File #2538: "2018_Book_ContemporaryIssuesInHumanRight.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|6
1|Editors and Contributors|8
1|Human Rights in Europe|10
1|1 Mechanisms to Protect Human Rights in the EU’s External Relations|11
2|1 Introduction|11
2|2 Values, Principles, and Objectives|13
3|2.1 Protection of Fundamental Rights in the EU|13
3|2.2 The Treaty of Lisbon and Human Rights in the EU’s External Relations|14
3|2.3 Values, Principles, and Objectives|14
4|2.3.1 Values|14
4|2.3.2 Principles|16
4|2.3.3 Objectives|17
2|3 Competences Regarding Human Rights in the EU’s External Relations|18
3|3.1 Competences and Practice Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon|18
3|3.2 Relationship Between Values, Objectives, and Competences|19
3|3.3 Two Types of International Human Rights Agreements|20
3|3.4 International Agreements with Human Rights Provisions|20
4|3.4.1 Horizontal Clause for Human Rights|20
4|3.4.2 Article 207 TFEU: The CCP|22
3|3.5 International Human Rights Agreements|23
4|3.5.1 General|23
4|3.5.2 Article 19 TFEU and Article 114 TFEU|24
4|3.5.3 Articles 82–86 TFEU|25
4|3.5.4 Article 352 TFEU|26
2|4 Conclusions|26
2|References|27
1|2 Fundamental Rights Regimes in the European Union: Contouring Their Spheres|30
2|1 Introduction|30
2|2 Delimitation of National and EU Fundamental Rights with Regard to EU Action|31
3|2.1 The EU Law Perspective|31
3|2.2 The National Constitutional Law Perspective|32
4|2.2.1 Constitutional Conditions for European Integration|32
4|2.2.2 Mitigation of Possible Conflicts by Substantive and Procedural Safeguards|36
4|2.2.3 Evaluation|39
3|2.3 Reconciling the Perspectives|40
2|3 Delimitation of National and EU Fundamental Rights with Regard to Member State Action|41
3|3.1 The Implementation and Enforcement of EU Secondary Law|43
3|3.2 Member States’ Acting in a Context Determined by EU Law|47
3|3.3 Procedural Implications|50
2|4 Conclusion|51
2|References|52
1|3 Human Rights Protection in the EU as Unitas Multiplex|57
2|1 Introduction|57
2|2 Premises of EU Law|58
3|2.1 Unitas Multiplex|58
3|2.2 Core Principles of the EU: Principle of Non-discrimination on Grounds of Nationality (TFEU Art. 18) and Principle of Mutual Recognition|60
2|3 Functions of Member States’ Nationality and EU Citizenship|60
3|3.1 Conditions for Acquisition of EU Citizenship and the Rights One Holds as a Citizen|61
3|3.2 “Interstate Citizenship”|63
3|3.3 What It Means to Hold Nationality in a Member State|64
3|3.4 Acquisition and Loss of Nationality and the Discretion of Member States|65
2|4 Cases of the European Court of Justice Concerning EU Citizens and Restrictions of the Discretionary Power of Member States|66
3|4.1 Member States Are not Allowed to Prefer One Nationality Over Another in a Case of Dual Nationality|66
3|4.2 Surnames as a “Format” of EU Citizenship|67
3|4.3 Nationality of a Member State Based on Ius Soli and EU Citizenship|69
3|4.4 “Due Regard to EU Law” and the “Principle of Proportionality”|70
3|4.5 Restriction of a Member State’s Decision of Deprivation of the Right to Vote in the Case of a Criminal Conviction|71
2|5 Conclusion|73
2|References|74
1|Human Rights in Asia|76
1|4 The Role of the Judicial Branch in the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Japan|77
2|1 Introduction|77
2|2 Japanese Judicial Review|79
3|2.1 Establishing Constitutional Review|79
3|2.2 Choosing Between the American and the Constitutional Court Model|80
3|2.3 Basis of Japanese Model|80
2|3 Backgrounds of Passiveness|82
3|3.1 Overburden of the Court|82
3|3.2 Career Judge System and Constitutional Review|83
3|3.3 Political Constellation and “Faceless Judges”|84
2|4 Ambiguous Changes|85
3|4.1 Signs of Changes|85
3|4.2 Skillful Rulings for Remedy|86
3|4.3 The Guarantee of Democratic Process|88
3|4.4 Possible Dialogue with Political Branch|90
2|5 Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|5 Does Formal Rank Matter?|95
2|1 Introduction|95
