File #2604: "2019_Book_FiliationAndTheProtectionOfPar.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|7
1|Editors and Contributors|9
1|1 Care of Abandoned Children in Sunni Islamic Law: Early Modern Egypt in Theory and Practice|12
2|Abstract|12
2|1.1 Introduction|13
2|1.2 Legally Disadvantaged Children|16
3|1.2.1 The Conjugal Bed and Fatherless liʿān Children|16
3|1.2.2 Children Born Outside the Gestation Period|18
3|1.2.3 Fatherless Children: awlād al-zinā|18
2|1.3 Protection of Children Without Filiation|19
3|1.3.1 Overview of Juristic Bases and Discursive Aims|19
3|1.3.2 Institutional Care of Parentless Children|20
3|1.3.3 Parenting a Foundling (laqīṭ)|24
3|1.3.4 Acknowledgement (iqrār)|27
2|1.4 Court Practice and kafāla|28
2|1.5 Conclusion|30
2|References|31
1|2 Filiation/nasab and Family Values in Pre-modern Shiʿi Law|35
2|Abstract|35
2|2.1 Introduction|36
2|2.2 Nasab in Imami Shiʿi Hadith|37
2|2.3 Nasab in Imami Shiʿi Jurisprudence|38
3|2.3.1 Parents’ Duties and Children’s Rights in the Khilāf|39
3|2.3.2 Filiation Regulations in Imami fiqh|43
2|2.4 Theological and Political Elements of the Imami Regulations on Nasab|51
2|2.5 Conclusion|52
2|References|53
1|3 Algeria|55
2|Abstract|55
2|3.1 Introduction|56
2|3.2 Establishment of Filiation|58
3|3.2.1 Marriage|58
3|3.2.2 Acknowledgement|60
3|3.2.3 Proof|63
3|3.2.4 Scientific Means|63
2|3.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|66
2|3.4 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|67
2|3.5 Conclusion|72
2|References|73
1|4 Iran|76
2|Abstract|76
2|4.1 Introduction|77
3|4.1.1 Sources of Law|77
3|4.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|78
2|4.2 The Establishment of Filiation|80
3|4.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|80
4|4.2.1.1 Children Born into a Valid Marriage|80
4|4.2.1.2 Children Born into Temporary or Informal Marriages|81
4|4.2.1.3 Children Born into a Presumed Marriage|83
4|4.2.1.4 Filiation Based on Other Presumptions|84
3|4.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|84
3|4.2.3 DNA Screening: A Valid Way to Establish or Deny Filiation?|86
2|4.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|89
3|4.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|89
3|4.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation/Foundlings|91
2|4.4 Protection of Children without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|92
3|4.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|92
3|4.4.2 Act on the Protection of Children without a Guardian (sarparast) (CPA 1975)|93
4|4.4.2.1 Terminology|93
4|4.4.2.2 Regulations of the CPA 1975|94
3|4.4.3 Act on the Protection of Children without a Guardian (bī sarparast) or with an Unfit Guardian (bad sarparast) (CPA 2013)|96
4|4.4.3.1 Terminology and Scope of Application|96
4|4.4.3.2 The Procedure for the Award of sarparastī|97
4|4.4.3.3 The Revocation of sarparastī|98
4|4.4.3.4 Eligibility of the sarparast and the Child|99
4|4.4.3.5 The Rights and Duties of the sarparast|100
5|Parental Care and Maintenance|100
5|Financial Duties of the sarparast|101
4|4.4.3.6 Other Legal Issues Concerning sarparastī|103
5|Marriage Between the sarparast and the Child|103
5|The Single sarparast Mother|105
5|Inheritance|106
5|Name|107
2|4.5 Conclusion|108
2|References|109
1|5 Iraq|112
2|Abstract|112
2|5.1 Introduction|113
2|5.2 Sources of Law|115
3|5.2.1 Written Sources|115
3|5.2.2 Case Law|117
2|5.3 Establishment of Filiation (nasab)|118
3|5.3.1 Legal Presumption of Paternity|119
3|5.3.2 Acknowledgment|121
2|5.4 Contestation of Filiation|123
3|5.4.1 Contestation Through Traditional Means|123
3|5.4.2 Contestation on the Basis of Genetic Evidence|124
2|5.5 Legal Status of Children Without Filiation|127
3|5.5.1 The Notion of ‘Children Without Filiation’|127
3|5.5.2 The Rights of Children Without Filiation|129
2|5.6 Protection of Children Deprived of Parental Care|131
3|5.6.1 General Legal Framework|131
3|5.6.2 Affiliation (‘damm’)|133
4|5.6.2.1 Definition and Objectives of damm|133
4|5.6.2.2 Conditions and Procedure of damm|134
4|5.6.2.3 Effects of damm|136
2|5.7 Conclusion|140
2|References|141
1|6 Jordan|143
2|Abstract|143
