File #2554: "2019_Book_CrimeSolvabilityFactors.pdf"
Text
1|Contents|5
1|Contributors|7
1|Introduction|8
2|Change in Detection Rates|10
2|‘Triaging’ Cases|12
2|The Importance of Detecting Crime|13
2|Technical Change and Cyber-Offences|15
2|Crime Types and Investigative Activities in Different Stages|16
2|Organisation of Contents|18
2|References|20
1|Existing Research on Solvability|22
2|Introduction|22
2|Identification of Solvability Factors|24
2|How Is Solvability Determined?|24
2|High-Volume and Acquisitive Crimes|25
2|Violent Crimes|26
2|Homicide|28
2|Sexual Offences|29
2|Resourcing, Solvability and Detection|30
2|Issues Faced by Solvability Researchers|33
2|Solving More Crimes (and Other Outcomes)|34
2|Predicting the Outcome of the Case|35
2|References|36
1|Assessing Solvability Factors in Greater Manchester, England: The Case of Residential Burglaries|42
2|Research Settings—Greater Manchester Police|43
2|Early Solvability Decision-Making Models for Burglary Offences|43
2|The Original Six Solvability Factors|44
2|Additional Solvability Factors|46
2|Data and Procedures|46
2|Solvability Factors Crime Variables|48
2|Statistical Procedure|48
2|Findings|49
3|Detected Versus Undetected Burglary|49
3|Detected Versus Undetected Violent Offences|50
2|Discussion|53
2|This Study’s Limitations|56
2|References|57
1|Population-Level Analysis of Residential Burglaries|59
2|Introduction|59
2|Methods|60
3|Data Sources|60
3|Statistical Analysis|61
2|Findings|62
3|Solvability Variables|62
3|A Closer Look at the Critical Variables|62
3|Predictive Power of Solvability Factors|68
2|Discussion|75
3|Predictive Accuracy|77
2|Conclusions|78
2|References|79
1|Solvability Indicators for ‘First Officers’: Targeting Eyewitness Questioning at Non-residential Burglaries|81
2|Introduction|81
2|Witness Evidence at Burglary Scenes|82
2|Methodology|83
3|Research Design and Instruments|83
3|Sampling Frame|84
2|Improving Cost-Effective Evidence Collection: Questioning Neighbours at Non-residential Burglaries|85
3|Importance of Sighting Burglars|85
3|Incident Characteristics at Incidents Where Neighbours See Burglars|85
3|Definite Suspect Identification Evidence|86
3|Definite Suspect ID Evidence at ‘In-Progress’ and ‘Routine’ Incidents|87
3|Indicators of Definite Suspect Identification Evidence|87
3|Incidents Where Neighbours Were Questioned|88
3|Missed Opportunities and Wasted Visits|89
3|Checking Missed Potential: Comparing Incidents with More Than Five Neighbours Where Neighbours Were and Were not Questioned|90
2|Discussion and Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|Pickpocketing on Railways|94
2|Introduction|94
3|Pickpocketing on the Railway|95
2|Methodology|96
3|Setting and Data|96
3|Solvability Factors|96
3|Analysis Plan|96
2|Findings|98
3|Individual Solvability Factors|98
3|Multivariate Analysis and Predictive Modelling|99
3|The Predictive Model|104
3|The Screening Model’s Accuracy|105
3|Secondary Investigation of Pickpocketing Offences|106
3|Developing a Screening Tool|107
2|Discussion|107
2|Conclusions|109
2|References|111
1|Metal Theft Solvability and Detection|112
2|Introduction|112
2|Potential Solvability Factors for Metal Theft on Railways|112
2|Objectives|113
2|Methodology|114
3|Sampling Frame and Data|114
3|Solvability Factors|114
3|Analysis Structure|115
2|Findings|115
3|Types of Metal Theft|115
3|Importance of Different Types of Theft and Detections|116
3|The Importance of Different Solvability Factors|116
2|Incidence of Solvability Factors|117
3|Multivariate Analysis of Solvability Factors|118
3|Number of Solvability Factors Per Offence and Offence Solvability|121
3|Combinations of Factors of Different Solvability|121
3|Geographical Variation in Metal Theft Solvability and Detections|124
