File #2575: "2019_Book_ChineseCriminalEntrepreneursInII.pdf"
Text
1|Notes|6
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|9
1|List of Figures|11
1|1: Introduction|15
2|1.1 Enter the BCB|15
2|1.2 A Research Gap: Ethnic-Chinese Drug Traffickers in Western Countries|18
2|1.3 Aim and Objectives|20
2|1.4 Sources and Methodology|22
2|1.5 The Organisation of Volume II|28
2|Bibliography|31
3|Academic Publications and Books|31
3|Government and Official Publications|33
1|2: Theoretical Frameworks and Concepts|34
2|2.1 The Market Resilience Framework|35
3|2.1.1 The Main Hypothesis|37
2|2.2 The Network Perspective as a Tool to Study Crime|39
2|2.3 Transactional Theories: Managing Disputes, Relations, and Violence|42
2|2.4 The Relationship Strand of the Chinese Concept of Guanxi|46
2|2.5 The Collective Action Theory|49
2|2.6 Social Capital Within Entrepreneurship and Network Processes|51
3|2.6.1 Brokerage and Closure|52
3|2.6.2 Entrepreneurship, Brokerage Process, and Creative Innovation|53
3|2.6.3 Personality, Culture, Network Content, and Referral|55
2|2.7 The Importance of Trust|56
2|2.8 Conclusion|59
2|Bibliography|63
3|Academic Publications and Books|63
3|Judicial Documents|67
1|3: Heroin 1: Market Resilience and BCB Network Evolution|68
2|3.1 Police High-Risk Attacks vis-à-vis Defensive Mechanisms|68
3|3.1.1 Historical Market Trend and BCB Cases|68
3|3.1.2 Project Bugs: September 1989–December 1990|72
3|3.1.3 Project Dragon: January 1990–November 1990|76
3|3.1.4 Project Edict: July 1992–March 1993; Project E-Roll: December 1994–March 1995|81
3|3.1.5 Project Edition: May 1996–August 1996|87
3|3.1.6 Conclusion|89
2|3.2 Network Structures During Projects Eider and E-Congee|91
3|3.2.1 Project Eider: January 1997–December 1998|91
4|3.2.1.1 Network Analysis: Efficiency Versus Security Trade-off|92
5|Phase One|93
5|Phase Two|97
4|3.2.1.2 Chan Family Proceeds Movement|103
3|3.2.2 Project E-Congee: January 1999–September 2000|105
4|3.2.2.1 Legitimate Strength in Criminal Network|107
3|3.2.3 Conclusion|113
2|Bibliography|119
3|Academic Publications and Books|119
3|Government and Official Publications|119
3|Judicial Documents|120
3|News Reports|121
1|4: Heroin 2: BCB Competitive Cooperation|122
2|4.1 Domestic Distribution Strategy and the Credit System|124
2|4.2 Power (A)symmetry and Repeat Partnership Between Importer and Distributor|128
2|4.3 Importer Positioning: Spying and Competition via Investment|133
2|4.4 Summary|141
2|Bibliography|145
3|Academic Publications and Books|145
3|Judicial Documents|145
1|5: Heroin 3: Ho and Sa’s Importation Scheme|148
2|5.1 Project Initiation: Rebuilding Weak Ties|149
2|5.2 Value Chain 1: Shipping, Semi-Legitimate Work, and Insulation|153
2|5.3 Value Chain 2: Local Logistics, Shipment Security, and Heroin Preparation|155
2|5.4 Summary|161
2|Bibliography|163
3|Academic Publications and Books|163
3|Judicial Documents|164
1|6: Heroin 4: Counteraction Against Police Attack|166
2|6.1 Changing Police Strategies: Remote Surveillance Approach and Low-Risk Attacks|167
2|6.2 Codes and Encryption Against Telephone Interception|168
2|6.3 Project Eider: Attack Response and Damage Control|172
2|6.4 Confidential Informant’s Infiltration Attempt on Ho|175
2|6.5 Project E-Page: March 1997–June 1999|178
2|6.6 Conclusion|182
2|Bibliography|187
3|Academic Publications and Books|187
3|Judicial Documents|187
1|7: From Heroin to Ecstasy|189
2|7.1 The Canadian Heroin Drought and the Australian Connection|189
2|7.2 The Chans and Others|192
2|7.3 Lee and Others|195
2|7.4 Changing Circumstances in Southeast Asia: Heroin and ATS|199
2|7.5 Summary|202
2|Bibliography|206
3|Academic Publications and Books|206
3|Government and Official Publications|207
3|Judicial Documents|208
1|8: Entering the Ecstasy Market|209
2|8.1 The Demand for Alternatives: Historical ATS Trends in Canada|209
2|8.2 Illegal Drugs Legislation|211
2|8.3 Project Initiation: Ho, Lee, and Tao|216
2|8.4 Value Chain 1: Shares, Roles, and Finding Supply|218
2|8.5 Value Chain 2: Shipping Logistics|225
3|8.5.1 Transportation Expertise and Receiving Companies|225
3|8.5.2 Container Renovation and Goods|228