2|6.1 Introduction|144
3|6.1.1 Applicable Law|144
3|6.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|146
2|6.2 The Establishment of Filiation|148
3|6.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|148
4|6.2.1.1 Children Born into a Valid Marriage|148
4|6.2.1.2 Children Born into Informal Marriages|153
4|6.2.1.3 Children Born into a Presumed Marriage|157
3|6.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|158
2|6.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|161
3|6.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|161
3|6.3.2 Children with Unknown Filiation and Foundlings|162
2|6.4 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|164
3|6.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|164
3|6.4.2 Iḥtiḍān Instructions|166
4|6.4.2.1 Terminology|166
4|6.4.2.2 The Procedure for the Award of iḥtiḍān|166
4|6.4.2.3 The Revocation of iḥtiḍān|167
4|6.4.2.4 Eligibility of the Care Giver and the Child|168
3|6.4.3 The Rights and Duties of the Caretaker|169
4|6.4.3.1 Parental Care and Maintenance|169
4|6.4.3.2 Marriage between the Foster Parent and the Child|169
4|6.4.3.3 Inheritance|170
4|6.4.3.4 Name|170
2|6.5 Conclusion|171
2|References|171
1|7 Lebanon|173
2|Abstract|174
2|7.1 Introduction|175
3|7.1.1 Muslim Jurisdiction(s) in the Lebanese Legal System|175
3|7.1.2 The Law Applicable Before Muslim and Druze Courts|176
3|7.1.3 Sources of Islamic Law with Regard to Filiation and Child Protection|178
3|7.1.4 Interference of Civil Law and Civil Courts’ Jurisdiction|178
3|7.1.5 Impact of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)|179
2|7.2 The Establishment of Filiation|180
3|7.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|180
4|7.2.1.1 Children Born into a Valid Marriage|180
5|Maternity|181
5|Presumption of Paternity|182
4|7.2.1.2 Children Born into an Invalid Marriage (zawāj fāsid)|184
4|7.2.1.3 Children Born under Dubious Circumstances|184
4|7.2.1.4 Children Born into Temporary Marriages|185
4|7.2.1.5 Children Born into a Presumed Marriage (al-waṭʾ bi-shubha)|185
3|7.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: The Acknowledgment of Filiation|186
4|7.2.2.1 Definition of iqrār bi-l-nasab|186
4|7.2.2.2 Conditions of iqrār bi-l-nasab|187
3|7.2.3 Role of Scientific Evidence|188
2|7.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|189
3|7.3.1 Children Born out of Wedlock (walad al-zinā)|190
4|7.3.1.1 The Relationship of a Child Born out of Wedlock to his/her Biological Father|190
4|7.3.1.2 Maternal Filiation to a Child Born out of Wedlock|191
3|7.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation/Foundlings|192
2|7.4 Protection of Children without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|194
3|7.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|194
3|7.4.2 The Prohibition of Adoption of Muslim Children: The Law and the Practice|195
3|7.4.3 Formal Alternative Care (ricāya badīla rasmiyya)|196
4|7.4.3.1 Alternative Care in Religious Courts’ Practice|196
4|7.4.3.2 Alternative Care in Juvenile Judges’ Practice|197
5|Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Judge|197
5|Protective Measures Ordered by Juvenile Judges|198
3|7.4.4 Informal Alternative Care (ricāya badīla ghayr rasmiyya)|199
4|7.4.4.1 Out-of-Court Placement in Residential Care Institutions|199
5|History and Legal Status of Residential Care Institutions in Lebanon|200
5|Admission to Residential Care Institutions: Formal and Informal Processes|201
5|Supervision of Residential Care Institutions|203
4|7.4.4.2 The Practice of Islamic kafāla|204
2|7.5 Conclusion|206
2|Acknowledgments|209
2|References|209
1|8 Malaysia|212
2|Abstract|212
2|8.1 Introduction|213
3|8.1.1 Sources of Law: The Laws on Filiation Governing Muslims in Malaysia|214
3|8.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|215
2|8.2 The Establishment of Filiation|216
3|8.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|216
4|8.2.1.1 Filiation Through a Valid Marriage|216
4|8.2.1.2 Status of a Child Born from Shubhah Intercourse|218
3|8.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|219
4|8.2.2.1 Acknowledgement of Paternity|219