3|Multivariate Analysis of BTP Area Variation|126
3|Assessment of Missed Detection Potential|127
2|Discussion and Conclusions|129
2|References|130
1|Detecting and Combating Internet Telephony Fraud|132
2|Introduction|132
3|Existing Research and Internet Telephone Systems Crime|133
3|Internet Telephone Systems and Fraud|133
3|The Crimes|134
3|Internet Telephone Call Charging System|135
3|Target Selection|135
3|Inter-carrier Payment Policy|136
2|Methodology|137
3|Research Design|137
3|Data and Analysis Plan|138
2|Findings|138
3|Incidence of Fraudulent Calls|138
3|Incidence of Remote Hacking Compared with Plastic Card Fraud|141
3|Other Characteristics of Credit Card Fraud|141
3|Duration of Fraudulent and Non-fraudulent Calls|144
3|Frequency of Calling|144
3|Price Analysis of Fraudulent and Non-fraudulent Calls|144
3|Destinations of Fraudulent and Non-fraudulent Telephone Calls|146
3|Destination Countries and Corruption Perception Index|147
3|Combating Fraud with Security Software|149
2|Discussion|151
2|Conclusions|152
2|References|153
1|Targeting Factors that Predict Clearance of Non-domestic Assaults|154
2|Introduction|154
3|Previous Research into the Solvability of Violent Offences|155
2|Methodology|156
3|Defining Clearance|156
3|Data Selection|156
3|Data Sources and Variables Identified|157
3|Analytical Procedures|157
2|Findings|158
3|Factors Included in the WMP Experiential Model|158
3|Identification of Other Solvability Factors|160
3|Effect Size Analysis|163
3|Cases Without Suspect Information|163
3|Multivariate Analysis and Predictive Modelling|165
3|Accuracy of Screening Models|170
2|Discussion|174
2|Conclusions|177
2|References|177
1|Solvability Factors and Investigative Strategy for Faith Hate Crime: Anti-Semitic and Islamophobic Assault, Criminal Damage and Public Order Offences in London|180
2|Introduction|180
3|Existing Work|181
2|Methodology|184
3|Analysis Structure|184
2|Findings|185
3|Characteristics of Faith Hate Offences|185
3|Types of Faith Hate Crime and Detection Rates|185
3|Solvability of Faith Hate Crimes|188
3|Multivariate Analysis of Solvability Factors|196
3|Summary Solvability Measures, Detections and Targeting Investigative Effort|207
3|Summary Solvability Measures for Anti-Semitic and Islamophobic Crimes|207
3|Summary Solvability Measures for Assaults and Criminal Damage and Public Order Offences|208
3|Summary|218
3|Geographical Variation in Detections and Solvability|220
2|Conclusions|227
2|References|229
1|Reporting, Detection and Solvability of Sex Offences on Railways|230
2|Introduction|230
2|Existing Studies of Sex Crime Reporting and Detection|231
2|Methodology|233
3|Research Design|233
3|Measurement of Key Variables|233
3|Structure of the Analysis|234
2|Findings|234
3|Detection Rates, Offence Types and Locations|234
3|Offence Type and Location|234
3|Offence Type and Reporting|236
3|Reporting Characteristics by Offence Location|237
3|Detection Rates|239
3|BTP Jurisdiction and Detections|239
3|Offence Timing and Detections|241
3|Reporting Medium and Source|242
3|Reporting Characteristics and Detections|243
3|The Relative Importance of Offence Characteristics and Reporting Characteristics in Explaining Detections|244
3|The Effects of Offence Characteristics on Reporting (Fig. 12, Number 1)|244
3|Reporting Characteristics and Victim–Investigator Contact (Fig. 12, Number 2)|248
3|Detection and Reporting and Offence Characteristics (Diagram 1, Number 3)|249
3|Predicting Detections|255
3|Jurisdictional Differences in Solvability|257
2|Discussion and Conclusion|258
2|References|260
1|Offender–Offence Profiling: Improving Burglary Solvability and Detection|262
2|Introduction|262
2|Existing Research on Offender–Offence Profiling|263
2|Methodology|265
3|Research Design and Data|265