3|8.5.3 Product Expertise|232
2|8.6 Conclusion|233
2|Bibliography|238
3|Academic Publications and Books|238
3|Government and Official Publications|238
3|Judicial Documents|239
1|9: Internal Management Methods|241
2|9.1 Wu Bao Kang: Business Debt and Distrust|242
2|9.2 Reputation as a Governing Mechanism|244
2|9.3 Explicit Trust: Personal Character, Managing Risks, and Non-Retribution|246
2|9.4 Appropriate Behaviour as a Sign of Trustworthiness (or to Avoid Distrust)|249
2|9.5 Reciprocating Favour and Work to Maintain Positive Relations|253
2|9.6 Conclusion|254
2|Bibliography|257
3|Academic Publications and Books|257
3|Judicial Documents|258
1|10: The Wong Ecstasy Group|260
2|10.1 Wong Ze Wai’s History in Canada|261
2|10.2 Overview of the Case: Project Okapi, June 2001–March 2004|264
2|10.3 Actors and Division of Labour|266
3|10.3.1 Production|266
3|10.3.2 Distribution and Money Laundering|269
3|10.3.3 Financing and Debt Collection|273
2|10.4 Trafficking Strategy and Structure|274
3|10.4.1 Core Partnership Characteristic|275
3|10.4.2 Production-Driven Distribution|277
2|10.5 Conclusion|282
2|Bibliography|285
3|Academic Publications and Books|285
3|Government and Official Publications|285
3|Judicial Documents|286
3|News Reports|287
1|11: Conclusion|288
2|Bibliography|294
3|Academic Publications and Books|294
1|Appendices|295
2|Appendix A|295
2|Appendix B|296
3|Personal Background of BCB and Important Associates|296
2|Appendix C|300
3|Project Eider, Telephone Transcript, 1998-12-08|300
2|Appendix D|305
3|Structural and Operational Characteristics of Australian Drug Syndicates|305
1|List of Respondents|307
2|Personal Communication|307
2|Formal Interviews|307
2|Informal Discussions: Some Are Cited in the Book (R8–R11, R14, R16, and R22); All of the Participants Provided Major Assistance; These Involved Communications or Meetings on Various Occasions and Are Listed by Fieldwork Chronology|308
1|Bibliography|310
2|Academic Publications and Books|310
2|Government and Official Publications|325
2|Judicial Documents|328
2|News Reports|342
1|Index|344
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|9
1|List of Figures|11
1|1: Introduction|15
2|1.1 Enter the BCB|15
2|1.2 A Research Gap: Ethnic-Chinese Drug Traffickers in Western Countries|18
2|1.3 Aim and Objectives|20
2|1.4 Sources and Methodology|22
2|1.5 The Organisation of Volume II|28
2|Bibliography|31
3|Academic Publications and Books|31
3|Government and Official Publications|33
1|2: Theoretical Frameworks and Concepts|34
2|2.1 The Market Resilience Framework|35
3|2.1.1 The Main Hypothesis|37
2|2.2 The Network Perspective as a Tool to Study Crime|39
2|2.3 Transactional Theories: Managing Disputes, Relations, and Violence|42
2|2.4 The Relationship Strand of the Chinese Concept of Guanxi|46
2|2.5 The Collective Action Theory|49
2|2.6 Social Capital Within Entrepreneurship and Network Processes|51
3|2.6.1 Brokerage and Closure|52
3|2.6.2 Entrepreneurship, Brokerage Process, and Creative Innovation|53
3|2.6.3 Personality, Culture, Network Content, and Referral|55
2|2.7 The Importance of Trust|56
2|2.8 Conclusion|59
2|Bibliography|63
3|Academic Publications and Books|63
3|Judicial Documents|67
1|3: Heroin 1: Market Resilience and BCB Network Evolution|68
2|3.1 Police High-Risk Attacks vis-à-vis Defensive Mechanisms|68
3|3.1.1 Historical Market Trend and BCB Cases|68
3|3.1.2 Project Bugs: September 1989–December 1990|72
3|3.1.3 Project Dragon: January 1990–November 1990|76
3|3.1.4 Project Edict: July 1992–March 1993; Project E-Roll: December 1994–March 1995|81
3|3.1.5 Project Edition: May 1996–August 1996|87
3|3.1.6 Conclusion|89
2|3.2 Network Structures During Projects Eider and E-Congee|91
3|3.2.1 Project Eider: January 1997–December 1998|91
4|3.2.1.1 Network Analysis: Efficiency Versus Security Trade-off|92
5|Phase One|93
5|Phase Two|97
4|3.2.1.2 Chan Family Proceeds Movement|103
3|3.2.2 Project E-Congee: January 1999–September 2000|105
4|3.2.2.1 Legitimate Strength in Criminal Network|107
3|3.2.3 Conclusion|113
2|Bibliography|119
3|Academic Publications and Books|119
