp a New Market for Corporate Control|95
3|2.3 AI Technologies amp Radical Uncertainty|96
2|3 “Responsive”/“Smart”/“Dynamic” Regulation|98
3|3.1 Regulatory Sandboxes|99
3|3.2 An Empirical Test|101
2|4 Innovation “Ecosystems”|104
3|4.1 Replicating Silicon Valley|104
3|4.2 Building the “Right Kind” of AI Ecosystem I: The EU Experience|106
3|4.3 Building the “Right Kind” of AI Ecosystem II: The Role of “Incumbents”|107
2|5 Conclusion|111
2|References|112
1|The Rise and Regulation of Drones: Are We Embracing Minority Report or WALL-E?|114
2|1 Introduction|114
2|2 The Rise of Drones|115
3|2.1 Drone Use|116
3|2.2 Drone Misuse|116
3|2.3 A Legislative Framework for Drones|117
2|3 The Regulation of Drones|118
3|3.1 Surveillance|118
3|3.2 Privacy and Data Protection|121
3|3.3 Aviation|125
3|3.4 Additional Regulatory Issues|128
2|4 The Future for Drones|128
3|4.1 Potential Risks and Hidden Benefits|129
3|4.2 Flying High in the EU?|129
2|References|130
1|Profiling and Automated Decision-Making: Legal Implications and Shortcomings|132
2|1 Introduction|133
2|2 What Is Profiling and Automated Decision-Making?|134
3|2.1 Profiling, Automated Decision-Making and Algorithms|134
3|2.2 Examples of Automated Decision-Making and Profiling Systems|136
2|3 Societal Challenges of Profiling and Automated Decision-Making|138
3|3.1 Discrimination|138
3|3.2 Objectification and Opacity|139
3|3.3 Privacy and Autonomy|140
2|4 Legal Regulation|141
3|4.1 The European General Data Protection Regulation|141
3|4.2 National Laws (Germany)|154
2|5 Discussion|156
2|6 Conclusion|160
2|References|160
1|Artificial Intelligence and Collusion: A Literature Overview|163
2|1 Introduction|164
2|2 Algorithms and Collusion, a Taxonomy|165
3|2.1 Four Models of Algorithmic Interaction with Pricing Strategies|165
3|2.2 The Taxonomy and the Scope of Competition Law|167
2|3 Seeking Evidence for Conscious Parallelism|169
3|3.1 Countering Indirect Evidence with a Turn to Technology|169
3|3.2 Algorithm Homogeneity|174
3|3.3 Price Discrimination More Likely Than Collusion|175
2|4 Containing Colluding Algorithms|177
3|4.1 The Wide Net of Contemporary Competition Law|177
3|4.2 The Need to Create a Rule of Reason|179
3|4.3 Algorithmic Consumers Counterbalance Algorithmic Coordination|181
3|4.4 Auditing or Sandbox Testing the Algorithm|183
3|4.5 Enhancing Privacy and Reducing Transparency|186
2|5 Conclusion|187
2|References|188
1|Taming Artificial Intelligence: “Bots,” the GDPR and Regulatory Approaches|191
2|1 Introduction|191
2|2 The Technological Landscape|193
2|3 A Look at the GDPR|196
3|3.1 The General Regulatory Approach|197
3|3.2 The Specific Regulatory Approach|201
3|3.3 The Co-regulatory Approach|207
2|4 Analysis|210
2|5 Conclusion|215
2|References|215
1|I, Inhuman Lawyer: Developing Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession|217
2|1 Introduction|217
2|2 Codification-to-Code|220
3|2.1 Linguistic Considerations|221
3|2.2 The Risk of Getting “Lost in Translation”|223
3|2.3 Is Law Ready to Become an Algorithm?|225
2|3 Machine Ethics|227
3|3.1 Machine Ethics as a Field of Research|228
3|3.2 Ethical Rules for Robots—Could We Use Asimov’s Laws of Robotics?|229