4|8.2.2.2 Acknowledgement by a Woman in Her ʻiddah Period|220
4|8.2.2.3 A Child or another Person’s Acknowledgement of Someone as Mother or Father|221
3|8.2.3 Proof of Paternity Through Blood Tests and DNA Screening|221
3|8.2.4 Fatwas on Filiation|222
2|8.3 Adoption in Malaysia|224
3|8.3.1 Customary Adoptions|224
3|8.3.2 De facto Adoptions and Fostering|225
3|8.3.3 Statutory Adoptions|228
4|8.3.3.1 Registration of Adoptions Act 1952 (RAA)|228
4|8.3.3.2 Conditions and Procedures for Adoption|229
5|Age|229
5|Consent|229
5|Procedure|230
5|Effect of Adoption|231
3|8.3.4 Adoption Under the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 (the IFLA)|232
2|8.4 Conclusion|233
2|References|234
1|9 Morocco|237
2|Abstract|237
2|9.1 Introduction|238
2|9.2 Filiation|241
2|9.3 Relinquished Children and Kafala Guardianships|251
3|9.3.1 Legal Frameworks and Social Realities|251
3|9.3.2 Finding Parents for Parentless Children|257
3|9.3.3 Jurisdiction: Family Court|261
3|9.3.4 Evaluating the Prospective Kafil(a) Guardian(s)|261
3|9.3.5 Rights and Responsibilities of the Kafil Parent|263
3|9.3.6 Effects of the Makful Status on the Relinquished Child|264
3|9.3.7 Transnational Kafala of the Moroccan Child|265
2|9.4 Conclusion|268
2|Acknowledgements|268
2|References|269
1|10 Pakistan|273
2|Abstract|273
2|10.1 Introduction|274
3|10.1.1 Sources of Law|274
3|10.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|278
2|10.2 The Establishment of Filiation|280
3|10.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law: Application of the Principle of the Conjugal Bed (firash) by the Pakistani Courts|280
4|10.2.1.1 The Evidence Act 1872|281
4|10.2.1.2 Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984|282
4|10.2.1.3 Lian (Imprecation)|284
3|10.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|285
3|10.2.3 Establishing Paternity through a DNA Test|285
2|10.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|287
3|10.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|287
4|10.3.1.1 Status of Such Children|287
4|10.3.1.2 Legislative Provisions at Provincial Level to Protect Children Born Out of Wedlock and Destitute Children|290
3|10.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation, Foundlings and Registration of Births|291
2|10.4 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|294
3|10.4.1 Procedure for Guardianship of Children Born Out of Wedlock and Foundlings|294
4|10.4.1.1 Appointment of Guardians by the Courts|295
4|10.4.1.2 Rights and Duties of the Guardian or Adoptive Parents|295
4|10.4.1.3 Revocation of Guardianship|296
3|10.4.2 Divorce of the Adoptive Parents and the Best Interests of the Child|297
3|10.4.3 Constructive Guardianship and the Fiduciary Relationship of a Guardian to a Ward|297
3|10.4.4 Foreign Adoptions|298
3|10.4.5 Other Institutional Measures for the Protection of Destitute Children and Children Without Filiation|301
2|10.5 Conclusion|303
2|References|303
1|11 Saudi Arabia|305
2|Abstract|305
2|11.1 Introduction|306
3|11.1.1 The Importance of Genealogy|306
3|11.1.2 The Saudi Legal System|307
2|11.2 The Establishment of Filiation|309
3|11.2.1 Establishing Filiation Through Marriage|309
4|11.2.1.1 The General System of Filiation|309
4|11.2.1.2 The Maximum Length of Pregnancy|310
4|11.2.1.3 Admissibility of Scientific Evidence|314
4|11.2.1.4 Acknowledgement|315
4|11.2.1.5 Testimony and qiyāfa|315
3|11.2.2 Establishing Filiation Outside of a Valid Marriage|317
2|11.3 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|319
3|11.3.1 The General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|319
3|11.3.2 Relatives as Alternative Caretakers|320
3|11.3.3 The Role of the Saudi Welfare System|321
3|11.3.4 Foundlings|322
4|11.3.4.1 The Legal Procedures Concerning a Foundling|322
4|11.3.4.2 The Registration and Naming of a Foundling|322
4|11.3.4.3 The Nationality of a Foundling|323
4|11.3.4.4 The Conditions for Foster Care|324
4|11.3.4.5 Financial Assistance for Foster Families|326
2|11.4 Conclusion|326
2|Acknowledgements|327
2|References|327
1|12 Tunisia|330
2|Abstract|330
2|12.1 Introduction|331
3|12.1.1 General Overview of Tunisian Family Law|331
3|12.1.2 The Sources of Law|333