3|Data Sources and Characteristics|266
3|Method of Analysis|267
2|Findings|267
3|Adelaide’s Burglar and Burglary Characteristics|267
3|Latent Class Analysis|271
3|Matching Offender and Offence Typologies|282
2|Discussion|284
2|Conclusion|288
2|References|289
1|Boosting Offence Solvability and Detections: Solving Residential Burglaries by Predicting Single and Multiple Repeats|291
2|Introduction|291
3|Existing ‘Repeat Burglary’ Research|292
2|Methodology|293
3|Research Design and Research Instruments|293
3|Data|294
3|A Retrospective Rather Than a Prospective Approach|295
3|Analytical Procedure|297
2|Findings|298
3|Levels of Repeat Burglary|298
3|Predicting Non-repeat and First-Time Repeat Burglaries|298
3|Predicting Multiple Repeat Burglaries from a Sample of Single (First-Time) Repeat Incidents|302
3|Prediction Scores, Solvability, and Detections|304
3|Potential to Improve Solvability and Detections|304
2|Discussion and Conclusions|305
2|References|307
1|Improving Offence Solvability and Detection Rates at Non-residential Burglary: Predicting Single and Multiple Repeat Incidence|309
2|Introduction|309
2|Existing Repeat Non-residential Burglary Research|310
2|Methodology|312
3|Research Design and Research Instruments|312
3|Data|312
3|Reliance on a Retrospective Rather Than a Prospective Approach|313
2|Findings|315
3|Levels of Repeat Burglary|315
3|Repeat Burglary Measures and Structure of the Analysis|316
2|Characteristics of Repeat Burglaries Compared with ‘One-Off’ Incidents|316
2|Predicting Repeat Non-residential Burglaries|321
2|Non-residential Burglaries: Characteristics of Single Repeat Versus Multiple Repeat Burglaries|323
2|Non-residential Burglary: Predicting Multiple Repeats from Single Repeat Non-residential Burglaries|324
2|Prediction Scores and Detections|328
2|Potential to Improve Solvability and Detection|329
2|Conclusions|330
2|References|332
1|Homicide Resources, Solvability and Detection|334
2|Introduction|334
2|Existing Studies of Homicide Investigation and Detection|335
3|Homicide Solvability and Detection|335
3|Homicide Investigations and Resourcing|337
2|Methodology|338
3|Definitions|338
3|Structure of the Analysis|339
2|Findings|339
3|Characteristics of Homicides|339
3|Resources, Investigations and Detections|342
3|Factors Affecting Detection Outcomes|343
3|Other Solvability Factors and Detection Outcomes|345
3|Summary Solvability Score and Detected/Undetected Cases|349
3|Investigative Outputs and Solvability|353
3|Summary for Indicators of Solvability for Detected Cases|357
3|Resources and Detectives’ Homicide Categories|359
3|How Well Do Homicide Grades Predict Investigative Costs?|360
3|Geographical Differences in Investigative Resources|363
2|Discussion and Conclusions|365
2|References|368
1|Investigative Activities, Resources and Burglary Detection|369
2|Introduction|369
2|Research Methodology|370
3|Research Design and Instruments|370
3|Data|371
3|Defining and Measuring Resource Use|371
3|Strengths and Limitations of Data|371
2|Findings|372
3|Investigation Inputs, Intermediate Outputs and Investigative Outcomes|372
3|Catching Burglars Near or at the Scene and Resource-Solvability|374
3|Resources, Solvability and Suspect Evidence from Eyewitnesses|378
3|Resources, Solvability and Forensic Evidence from Crime Scenes|378
3|Resources, Evidence and Detection: Further Investigations|378
3|Solvability Characteristic, Resource Inputs and Detections|384
3|Resource Use and Investigative Activities|388
2|Conclusions|389
2|References|391
1|The Organisation and Deployment of Patrol Resources: Cost-Effective On-Scene Arrest at Burglaries|392
2|Introduction|392
2|Methodology|393
3|Research Design and Instruments|393
3|Sampling Frames|394