2|2 The Formal Rank as Well as Normative Role of International (Human Rights) Law in Domestic Law: Lessons from a Comparison Between Germany and Taiwan|96
3|2.1 The German Perspective: International Human Rights Law as an Interpretative Tool|96
3|2.2 The Taiwanese Perspective: International Human Rights Law as a Symbol of Internationalization|99
2|3 A Human Rights Perspective on the Significance of International Human Rights Law in Domestic Constitutional Order|100
3|3.1 International Human Rights Law as “External Law?”|100
3|3.2 International Human Rights Law as a Framework Order|102
2|4 Conclusion: The Formal Rank Issue from the Framework-Oriented Perspective|104
2|References|105
1|6 The Asian Region and the International Criminal Court|110
2|1 Introduction|110
2|2 The Rationale Behind Asian Reluctance: Various Policy Considerations and So-called Asian Values|111
2|3 Future Prospects of the Asian Region and the International Criminal Court|113
3|3.1 Future of Non-state Parties of the Rome Statute|113
3|3.2 Overview of the Current Relationships Between the Asian Region and the International Criminal Court|114
4|3.2.1 Present Circumstances|114
4|3.2.2 Situation of the Republic of Korea|115
4|3.2.3 Situation of Ukraine and the Downing of MH17|116
4|3.2.4 Situation of Afghanistan|119
4|3.2.5 Situation of the Registered Vessels of Comoros, Greece and Cambodia|121
3|3.3 Possible Targets in the Asian Region of the OTP’s Preliminary Examination|123
2|4 Conclusion|125
2|Acknowledgements|126
2|References|127
1|Special Topics of Human Rights in Europe and Asia|129
1|7 The Principle of Non-discrimination in the European Convention on Human Rights and in EU Fundamental Rights Law|130
2|1 Introduction|130
2|2 The European Convention on Human Rights|131
3|2.1 The Scope of Application of Art. 14 ECHR|132
3|2.2 Criteria of Distinction|133
2|3 EU Fundamental Rights Law|137
3|3.1 The Prohibition of Discrimination Based on Nationality|137
3|3.2 The General Prohibition of Discrimination in Art. 21 (1) of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights|140
2|4 Conclusion|141
2|References|142
1|8 Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Europe and Asia|144
2|1 Introduction|144
3|1.1 Some Data on Gender (in)Equality|145
3|1.2 Purpose and Limits of the Analysis|146
2|2 Evolution of Women’s Rights at the International Level|147
3|2.1 On the Principle of Non-discrimination|149
2|3 Evolution of Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Europe and Asia|150
3|3.1 The European Union|150
3|3.2 Council of Europe|153
4|3.2.1 The Council of Europe Istanbul Convention|155
3|3.3 ASEAN Countries|157
4|3.3.1 The Convention Against Human Trafficking|160
4|3.3.2 Japan|162
2|4 Regionalisation and Dialogue Between Legal Systems: Some Conclusions|165
2|References|167
1|9 Guarantee of the Right to Freedom of Speech in Japan—A Comparison with Doctrines in Germany|169
2|1 Introduction: The 2016 World Press Freedom Index|169
2|2 Freedom of Speech in Japan|170
3|2.1 Legal Restraints|170
3|2.2 Unofficial “Regulations” and Issues Concerning “Self-restraint” for the Media|172
3|2.3 Precedent in Japan Dealing with Freedom of Speech|174
3|2.4 Conclusions—Guarantee of Freedom of Speech in Japan|176
2|3 Doctrines in Japan Relating to Freedom of Speech|177
2|4 Comparison with German Doctrines|178
3|4.1 Skeptical Views of German Protection of Freedom of Speech|179
3|4.2 Freedom of Speech in Germany|181
3|4.3 German Decisions Concerning Freedom of Speech|181
4|4.3.1 About Freedom of Speech|182
4|4.3.2 Freedom of the Press|185
3|4.4 German Popular Descriptions Concerning Freedom of Speech|186
3|4.5 Considerations|187
2|5 Closing Remarks|189
2|References|190
1|10 China’s Development Banks in Asia: A Human Rights Perspective|192
2|1 Introduction|192
2|2 The Right to Development: Giving Legitimacy to China’s New International Economic Order|194
2|3 Finance, Development and China: From Participation to Institution-Building|199
2|4 Financing Development in Asia: A Prognosis on China’s Human Rights Benchmarks|204