3|Government and Official Publications|119
3|Judicial Documents|120
3|News Reports|121
1|4: Heroin 2: BCB Competitive Cooperation|122
2|4.1 Domestic Distribution Strategy and the Credit System|124
2|4.2 Power (A)symmetry and Repeat Partnership Between Importer and Distributor|128
2|4.3 Importer Positioning: Spying and Competition via Investment|133
2|4.4 Summary|141
2|Bibliography|145
3|Academic Publications and Books|145
3|Judicial Documents|145
1|5: Heroin 3: Ho and Sa’s Importation Scheme|148
2|5.1 Project Initiation: Rebuilding Weak Ties|149
2|5.2 Value Chain 1: Shipping, Semi-Legitimate Work, and Insulation|153
2|5.3 Value Chain 2: Local Logistics, Shipment Security, and Heroin Preparation|155
2|5.4 Summary|161
2|Bibliography|163
3|Academic Publications and Books|163
3|Judicial Documents|164
1|6: Heroin 4: Counteraction Against Police Attack|166
2|6.1 Changing Police Strategies: Remote Surveillance Approach and Low-Risk Attacks|167
2|6.2 Codes and Encryption Against Telephone Interception|168
2|6.3 Project Eider: Attack Response and Damage Control|172
2|6.4 Confidential Informant’s Infiltration Attempt on Ho|175
2|6.5 Project E-Page: March 1997–June 1999|178
2|6.6 Conclusion|182
2|Bibliography|187
3|Academic Publications and Books|187
3|Judicial Documents|187
1|7: From Heroin to Ecstasy|189
2|7.1 The Canadian Heroin Drought and the Australian Connection|189
2|7.2 The Chans and Others|192
2|7.3 Lee and Others|195
2|7.4 Changing Circumstances in Southeast Asia: Heroin and ATS|199
2|7.5 Summary|202
2|Bibliography|206
3|Academic Publications and Books|206
3|Government and Official Publications|207
3|Judicial Documents|208
1|8: Entering the Ecstasy Market|209
2|8.1 The Demand for Alternatives: Historical ATS Trends in Canada|209
2|8.2 Illegal Drugs Legislation|211
2|8.3 Project Initiation: Ho, Lee, and Tao|216
2|8.4 Value Chain 1: Shares, Roles, and Finding Supply|218
2|8.5 Value Chain 2: Shipping Logistics|225
3|8.5.1 Transportation Expertise and Receiving Companies|225
3|8.5.2 Container Renovation and Goods|228
3|8.5.3 Product Expertise|232
2|8.6 Conclusion|233
2|Bibliography|238
3|Academic Publications and Books|238
3|Government and Official Publications|238
3|Judicial Documents|239
1|9: Internal Management Methods|241
2|9.1 Wu Bao Kang: Business Debt and Distrust|242
2|9.2 Reputation as a Governing Mechanism|244
2|9.3 Explicit Trust: Personal Character, Managing Risks, and Non-Retribution|246
2|9.4 Appropriate Behaviour as a Sign of Trustworthiness (or to Avoid Distrust)|249
2|9.5 Reciprocating Favour and Work to Maintain Positive Relations|253
2|9.6 Conclusion|254
2|Bibliography|257
3|Academic Publications and Books|257
3|Judicial Documents|258
1|10: The Wong Ecstasy Group|260
2|10.1 Wong Ze Wai’s History in Canada|261
2|10.2 Overview of the Case: Project Okapi, June 2001–March 2004|264
2|10.3 Actors and Division of Labour|266
3|10.3.1 Production|266
3|10.3.2 Distribution and Money Laundering|269
3|10.3.3 Financing and Debt Collection|273
2|10.4 Trafficking Strategy and Structure|274
3|10.4.1 Core Partnership Characteristic|275
3|10.4.2 Production-Driven Distribution|277
2|10.5 Conclusion|282
2|Bibliography|285
3|Academic Publications and Books|285
3|Government and Official Publications|285
3|Judicial Documents|286
3|News Reports|287
1|11: Conclusion|288
2|Bibliography|294
3|Academic Publications and Books|294
1|Appendices|295
2|Appendix A|295
2|Appendix B|296
3|Personal Background of BCB and Important Associates|296
2|Appendix C|300
3|Project Eider, Telephone Transcript, 1998-12-08|300
2|Appendix D|305
3|Structural and Operational Characteristics of Australian Drug Syndicates|305
1|List of Respondents|307
2|Personal Communication|307
2|Formal Interviews|307
2|Informal Discussions: Some Are Cited in the Book (R8–R11, R14, R16, and R22); All of the Participants Provided Major Assistance; These Involved Communications or Meetings on Various Occasions and Are Listed by Fieldwork Chronology|308
1|Bibliography|310
2|Academic Publications and Books|310
2|Government and Official Publications|325
2|Judicial Documents|328
2|News Reports|342
1|Index|344