3|In-Progress Alerts and Rapid Patrol Response: Existing Evidence|395
2|Findings|396
3|Patrol Supply, Incident Demand and On-Scene Capture|396
3|Indicators of Solvable In-Progress Residential Burglaries|402
2|Conclusions|409
2|References|410
1|Resources, Solvability and Detection: A Theoretical Model|412
2|Introduction|412
2|Incident Solvability: Characteristics and Origins|412
2|Offence Solvability and Different Crime Types|413
2|Geographical Variation in Crime Solvability, Resources and Detection|414
2|Causes of Geographical Variation in Solvability|415
3|Geographical Variation in Resources|415
3|Spatial Variation in Offenders, Environments and Crime Incidence|416
3|Investigative Activities, Evidence and Detections|416
3|Resource Input–Evidence Output Activities|418
3|Patrol Resource Inputs–Arrest Outputs|418
3|Solvability Indicators for Other Offences|419
3|Strength and Numbers of Evidence Items|420
3|Summary|422
2|Cost-Effective Strategies and Solvability Characteristics|422
3|Lower, Middle and Upper Resource Thresholds|422
3|Cost-Effective Investigative Strategies|423
3|Upper Resource Threshold, Full Funding of Solvable Cases and Jurisdictional Detections|424
2|Proactive Investigative Activities|425
2|Effects of Policing Strategies on Offences, Solvability and Resource Supply|426
2|Resourcing–Solvability Theoretical Model|428
2|References|430
1|Conclusions|433
2|Introduction|433
2|Importance of Solvability Factors for Different Crimes|435
2|‘Lean Policing’ and a Scientific Approach to Solving Crime|437
2|Crime Seriousness, Resources and Continuing/Discontinuing Investigations|439
2|Offender Prolificacy and Versatility|441
2|Cyberoffending|442
2|Rapid Response and Directed Patrol|442
2|Geographical Variation in Solvability, Resources and Detections|444
2|Investigative Capacity, Policing Demand and Changing Detection Levels|445
2|Crime Solvability and Detection Potential|446
2|Conclusion|448
2|References|449
1|Index|451
1|Contributors|7
1|Introduction|8
2|Change in Detection Rates|10
2|‘Triaging’ Cases|12
2|The Importance of Detecting Crime|13
2|Technical Change and Cyber-Offences|15
2|Crime Types and Investigative Activities in Different Stages|16
2|Organisation of Contents|18
2|References|20
1|Existing Research on Solvability|22
2|Introduction|22
2|Identification of Solvability Factors|24
2|How Is Solvability Determined?|24
2|High-Volume and Acquisitive Crimes|25
2|Violent Crimes|26
2|Homicide|28
2|Sexual Offences|29
2|Resourcing, Solvability and Detection|30
2|Issues Faced by Solvability Researchers|33
2|Solving More Crimes (and Other Outcomes)|34
2|Predicting the Outcome of the Case|35
2|References|36
1|Assessing Solvability Factors in Greater Manchester, England: The Case of Residential Burglaries|42
2|Research Settings—Greater Manchester Police|43
2|Early Solvability Decision-Making Models for Burglary Offences|43
2|The Original Six Solvability Factors|44
2|Additional Solvability Factors|46
2|Data and Procedures|46
2|Solvability Factors Crime Variables|48
2|Statistical Procedure|48
2|Findings|49
3|Detected Versus Undetected Burglary|49
3|Detected Versus Undetected Violent Offences|50
2|Discussion|53
2|This Study’s Limitations|56
2|References|57
1|Population-Level Analysis of Residential Burglaries|59
2|Introduction|59
2|Methods|60
3|Data Sources|60
3|Statistical Analysis|61
2|Findings|62
3|Solvability Variables|62
3|A Closer Look at the Critical Variables|62
3|Predictive Power of Solvability Factors|68
2|Discussion|75
3|Predictive Accuracy|77
2|Conclusions|78
2|References|79
1|Solvability Indicators for ‘First Officers’: Targeting Eyewitness Questioning at Non-residential Burglaries|81
2|Introduction|81
2|Witness Evidence at Burglary Scenes|82
2|Methodology|83
3|Research Design and Instruments|83
3|Sampling Frame|84