3|3.3 Why Bother Creating Ethical Constrictions for AI Lawyers at All?|230
3|3.4 Fairness by Design|231
2|4 Imagining the “Inhuman” Lawyer|233
3|4.1 How We Use AI in Law Right Now|234
3|4.2 How We Might Use AI in Law in the Future|236
2|5 Splitting the Baby|237
2|6 Conclusion|239
2|References|240
1|Index|243
1|Contents|8
1|Editors and Contributors|10
1|Acronyms|12
1|The Rise of Robotics amp AI: Technological Advances amp Normative Dilemmas|14
2|1 Introduction|14
2|2 The Evolution of Computer Science and Machine Processing|15
2|3 The Rise of Robots|16
2|4 The Birth amp Growth of AI|18
2|5 Mapping the Organizational, Ethical amp Regulatory Dilemmas|19
2|6 Chapters|20
2|References|25
1|Do We Need New Legal Personhood in the Age of Robots and AI?|27
2|1 Introduction|28
2|2 Legal Subjects as Responsible Actors|30
2|3 What About AI and Robots|31
2|4 The Essence of Legal Personhood|32
2|5 The Physical Person as a (Natural) Legal Person|35
3|5.1 Natural and Human-like Behavior as Determination for Legal Personhood|38
3|5.2 Non-natural (Artificial) Legal Persons|42
2|6 The Autonomous Artificial Intelligent Robot|43
3|6.1 The Increasing Use of AI in Robotic Entities|43
2|7 The Question of Punishment of (Legal) Persons: A Criminal Law for Robots?|46
2|8 A Different Construction of Personhood|47
3|8.1 Abstraction of the Robot by the Cheshire Cat, Reasonable Human Creature and Resposible Subject Model|48
3|8.2 AI Entities and Robots in the Theory of Naffine|50
3|8.3 Conclusion Concerning the “Naffine” Analysis|53
2|9 The Artificial Intelligent Entity or Robot as Legal Actor|54
3|9.1 Legal Subject or Legal Object Specialist?|55
3|9.2 Liability and Legal Subjectivity|56
3|9.3 Legal Acts|58
2|10 Conclusion and Steps into the Future|62
2|References|65
1|The Peculiar Case of the Mushroom Picking Robot: Extra-contractual Liability in Robotics|68
2|1 Introduction|69
2|2 Delineating Artificial Intelligence and Robotics|70
3|2.1 Artificial Intelligence Defined|70
3|2.2 Robots Defined|71
2|3 Exceptional Robots—Lessons from Cyberlaw|72
3|3.1 Embodiment|72
3|3.2 Emergence (Vs. Autonomy)|73
3|3.3 Social Valence|74
3|3.4 An Exceptional Trio|75
2|4 The Extra-contractual Liability of the Robot|76
3|4.1 Robots and Agents|78
3|4.2 Robots, Minors, and Other Persons Under Supervision|79
3|4.3 Robots and Roman Slaves|80
3|4.4 Robots and Animals|81
3|4.5 Robots and Biology|82
2|5 To Whom Liability Shall Fall|84
2|6 Conclusion|86
2|References|87
1|Business and Regulatory Responses to Artificial Intelligence: Dynamic Regulation, Innovation Ecosystems and the Strategic Management of Disruptive Technology|91
2|1 Introduction|92
2|2 The “AI Challenge”|93
3|2.1 AI-Technologies amp the Disruption of Existing Business Models|93
3|2.2 AI-Driven Investment, Start-Ups amp a New Market for Corporate Control|95
3|2.3 AI Technologies amp Radical Uncertainty|96
2|3 “Responsive”/“Smart”/“Dynamic” Regulation|98
3|3.1 Regulatory Sandboxes|99
3|3.2 An Empirical Test|101
2|4 Innovation “Ecosystems”|104
3|4.1 Replicating Silicon Valley|104
3|4.2 Building the “Right Kind” of AI Ecosystem I: The EU Experience|106