3|12.1.3 The Competent Courts|334
2|12.2 Legitimate Filiation or nasab (Filiation in Marriage)|334
3|12.2.1 The Establishment of nasab|334
4|12.2.1.1 Cohabitation|335
4|12.2.1.2 Acknowledgment (iqrar)|336
4|12.2.1.3 Testimony|336
3|12.2.2 The Revocation of nasab|336
2|12.3 Natural Filiation (Filiation Outside Marriage)|337
3|12.3.1 Filiation Outside Marriage in the Personal Status Code|337
3|12.3.2 Filiation Outside Marriage in the Law of October 28, 1998|339
4|12.3.2.1 The Meaning of the Law of October 28, 1998|339
5|The Establishment of Paternal Natural Filiation|339
5|The Establishment of Maternal Natural Filiation|341
4|12.3.2.2 The Implementation of the Action Initiated by the Law of October 28, 1998|342
5|Beneficiaries of the Action: Children Without Filiation|342
5|The Judicial Framework of the Action|343
5|The Capacity to Exercise the Action|343
2|12.4 Adoption|344
3|12.4.1 The Conditions for the Formation of Adoption|345
4|12.4.1.1 Substantive Conditions|345
4|12.4.1.2 Formal Conditions|346
3|12.4.2 The Effects of Adoption|346
4|12.4.2.1 Effects on the Family of Origin|346
4|12.4.2.2 Effects on the Adoptive Family|347
5|Patrimonial Effects|347
5|Extra-Patrimonial Effects|348
3|12.4.3 The Termination of the Adoption Relationship|348
2|12.5 Kafala (Informal Guardianship)|349
3|12.5.1 The Conditions for kafala|350
3|12.5.2 The Effects of kafala|350
4|12.5.2.1 Effects on the Family of Origin|350
4|12.5.2.2 Effects on the Replacement Family|351
2|12.6 Family Placement|352
3|12.6.1 Short-Term Family Placement|352
3|12.6.2 Long-Term Family Placement|353
2|12.7 Conclusion|353
2|References|354
1|13 United Arab Emirates|356
2|Abstract|356
2|13.1 Introduction|357
2|13.2 The Establishment of Filiation|358
3|13.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|358
4|13.2.1.1 Presumption of Paternity|359
4|13.2.1.2 Evidentiary Proceedings|360
5|The Socio-Legal Context: Informal misyār Marriages|361
5|Scientific Methods (ṭuruq ʿilmiyya)|361
5|Proof (bayyina)|363
3|13.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgment of Filiation|364
2|13.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|366
3|13.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|366
3|13.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation/Foundlings|367
2|13.4 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|368
3|13.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|368
3|13.4.2 The Emirati Foster Care Act of 2012|369
4|13.4.2.1 Terminology and Scope of Application|369
4|13.4.2.2 Procedure for the Award of riʿāyat al-aṭfāl|369
4|13.4.2.3 Revocation of riʿāyat al-aṭfāl|370
4|13.4.2.4 Eligibility of the Caretaker and the Child|371
4|13.4.2.5 Rights and Duties of the Caretaker|372
4|13.4.2.6 Other Legal Issues Concerning riʿāyat al-aṭfāl|373
2|13.5 Conclusion|374
2|References|375
1|14 The Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments in Arab Countries|378
2|Abstract|378
2|14.1 Introduction|379
2|14.2 The Enforcement of Foreign Judgments: A General Overview|381
3|14.2.1 Domestic Sources and Scope of Application|381
3|14.2.2 General Requirements|382
2|14.3 The Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments|384
3|14.3.1 Review of the Reported Cases from Morocco, Tunisia and Lebanon|384
4|14.3.1.1 Rejection of Foreign Filiation Judgments|384
5|Adoption|384
5|Rebuttal of Legitimate Filiation|386
4|14.3.1.2 Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgements with Reservations|387
5|Attribution of Patronymic Name|388
5|Rights of an Adulterine Child|388
4|14.3.1.3 Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments Without Substantial Difficulties|390
3|14.3.2 Comments and Analyses|391
4|14.3.2.1 Morocco|391
4|14.3.2.2 Tunisia|392
4|14.3.2.3 Lebanon|396
3|14.3.3 The Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments in Other Arab Jurisdictions|397
2|14.4 The Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments Within the General Context of Cross-Border Personal Status Dispute Resolution|399
2|14.5 Conclusion|403
2|References|405
1|15 Synopsis|408
2|15.1 Introduction|408
2|15.2 The Legal Family|409
2|15.3 The Biological Family|410