2|5 Conclusion|208
2|References|210
1|Index|214
1|Contents|6
1|Editors and Contributors|8
1|Human Rights in Europe|10
1|1 Mechanisms to Protect Human Rights in the EU’s External Relations|11
2|1 Introduction|11
2|2 Values, Principles, and Objectives|13
3|2.1 Protection of Fundamental Rights in the EU|13
3|2.2 The Treaty of Lisbon and Human Rights in the EU’s External Relations|14
3|2.3 Values, Principles, and Objectives|14
4|2.3.1 Values|14
4|2.3.2 Principles|16
4|2.3.3 Objectives|17
2|3 Competences Regarding Human Rights in the EU’s External Relations|18
3|3.1 Competences and Practice Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon|18
3|3.2 Relationship Between Values, Objectives, and Competences|19
3|3.3 Two Types of International Human Rights Agreements|20
3|3.4 International Agreements with Human Rights Provisions|20
4|3.4.1 Horizontal Clause for Human Rights|20
4|3.4.2 Article 207 TFEU: The CCP|22
3|3.5 International Human Rights Agreements|23
4|3.5.1 General|23
4|3.5.2 Article 19 TFEU and Article 114 TFEU|24
4|3.5.3 Articles 82–86 TFEU|25
4|3.5.4 Article 352 TFEU|26
2|4 Conclusions|26
2|References|27
1|2 Fundamental Rights Regimes in the European Union: Contouring Their Spheres|30
2|1 Introduction|30
2|2 Delimitation of National and EU Fundamental Rights with Regard to EU Action|31
3|2.1 The EU Law Perspective|31
3|2.2 The National Constitutional Law Perspective|32
4|2.2.1 Constitutional Conditions for European Integration|32
4|2.2.2 Mitigation of Possible Conflicts by Substantive and Procedural Safeguards|36
4|2.2.3 Evaluation|39
3|2.3 Reconciling the Perspectives|40
2|3 Delimitation of National and EU Fundamental Rights with Regard to Member State Action|41
3|3.1 The Implementation and Enforcement of EU Secondary Law|43
3|3.2 Member States’ Acting in a Context Determined by EU Law|47
3|3.3 Procedural Implications|50
2|4 Conclusion|51
2|References|52
1|3 Human Rights Protection in the EU as Unitas Multiplex|57
2|1 Introduction|57
2|2 Premises of EU Law|58
3|2.1 Unitas Multiplex|58
3|2.2 Core Principles of the EU: Principle of Non-discrimination on Grounds of Nationality (TFEU Art. 18) and Principle of Mutual Recognition|60
2|3 Functions of Member States’ Nationality and EU Citizenship|60
3|3.1 Conditions for Acquisition of EU Citizenship and the Rights One Holds as a Citizen|61
3|3.2 “Interstate Citizenship”|63
3|3.3 What It Means to Hold Nationality in a Member State|64
3|3.4 Acquisition and Loss of Nationality and the Discretion of Member States|65
2|4 Cases of the European Court of Justice Concerning EU Citizens and Restrictions of the Discretionary Power of Member States|66
3|4.1 Member States Are not Allowed to Prefer One Nationality Over Another in a Case of Dual Nationality|66
3|4.2 Surnames as a “Format” of EU Citizenship|67
3|4.3 Nationality of a Member State Based on Ius Soli and EU Citizenship|69
3|4.4 “Due Regard to EU Law” and the “Principle of Proportionality”|70
3|4.5 Restriction of a Member State’s Decision of Deprivation of the Right to Vote in the Case of a Criminal Conviction|71
2|5 Conclusion|73
2|References|74
1|Human Rights in Asia|76
1|4 The Role of the Judicial Branch in the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Japan|77
2|1 Introduction|77
2|2 Japanese Judicial Review|79
3|2.1 Establishing Constitutional Review|79
3|2.2 Choosing Between the American and the Constitutional Court Model|80
3|2.3 Basis of Japanese Model|80
2|3 Backgrounds of Passiveness|82
3|3.1 Overburden of the Court|82
3|3.2 Career Judge System and Constitutional Review|83
3|3.3 Political Constellation and “Faceless Judges”|84
2|4 Ambiguous Changes|85
3|4.1 Signs of Changes|85
3|4.2 Skillful Rulings for Remedy|86
3|4.3 The Guarantee of Democratic Process|88
3|4.4 Possible Dialogue with Political Branch|90
2|5 Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|5 Does Formal Rank Matter?|95
2|1 Introduction|95
2|2 The Formal Rank as Well as Normative Role of International (Human Rights) Law in Domestic Law: Lessons from a Comparison Between Germany and Taiwan|96