3|4.3 Building the “Right Kind” of AI Ecosystem II: The Role of “Incumbents”|107
2|5 Conclusion|111
2|References|112
1|The Rise and Regulation of Drones: Are We Embracing Minority Report or WALL-E?|114
2|1 Introduction|114
2|2 The Rise of Drones|115
3|2.1 Drone Use|116
3|2.2 Drone Misuse|116
3|2.3 A Legislative Framework for Drones|117
2|3 The Regulation of Drones|118
3|3.1 Surveillance|118
3|3.2 Privacy and Data Protection|121
3|3.3 Aviation|125
3|3.4 Additional Regulatory Issues|128
2|4 The Future for Drones|128
3|4.1 Potential Risks and Hidden Benefits|129
3|4.2 Flying High in the EU?|129
2|References|130
1|Profiling and Automated Decision-Making: Legal Implications and Shortcomings|132
2|1 Introduction|133
2|2 What Is Profiling and Automated Decision-Making?|134
3|2.1 Profiling, Automated Decision-Making and Algorithms|134
3|2.2 Examples of Automated Decision-Making and Profiling Systems|136
2|3 Societal Challenges of Profiling and Automated Decision-Making|138
3|3.1 Discrimination|138
3|3.2 Objectification and Opacity|139
3|3.3 Privacy and Autonomy|140
2|4 Legal Regulation|141
3|4.1 The European General Data Protection Regulation|141
3|4.2 National Laws (Germany)|154
2|5 Discussion|156
2|6 Conclusion|160
2|References|160
1|Artificial Intelligence and Collusion: A Literature Overview|163
2|1 Introduction|164
2|2 Algorithms and Collusion, a Taxonomy|165
3|2.1 Four Models of Algorithmic Interaction with Pricing Strategies|165
3|2.2 The Taxonomy and the Scope of Competition Law|167
2|3 Seeking Evidence for Conscious Parallelism|169
3|3.1 Countering Indirect Evidence with a Turn to Technology|169
3|3.2 Algorithm Homogeneity|174
3|3.3 Price Discrimination More Likely Than Collusion|175
2|4 Containing Colluding Algorithms|177
3|4.1 The Wide Net of Contemporary Competition Law|177
3|4.2 The Need to Create a Rule of Reason|179
3|4.3 Algorithmic Consumers Counterbalance Algorithmic Coordination|181
3|4.4 Auditing or Sandbox Testing the Algorithm|183
3|4.5 Enhancing Privacy and Reducing Transparency|186
2|5 Conclusion|187
2|References|188
1|Taming Artificial Intelligence: “Bots,” the GDPR and Regulatory Approaches|191
2|1 Introduction|191
2|2 The Technological Landscape|193
2|3 A Look at the GDPR|196
3|3.1 The General Regulatory Approach|197
3|3.2 The Specific Regulatory Approach|201
3|3.3 The Co-regulatory Approach|207
2|4 Analysis|210
2|5 Conclusion|215
2|References|215
1|I, Inhuman Lawyer: Developing Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession|217
2|1 Introduction|217
2|2 Codification-to-Code|220
3|2.1 Linguistic Considerations|221
3|2.2 The Risk of Getting “Lost in Translation”|223
3|2.3 Is Law Ready to Become an Algorithm?|225
2|3 Machine Ethics|227
3|3.1 Machine Ethics as a Field of Research|228
3|3.2 Ethical Rules for Robots—Could We Use Asimov’s Laws of Robotics?|229
3|3.3 Why Bother Creating Ethical Constrictions for AI Lawyers at All?|230
3|3.4 Fairness by Design|231
2|4 Imagining the “Inhuman” Lawyer|233
3|4.1 How We Use AI in Law Right Now|234
3|4.2 How We Might Use AI in Law in the Future|236
2|5 Splitting the Baby|237
2|6 Conclusion|239
2|References|240
1|Index|243