2|15.4 The Social Family|413
2|15.5 Conclusion and Outlook|415
2|References|416
1|Contents|7
1|Editors and Contributors|9
1|1 Care of Abandoned Children in Sunni Islamic Law: Early Modern Egypt in Theory and Practice|12
2|Abstract|12
2|1.1 Introduction|13
2|1.2 Legally Disadvantaged Children|16
3|1.2.1 The Conjugal Bed and Fatherless liʿān Children|16
3|1.2.2 Children Born Outside the Gestation Period|18
3|1.2.3 Fatherless Children: awlād al-zinā|18
2|1.3 Protection of Children Without Filiation|19
3|1.3.1 Overview of Juristic Bases and Discursive Aims|19
3|1.3.2 Institutional Care of Parentless Children|20
3|1.3.3 Parenting a Foundling (laqīṭ)|24
3|1.3.4 Acknowledgement (iqrār)|27
2|1.4 Court Practice and kafāla|28
2|1.5 Conclusion|30
2|References|31
1|2 Filiation/nasab and Family Values in Pre-modern Shiʿi Law|35
2|Abstract|35
2|2.1 Introduction|36
2|2.2 Nasab in Imami Shiʿi Hadith|37
2|2.3 Nasab in Imami Shiʿi Jurisprudence|38
3|2.3.1 Parents’ Duties and Children’s Rights in the Khilāf|39
3|2.3.2 Filiation Regulations in Imami fiqh|43
2|2.4 Theological and Political Elements of the Imami Regulations on Nasab|51
2|2.5 Conclusion|52
2|References|53
1|3 Algeria|55
2|Abstract|55
2|3.1 Introduction|56
2|3.2 Establishment of Filiation|58
3|3.2.1 Marriage|58
3|3.2.2 Acknowledgement|60
3|3.2.3 Proof|63
3|3.2.4 Scientific Means|63
2|3.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|66
2|3.4 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|67
2|3.5 Conclusion|72
2|References|73
1|4 Iran|76
2|Abstract|76
2|4.1 Introduction|77
3|4.1.1 Sources of Law|77
3|4.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|78
2|4.2 The Establishment of Filiation|80
3|4.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|80
4|4.2.1.1 Children Born into a Valid Marriage|80
4|4.2.1.2 Children Born into Temporary or Informal Marriages|81
4|4.2.1.3 Children Born into a Presumed Marriage|83
4|4.2.1.4 Filiation Based on Other Presumptions|84
3|4.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|84
3|4.2.3 DNA Screening: A Valid Way to Establish or Deny Filiation?|86
2|4.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|89
3|4.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|89
3|4.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation/Foundlings|91
2|4.4 Protection of Children without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|92
3|4.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|92
3|4.4.2 Act on the Protection of Children without a Guardian (sarparast) (CPA 1975)|93
4|4.4.2.1 Terminology|93
4|4.4.2.2 Regulations of the CPA 1975|94
3|4.4.3 Act on the Protection of Children without a Guardian (bī sarparast) or with an Unfit Guardian (bad sarparast) (CPA 2013)|96
4|4.4.3.1 Terminology and Scope of Application|96
4|4.4.3.2 The Procedure for the Award of sarparastī|97
4|4.4.3.3 The Revocation of sarparastī|98
4|4.4.3.4 Eligibility of the sarparast and the Child|99
4|4.4.3.5 The Rights and Duties of the sarparast|100
5|Parental Care and Maintenance|100
5|Financial Duties of the sarparast|101
4|4.4.3.6 Other Legal Issues Concerning sarparastī|103
5|Marriage Between the sarparast and the Child|103
5|The Single sarparast Mother|105
5|Inheritance|106
5|Name|107
2|4.5 Conclusion|108
2|References|109
1|5 Iraq|112
2|Abstract|112
2|5.1 Introduction|113
2|5.2 Sources of Law|115
3|5.2.1 Written Sources|115
3|5.2.2 Case Law|117
2|5.3 Establishment of Filiation (nasab)|118
3|5.3.1 Legal Presumption of Paternity|119
3|5.3.2 Acknowledgment|121
2|5.4 Contestation of Filiation|123
3|5.4.1 Contestation Through Traditional Means|123
3|5.4.2 Contestation on the Basis of Genetic Evidence|124
2|5.5 Legal Status of Children Without Filiation|127
3|5.5.1 The Notion of ‘Children Without Filiation’|127
3|5.5.2 The Rights of Children Without Filiation|129
2|5.6 Protection of Children Deprived of Parental Care|131
3|5.6.1 General Legal Framework|131
3|5.6.2 Affiliation (‘damm’)|133
4|5.6.2.1 Definition and Objectives of damm|133
4|5.6.2.2 Conditions and Procedure of damm|134
4|5.6.2.3 Effects of damm|136
2|5.7 Conclusion|140
2|References|141
1|6 Jordan|143
2|Abstract|143