3|2.1 The German Perspective: International Human Rights Law as an Interpretative Tool|96
3|2.2 The Taiwanese Perspective: International Human Rights Law as a Symbol of Internationalization|99
2|3 A Human Rights Perspective on the Significance of International Human Rights Law in Domestic Constitutional Order|100
3|3.1 International Human Rights Law as “External Law?”|100
3|3.2 International Human Rights Law as a Framework Order|102
2|4 Conclusion: The Formal Rank Issue from the Framework-Oriented Perspective|104
2|References|105
1|6 The Asian Region and the International Criminal Court|110
2|1 Introduction|110
2|2 The Rationale Behind Asian Reluctance: Various Policy Considerations and So-called Asian Values|111
2|3 Future Prospects of the Asian Region and the International Criminal Court|113
3|3.1 Future of Non-state Parties of the Rome Statute|113
3|3.2 Overview of the Current Relationships Between the Asian Region and the International Criminal Court|114
4|3.2.1 Present Circumstances|114
4|3.2.2 Situation of the Republic of Korea|115
4|3.2.3 Situation of Ukraine and the Downing of MH17|116
4|3.2.4 Situation of Afghanistan|119
4|3.2.5 Situation of the Registered Vessels of Comoros, Greece and Cambodia|121
3|3.3 Possible Targets in the Asian Region of the OTP’s Preliminary Examination|123
2|4 Conclusion|125
2|Acknowledgements|126
2|References|127
1|Special Topics of Human Rights in Europe and Asia|129
1|7 The Principle of Non-discrimination in the European Convention on Human Rights and in EU Fundamental Rights Law|130
2|1 Introduction|130
2|2 The European Convention on Human Rights|131
3|2.1 The Scope of Application of Art. 14 ECHR|132
3|2.2 Criteria of Distinction|133
2|3 EU Fundamental Rights Law|137
3|3.1 The Prohibition of Discrimination Based on Nationality|137
3|3.2 The General Prohibition of Discrimination in Art. 21 (1) of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights|140
2|4 Conclusion|141
2|References|142
1|8 Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Europe and Asia|144
2|1 Introduction|144
3|1.1 Some Data on Gender (in)Equality|145
3|1.2 Purpose and Limits of the Analysis|146
2|2 Evolution of Women’s Rights at the International Level|147
3|2.1 On the Principle of Non-discrimination|149
2|3 Evolution of Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Europe and Asia|150
3|3.1 The European Union|150
3|3.2 Council of Europe|153
4|3.2.1 The Council of Europe Istanbul Convention|155
3|3.3 ASEAN Countries|157
4|3.3.1 The Convention Against Human Trafficking|160
4|3.3.2 Japan|162
2|4 Regionalisation and Dialogue Between Legal Systems: Some Conclusions|165
2|References|167
1|9 Guarantee of the Right to Freedom of Speech in Japan—A Comparison with Doctrines in Germany|169
2|1 Introduction: The 2016 World Press Freedom Index|169
2|2 Freedom of Speech in Japan|170
3|2.1 Legal Restraints|170
3|2.2 Unofficial “Regulations” and Issues Concerning “Self-restraint” for the Media|172
3|2.3 Precedent in Japan Dealing with Freedom of Speech|174
3|2.4 Conclusions—Guarantee of Freedom of Speech in Japan|176
2|3 Doctrines in Japan Relating to Freedom of Speech|177
2|4 Comparison with German Doctrines|178
3|4.1 Skeptical Views of German Protection of Freedom of Speech|179
3|4.2 Freedom of Speech in Germany|181
3|4.3 German Decisions Concerning Freedom of Speech|181
4|4.3.1 About Freedom of Speech|182
4|4.3.2 Freedom of the Press|185
3|4.4 German Popular Descriptions Concerning Freedom of Speech|186
3|4.5 Considerations|187
2|5 Closing Remarks|189
2|References|190
1|10 China’s Development Banks in Asia: A Human Rights Perspective|192
2|1 Introduction|192
2|2 The Right to Development: Giving Legitimacy to China’s New International Economic Order|194
2|3 Finance, Development and China: From Participation to Institution-Building|199
2|4 Financing Development in Asia: A Prognosis on China’s Human Rights Benchmarks|204
2|5 Conclusion|208
2|References|210
1|Index|214