2|Improving Cost-Effective Evidence Collection: Questioning Neighbours at Non-residential Burglaries|85
3|Importance of Sighting Burglars|85
3|Incident Characteristics at Incidents Where Neighbours See Burglars|85
3|Definite Suspect Identification Evidence|86
3|Definite Suspect ID Evidence at ‘In-Progress’ and ‘Routine’ Incidents|87
3|Indicators of Definite Suspect Identification Evidence|87
3|Incidents Where Neighbours Were Questioned|88
3|Missed Opportunities and Wasted Visits|89
3|Checking Missed Potential: Comparing Incidents with More Than Five Neighbours Where Neighbours Were and Were not Questioned|90
2|Discussion and Conclusion|91
2|References|92
1|Pickpocketing on Railways|94
2|Introduction|94
3|Pickpocketing on the Railway|95
2|Methodology|96
3|Setting and Data|96
3|Solvability Factors|96
3|Analysis Plan|96
2|Findings|98
3|Individual Solvability Factors|98
3|Multivariate Analysis and Predictive Modelling|99
3|The Predictive Model|104
3|The Screening Model’s Accuracy|105
3|Secondary Investigation of Pickpocketing Offences|106
3|Developing a Screening Tool|107
2|Discussion|107
2|Conclusions|109
2|References|111
1|Metal Theft Solvability and Detection|112
2|Introduction|112
2|Potential Solvability Factors for Metal Theft on Railways|112
2|Objectives|113
2|Methodology|114
3|Sampling Frame and Data|114
3|Solvability Factors|114
3|Analysis Structure|115
2|Findings|115
3|Types of Metal Theft|115
3|Importance of Different Types of Theft and Detections|116
3|The Importance of Different Solvability Factors|116
2|Incidence of Solvability Factors|117
3|Multivariate Analysis of Solvability Factors|118
3|Number of Solvability Factors Per Offence and Offence Solvability|121
3|Combinations of Factors of Different Solvability|121
3|Geographical Variation in Metal Theft Solvability and Detections|124
3|Multivariate Analysis of BTP Area Variation|126
3|Assessment of Missed Detection Potential|127
2|Discussion and Conclusions|129
2|References|130
1|Detecting and Combating Internet Telephony Fraud|132
2|Introduction|132
3|Existing Research and Internet Telephone Systems Crime|133
3|Internet Telephone Systems and Fraud|133
3|The Crimes|134
3|Internet Telephone Call Charging System|135
3|Target Selection|135
3|Inter-carrier Payment Policy|136
2|Methodology|137
3|Research Design|137
3|Data and Analysis Plan|138
2|Findings|138
3|Incidence of Fraudulent Calls|138
3|Incidence of Remote Hacking Compared with Plastic Card Fraud|141
3|Other Characteristics of Credit Card Fraud|141
3|Duration of Fraudulent and Non-fraudulent Calls|144
3|Frequency of Calling|144
3|Price Analysis of Fraudulent and Non-fraudulent Calls|144
3|Destinations of Fraudulent and Non-fraudulent Telephone Calls|146
3|Destination Countries and Corruption Perception Index|147
3|Combating Fraud with Security Software|149
2|Discussion|151
2|Conclusions|152
2|References|153
1|Targeting Factors that Predict Clearance of Non-domestic Assaults|154
2|Introduction|154
3|Previous Research into the Solvability of Violent Offences|155
2|Methodology|156
3|Defining Clearance|156
3|Data Selection|156
3|Data Sources and Variables Identified|157
3|Analytical Procedures|157
2|Findings|158
3|Factors Included in the WMP Experiential Model|158
3|Identification of Other Solvability Factors|160
3|Effect Size Analysis|163
3|Cases Without Suspect Information|163
3|Multivariate Analysis and Predictive Modelling|165
3|Accuracy of Screening Models|170
2|Discussion|174
2|Conclusions|177
2|References|177
1|Solvability Factors and Investigative Strategy for Faith Hate Crime: Anti-Semitic and Islamophobic Assault, Criminal Damage and Public Order Offences in London|180
2|Introduction|180
3|Existing Work|181
2|Methodology|184
3|Analysis Structure|184
2|Findings|185