2|6.1 Introduction|144
3|6.1.1 Applicable Law|144
3|6.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|146
2|6.2 The Establishment of Filiation|148
3|6.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|148
4|6.2.1.1 Children Born into a Valid Marriage|148
4|6.2.1.2 Children Born into Informal Marriages|153
4|6.2.1.3 Children Born into a Presumed Marriage|157
3|6.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|158
2|6.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|161
3|6.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|161
3|6.3.2 Children with Unknown Filiation and Foundlings|162
2|6.4 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|164
3|6.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|164
3|6.4.2 Iḥtiḍān Instructions|166
4|6.4.2.1 Terminology|166
4|6.4.2.2 The Procedure for the Award of iḥtiḍān|166
4|6.4.2.3 The Revocation of iḥtiḍān|167
4|6.4.2.4 Eligibility of the Care Giver and the Child|168
3|6.4.3 The Rights and Duties of the Caretaker|169
4|6.4.3.1 Parental Care and Maintenance|169
4|6.4.3.2 Marriage between the Foster Parent and the Child|169
4|6.4.3.3 Inheritance|170
4|6.4.3.4 Name|170
2|6.5 Conclusion|171
2|References|171
1|7 Lebanon|173
2|Abstract|174
2|7.1 Introduction|175
3|7.1.1 Muslim Jurisdiction(s) in the Lebanese Legal System|175
3|7.1.2 The Law Applicable Before Muslim and Druze Courts|176
3|7.1.3 Sources of Islamic Law with Regard to Filiation and Child Protection|178
3|7.1.4 Interference of Civil Law and Civil Courts’ Jurisdiction|178
3|7.1.5 Impact of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)|179
2|7.2 The Establishment of Filiation|180
3|7.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|180
4|7.2.1.1 Children Born into a Valid Marriage|180
5|Maternity|181
5|Presumption of Paternity|182
4|7.2.1.2 Children Born into an Invalid Marriage (zawāj fāsid)|184
4|7.2.1.3 Children Born under Dubious Circumstances|184
4|7.2.1.4 Children Born into Temporary Marriages|185
4|7.2.1.5 Children Born into a Presumed Marriage (al-waṭʾ bi-shubha)|185
3|7.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: The Acknowledgment of Filiation|186
4|7.2.2.1 Definition of iqrār bi-l-nasab|186
4|7.2.2.2 Conditions of iqrār bi-l-nasab|187
3|7.2.3 Role of Scientific Evidence|188
2|7.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|189
3|7.3.1 Children Born out of Wedlock (walad al-zinā)|190
4|7.3.1.1 The Relationship of a Child Born out of Wedlock to his/her Biological Father|190
4|7.3.1.2 Maternal Filiation to a Child Born out of Wedlock|191
3|7.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation/Foundlings|192
2|7.4 Protection of Children without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|194
3|7.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|194
3|7.4.2 The Prohibition of Adoption of Muslim Children: The Law and the Practice|195
3|7.4.3 Formal Alternative Care (ricāya badīla rasmiyya)|196
4|7.4.3.1 Alternative Care in Religious Courts’ Practice|196
4|7.4.3.2 Alternative Care in Juvenile Judges’ Practice|197
5|Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Judge|197
5|Protective Measures Ordered by Juvenile Judges|198
3|7.4.4 Informal Alternative Care (ricāya badīla ghayr rasmiyya)|199
4|7.4.4.1 Out-of-Court Placement in Residential Care Institutions|199
5|History and Legal Status of Residential Care Institutions in Lebanon|200
5|Admission to Residential Care Institutions: Formal and Informal Processes|201
5|Supervision of Residential Care Institutions|203
4|7.4.4.2 The Practice of Islamic kafāla|204
2|7.5 Conclusion|206
2|Acknowledgments|209
2|References|209
1|8 Malaysia|212
2|Abstract|212
2|8.1 Introduction|213
3|8.1.1 Sources of Law: The Laws on Filiation Governing Muslims in Malaysia|214
3|8.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|215
2|8.2 The Establishment of Filiation|216
3|8.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|216
4|8.2.1.1 Filiation Through a Valid Marriage|216
4|8.2.1.2 Status of a Child Born from Shubhah Intercourse|218
3|8.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|219
4|8.2.2.1 Acknowledgement of Paternity|219
4|8.2.2.2 Acknowledgement by a Woman in Her ʻiddah Period|220
4|8.2.2.3 A Child or another Person’s Acknowledgement of Someone as Mother or Father|221
3|8.2.3 Proof of Paternity Through Blood Tests and DNA Screening|221
3|8.2.4 Fatwas on Filiation|222
2|8.3 Adoption in Malaysia|224
3|8.3.1 Customary Adoptions|224
3|8.3.2 De facto Adoptions and Fostering|225
3|8.3.3 Statutory Adoptions|228
4|8.3.3.1 Registration of Adoptions Act 1952 (RAA)|228
4|8.3.3.2 Conditions and Procedures for Adoption|229
5|Age|229
5|Consent|229
5|Procedure|230
5|Effect of Adoption|231
3|8.3.4 Adoption Under the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 (the IFLA)|232
2|8.4 Conclusion|233
2|References|234
1|9 Morocco|237
2|Abstract|237
2|9.1 Introduction|238
2|9.2 Filiation|241
2|9.3 Relinquished Children and Kafala Guardianships|251
3|9.3.1 Legal Frameworks and Social Realities|251
3|9.3.2 Finding Parents for Parentless Children|257
3|9.3.3 Jurisdiction: Family Court|261
3|9.3.4 Evaluating the Prospective Kafil(a) Guardian(s)|261
3|9.3.5 Rights and Responsibilities of the Kafil Parent|263
3|9.3.6 Effects of the Makful Status on the Relinquished Child|264
3|9.3.7 Transnational Kafala of the Moroccan Child|265
2|9.4 Conclusion|268
2|Acknowledgements|268
2|References|269
1|10 Pakistan|273
2|Abstract|273
2|10.1 Introduction|274
3|10.1.1 Sources of Law|274
3|10.1.2 Jurisdiction of the Courts|278
2|10.2 The Establishment of Filiation|280
3|10.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law: Application of the Principle of the Conjugal Bed (firash) by the Pakistani Courts|280
4|10.2.1.1 The Evidence Act 1872|281
4|10.2.1.2 Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984|282
4|10.2.1.3 Lian (Imprecation)|284
3|10.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgement of Filiation|285
3|10.2.3 Establishing Paternity through a DNA Test|285
2|10.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|287
3|10.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|287
4|10.3.1.1 Status of Such Children|287
4|10.3.1.2 Legislative Provisions at Provincial Level to Protect Children Born Out of Wedlock and Destitute Children|290
3|10.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation, Foundlings and Registration of Births|291
2|10.4 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|294
3|10.4.1 Procedure for Guardianship of Children Born Out of Wedlock and Foundlings|294
4|10.4.1.1 Appointment of Guardians by the Courts|295
4|10.4.1.2 Rights and Duties of the Guardian or Adoptive Parents|295
4|10.4.1.3 Revocation of Guardianship|296
3|10.4.2 Divorce of the Adoptive Parents and the Best Interests of the Child|297
3|10.4.3 Constructive Guardianship and the Fiduciary Relationship of a Guardian to a Ward|297
3|10.4.4 Foreign Adoptions|298
3|10.4.5 Other Institutional Measures for the Protection of Destitute Children and Children Without Filiation|301
2|10.5 Conclusion|303
2|References|303
1|11 Saudi Arabia|305
2|Abstract|305
2|11.1 Introduction|306
3|11.1.1 The Importance of Genealogy|306
3|11.1.2 The Saudi Legal System|307
2|11.2 The Establishment of Filiation|309
3|11.2.1 Establishing Filiation Through Marriage|309
4|11.2.1.1 The General System of Filiation|309
4|11.2.1.2 The Maximum Length of Pregnancy|310
4|11.2.1.3 Admissibility of Scientific Evidence|314
4|11.2.1.4 Acknowledgement|315
4|11.2.1.5 Testimony and qiyāfa|315
3|11.2.2 Establishing Filiation Outside of a Valid Marriage|317
2|11.3 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|319
3|11.3.1 The General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|319
3|11.3.2 Relatives as Alternative Caretakers|320
3|11.3.3 The Role of the Saudi Welfare System|321
3|11.3.4 Foundlings|322
4|11.3.4.1 The Legal Procedures Concerning a Foundling|322
4|11.3.4.2 The Registration and Naming of a Foundling|322
4|11.3.4.3 The Nationality of a Foundling|323
4|11.3.4.4 The Conditions for Foster Care|324
4|11.3.4.5 Financial Assistance for Foster Families|326
2|11.4 Conclusion|326
2|Acknowledgements|327
2|References|327
1|12 Tunisia|330
2|Abstract|330
2|12.1 Introduction|331
3|12.1.1 General Overview of Tunisian Family Law|331
3|12.1.2 The Sources of Law|333