3|Characteristics of Faith Hate Offences|185
3|Types of Faith Hate Crime and Detection Rates|185
3|Solvability of Faith Hate Crimes|188
3|Multivariate Analysis of Solvability Factors|196
3|Summary Solvability Measures, Detections and Targeting Investigative Effort|207
3|Summary Solvability Measures for Anti-Semitic and Islamophobic Crimes|207
3|Summary Solvability Measures for Assaults and Criminal Damage and Public Order Offences|208
3|Summary|218
3|Geographical Variation in Detections and Solvability|220
2|Conclusions|227
2|References|229
1|Reporting, Detection and Solvability of Sex Offences on Railways|230
2|Introduction|230
2|Existing Studies of Sex Crime Reporting and Detection|231
2|Methodology|233
3|Research Design|233
3|Measurement of Key Variables|233
3|Structure of the Analysis|234
2|Findings|234
3|Detection Rates, Offence Types and Locations|234
3|Offence Type and Location|234
3|Offence Type and Reporting|236
3|Reporting Characteristics by Offence Location|237
3|Detection Rates|239
3|BTP Jurisdiction and Detections|239
3|Offence Timing and Detections|241
3|Reporting Medium and Source|242
3|Reporting Characteristics and Detections|243
3|The Relative Importance of Offence Characteristics and Reporting Characteristics in Explaining Detections|244
3|The Effects of Offence Characteristics on Reporting (Fig. 12, Number 1)|244
3|Reporting Characteristics and Victim–Investigator Contact (Fig. 12, Number 2)|248
3|Detection and Reporting and Offence Characteristics (Diagram 1, Number 3)|249
3|Predicting Detections|255
3|Jurisdictional Differences in Solvability|257
2|Discussion and Conclusion|258
2|References|260
1|Offender–Offence Profiling: Improving Burglary Solvability and Detection|262
2|Introduction|262
2|Existing Research on Offender–Offence Profiling|263
2|Methodology|265
3|Research Design and Data|265
3|Data Sources and Characteristics|266
3|Method of Analysis|267
2|Findings|267
3|Adelaide’s Burglar and Burglary Characteristics|267
3|Latent Class Analysis|271
3|Matching Offender and Offence Typologies|282
2|Discussion|284
2|Conclusion|288
2|References|289
1|Boosting Offence Solvability and Detections: Solving Residential Burglaries by Predicting Single and Multiple Repeats|291
2|Introduction|291
3|Existing ‘Repeat Burglary’ Research|292
2|Methodology|293
3|Research Design and Research Instruments|293
3|Data|294
3|A Retrospective Rather Than a Prospective Approach|295
3|Analytical Procedure|297
2|Findings|298
3|Levels of Repeat Burglary|298
3|Predicting Non-repeat and First-Time Repeat Burglaries|298
3|Predicting Multiple Repeat Burglaries from a Sample of Single (First-Time) Repeat Incidents|302
3|Prediction Scores, Solvability, and Detections|304
3|Potential to Improve Solvability and Detections|304
2|Discussion and Conclusions|305
2|References|307
1|Improving Offence Solvability and Detection Rates at Non-residential Burglary: Predicting Single and Multiple Repeat Incidence|309
2|Introduction|309
2|Existing Repeat Non-residential Burglary Research|310
2|Methodology|312
3|Research Design and Research Instruments|312
3|Data|312
3|Reliance on a Retrospective Rather Than a Prospective Approach|313
2|Findings|315
3|Levels of Repeat Burglary|315
3|Repeat Burglary Measures and Structure of the Analysis|316
2|Characteristics of Repeat Burglaries Compared with ‘One-Off’ Incidents|316
2|Predicting Repeat Non-residential Burglaries|321
2|Non-residential Burglaries: Characteristics of Single Repeat Versus Multiple Repeat Burglaries|323
2|Non-residential Burglary: Predicting Multiple Repeats from Single Repeat Non-residential Burglaries|324
2|Prediction Scores and Detections|328
2|Potential to Improve Solvability and Detection|329
2|Conclusions|330
2|References|332