3|12.1.3 The Competent Courts|334
2|12.2 Legitimate Filiation or nasab (Filiation in Marriage)|334
3|12.2.1 The Establishment of nasab|334
4|12.2.1.1 Cohabitation|335
4|12.2.1.2 Acknowledgment (iqrar)|336
4|12.2.1.3 Testimony|336
3|12.2.2 The Revocation of nasab|336
2|12.3 Natural Filiation (Filiation Outside Marriage)|337
3|12.3.1 Filiation Outside Marriage in the Personal Status Code|337
3|12.3.2 Filiation Outside Marriage in the Law of October 28, 1998|339
4|12.3.2.1 The Meaning of the Law of October 28, 1998|339
5|The Establishment of Paternal Natural Filiation|339
5|The Establishment of Maternal Natural Filiation|341
4|12.3.2.2 The Implementation of the Action Initiated by the Law of October 28, 1998|342
5|Beneficiaries of the Action: Children Without Filiation|342
5|The Judicial Framework of the Action|343
5|The Capacity to Exercise the Action|343
2|12.4 Adoption|344
3|12.4.1 The Conditions for the Formation of Adoption|345
4|12.4.1.1 Substantive Conditions|345
4|12.4.1.2 Formal Conditions|346
3|12.4.2 The Effects of Adoption|346
4|12.4.2.1 Effects on the Family of Origin|346
4|12.4.2.2 Effects on the Adoptive Family|347
5|Patrimonial Effects|347
5|Extra-Patrimonial Effects|348
3|12.4.3 The Termination of the Adoption Relationship|348
2|12.5 Kafala (Informal Guardianship)|349
3|12.5.1 The Conditions for kafala|350
3|12.5.2 The Effects of kafala|350
4|12.5.2.1 Effects on the Family of Origin|350
4|12.5.2.2 Effects on the Replacement Family|351
2|12.6 Family Placement|352
3|12.6.1 Short-Term Family Placement|352
3|12.6.2 Long-Term Family Placement|353
2|12.7 Conclusion|353
2|References|354
1|13 United Arab Emirates|356
2|Abstract|356
2|13.1 Introduction|357
2|13.2 The Establishment of Filiation|358
3|13.2.1 Establishing Filiation by Law|358
4|13.2.1.1 Presumption of Paternity|359
4|13.2.1.2 Evidentiary Proceedings|360
5|The Socio-Legal Context: Informal misyār Marriages|361
5|Scientific Methods (ṭuruq ʿilmiyya)|361
5|Proof (bayyina)|363
3|13.2.2 Establishing Filiation by Private Autonomy: Acknowledgment of Filiation|364
2|13.3 Status of Children of Defective or Unknown Filiation|366
3|13.3.1 Children Born Out of Wedlock|366
3|13.3.2 Children of Unknown Filiation/Foundlings|367
2|13.4 Protection of Children Without Filiation or Permanent Caretakers|368
3|13.4.1 General Legal Schemes of Protection and Care|368
3|13.4.2 The Emirati Foster Care Act of 2012|369
4|13.4.2.1 Terminology and Scope of Application|369
4|13.4.2.2 Procedure for the Award of riʿāyat al-aṭfāl|369
4|13.4.2.3 Revocation of riʿāyat al-aṭfāl|370
4|13.4.2.4 Eligibility of the Caretaker and the Child|371
4|13.4.2.5 Rights and Duties of the Caretaker|372
4|13.4.2.6 Other Legal Issues Concerning riʿāyat al-aṭfāl|373
2|13.5 Conclusion|374
2|References|375
1|14 The Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments in Arab Countries|378
2|Abstract|378
2|14.1 Introduction|379
2|14.2 The Enforcement of Foreign Judgments: A General Overview|381
3|14.2.1 Domestic Sources and Scope of Application|381
3|14.2.2 General Requirements|382
2|14.3 The Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments|384
3|14.3.1 Review of the Reported Cases from Morocco, Tunisia and Lebanon|384
4|14.3.1.1 Rejection of Foreign Filiation Judgments|384
5|Adoption|384
5|Rebuttal of Legitimate Filiation|386
4|14.3.1.2 Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgements with Reservations|387
5|Attribution of Patronymic Name|388
5|Rights of an Adulterine Child|388
4|14.3.1.3 Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments Without Substantial Difficulties|390
3|14.3.2 Comments and Analyses|391
4|14.3.2.1 Morocco|391
4|14.3.2.2 Tunisia|392
4|14.3.2.3 Lebanon|396
3|14.3.3 The Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments in Other Arab Jurisdictions|397
2|14.4 The Enforcement of Foreign Filiation Judgments Within the General Context of Cross-Border Personal Status Dispute Resolution|399
2|14.5 Conclusion|403
2|References|405
1|15 Synopsis|408
2|15.1 Introduction|408
2|15.2 The Legal Family|409
2|15.3 The Biological Family|410
2|15.4 The Social Family|413
2|15.5 Conclusion and Outlook|415
2|References|416