1|Homicide Resources, Solvability and Detection|334
2|Introduction|334
2|Existing Studies of Homicide Investigation and Detection|335
3|Homicide Solvability and Detection|335
3|Homicide Investigations and Resourcing|337
2|Methodology|338
3|Definitions|338
3|Structure of the Analysis|339
2|Findings|339
3|Characteristics of Homicides|339
3|Resources, Investigations and Detections|342
3|Factors Affecting Detection Outcomes|343
3|Other Solvability Factors and Detection Outcomes|345
3|Summary Solvability Score and Detected/Undetected Cases|349
3|Investigative Outputs and Solvability|353
3|Summary for Indicators of Solvability for Detected Cases|357
3|Resources and Detectives’ Homicide Categories|359
3|How Well Do Homicide Grades Predict Investigative Costs?|360
3|Geographical Differences in Investigative Resources|363
2|Discussion and Conclusions|365
2|References|368
1|Investigative Activities, Resources and Burglary Detection|369
2|Introduction|369
2|Research Methodology|370
3|Research Design and Instruments|370
3|Data|371
3|Defining and Measuring Resource Use|371
3|Strengths and Limitations of Data|371
2|Findings|372
3|Investigation Inputs, Intermediate Outputs and Investigative Outcomes|372
3|Catching Burglars Near or at the Scene and Resource-Solvability|374
3|Resources, Solvability and Suspect Evidence from Eyewitnesses|378
3|Resources, Solvability and Forensic Evidence from Crime Scenes|378
3|Resources, Evidence and Detection: Further Investigations|378
3|Solvability Characteristic, Resource Inputs and Detections|384
3|Resource Use and Investigative Activities|388
2|Conclusions|389
2|References|391
1|The Organisation and Deployment of Patrol Resources: Cost-Effective On-Scene Arrest at Burglaries|392
2|Introduction|392
2|Methodology|393
3|Research Design and Instruments|393
3|Sampling Frames|394
3|In-Progress Alerts and Rapid Patrol Response: Existing Evidence|395
2|Findings|396
3|Patrol Supply, Incident Demand and On-Scene Capture|396
3|Indicators of Solvable In-Progress Residential Burglaries|402
2|Conclusions|409
2|References|410
1|Resources, Solvability and Detection: A Theoretical Model|412
2|Introduction|412
2|Incident Solvability: Characteristics and Origins|412
2|Offence Solvability and Different Crime Types|413
2|Geographical Variation in Crime Solvability, Resources and Detection|414
2|Causes of Geographical Variation in Solvability|415
3|Geographical Variation in Resources|415
3|Spatial Variation in Offenders, Environments and Crime Incidence|416
3|Investigative Activities, Evidence and Detections|416
3|Resource Input–Evidence Output Activities|418
3|Patrol Resource Inputs–Arrest Outputs|418
3|Solvability Indicators for Other Offences|419
3|Strength and Numbers of Evidence Items|420
3|Summary|422
2|Cost-Effective Strategies and Solvability Characteristics|422
3|Lower, Middle and Upper Resource Thresholds|422
3|Cost-Effective Investigative Strategies|423
3|Upper Resource Threshold, Full Funding of Solvable Cases and Jurisdictional Detections|424
2|Proactive Investigative Activities|425
2|Effects of Policing Strategies on Offences, Solvability and Resource Supply|426
2|Resourcing–Solvability Theoretical Model|428
2|References|430
1|Conclusions|433
2|Introduction|433
2|Importance of Solvability Factors for Different Crimes|435
2|‘Lean Policing’ and a Scientific Approach to Solving Crime|437
2|Crime Seriousness, Resources and Continuing/Discontinuing Investigations|439
2|Offender Prolificacy and Versatility|441
2|Cyberoffending|442
2|Rapid Response and Directed Patrol|442
2|Geographical Variation in Solvability, Resources and Detections|444
2|Investigative Capacity, Policing Demand and Changing Detection Levels|445
2|Crime Solvability and Detection Potential|446
2|Conclusion|448
2|References|449
1|Index|451