File #2615: "2019_Book_TheInternationalCriminalCourtI.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|6
2|The International Criminal Court After 20 Years: The Possible Way Ahead|6
1|Acknowledgements|13
1|Contents|14
1|Editors and Contributors|16
1|Abbreviations|17
1|1 Introduction|19
2|1.1 Reflections on Achievements and Challenges|20
2|1.2 Effects of the Changing Global Political Framework|22
2|1.3 Relationship vis-à-vis Other Actors|23
2|1.4 Specific Legal Questions|24
1|2 The International Criminal Court 20 Years After Rome – Achievements and Deficits|27
2|Abstract|27
2|2.1 Efficiency|28
2|2.2 Victims|32
2|2.3 E-Court|33
2|2.4 States|34
2|2.5 New Ideas Forward|36
2|2.6 Conclusion|38
2|References|39
1|3 Withdrawal from the International Criminal Court: International and Domestic Implications|41
2|Abstract|41
2|3.1 Introduction|42
2|3.2 Overview of State Withdrawals from the International Criminal Court|43
2|3.3 International Legal Implications of Withdrawal|45
3|3.3.1 Pre-Existing Obligations under the Rome Statute|46
3|3.3.2 Jurisdiction of the Court|48
4|3.3.2.1 What Is a ‘Matter Under Consideration by the Court’|49
4|3.3.2.2 Other Matters|50
3|3.3.3 Can Withdrawal Be Withdrawn?|54
2|3.4 Domestic Legal Implications|56
3|3.4.1 Domestication of International Crimes|56
3|3.4.2 Constitutionality of Withdrawal|57
2|3.5 Conclusion|60
2|References|60
1|4 African Regional Developments – Challenge or Chance for the International Criminal Court? Three Courts in One: The African Criminal Court|61
2|Abstract|61
2|4.1 Setting the Context: The Establishment of the African Criminal Court|62
2|4.2 Historical Background to the Establishment of the African Criminal Court|64
2|4.3 Structure and Jurisdiction of the African Criminal Court|65
2|4.4 Immunity in the Statute of the African Court|70
2|4.5 The ACC as a Complementary Court: Complementarity Principle|72
2|4.6 The Relationship of the African Criminal Court and the ICC: Are They Competing Courts?|73
2|4.7 Concluding Remarks|75
2|References|76
1|5 Immunity of High-Ranking Officials Before the International Criminal Court – Between International Law and Political Reality|78
2|Abstract|78
2|5.1 The ICC in a Tight Spot|79
2|5.2 Of ‘Lesser Nations’, Travel Maps and the Man in the Middle|81
2|5.3 The Immunities Debate in the Context of a Complicated Africa-ICC Relationship|82
2|5.4 South Africa’s Failure to Arrest President Omar Al-Bashir|87
2|5.5 ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II Finds Against South Africa|91
2|5.6 The Nairobi Appeal Court (Kenya) Follows Its South African Counterpart with Regards to the Inapplicability of Immunity as an Obstacle to Cooperate with the ICC|93
2|5.7 The Jordan Appeal Before the ICC Appeals Chamber|95
2|5.8 Concluding Remarks|97
2|References|99
1|6 The International Criminal Court and Nationals of Non-Party States|100
2|Abstract|100
2|6.1 Introduction|101
2|6.2 Situations Involving Nationals of Non-Party States Acting on the Territory of a State Consenting to Jurisdiction|102
3|6.2.1 Georgia/Russia (Under Investigation)|102
3|6.2.2 Afghanistan/United States (Request for Authorisation for Investigation)|103
3|6.2.3 Palestine/Israel (Preliminary Examination)|103
3|6.2.4 Ukraine/Russia (Preliminary Examination)|104
3|6.2.5 Bangladesh/Myanmar (Preliminary Examination)|105
3|6.2.6 Republic of Korea/Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (Decision Not to Investigate)|105
3|6.2.7 Comoros/Israel (Decision Not to Investigate)|106
2|6.3 Challenges in Prosecuting Nationals of Non-Parties|106
3|6.3.1 Non-Customary Crimes and the Prohibition on Retroactive Criminalisation|106
3|6.3.2 Simultaneous Application of Different Criminal Codes|111
3|6.3.3 Impact of the Court’s Work on the Rights and Interests of Non-Party States|116
2|6.4 The Way Forward|123
2|References|124
1|7 The International Criminal Court and the Security Council – The International Criminal Court as a Political Tool?|128
2|Abstract|128
2|7.1 Introduction|129
3|7.1.1 Background|129
3|7.1.2 Terminology|129
2|7.2 Referrals|130
3|7.2.1 Darfur (Sudan), Resolution 1593 (2005)|130
4|7.2.1.1 Background|130
4|7.2.1.2 Status of the Situation|131
4|7.2.1.3 Approach by the P5 and Sudan|132
4|7.2.1.4 Conclusion|133
3|7.2.2 Libya, Resolution 1970 (2011)|133
4|7.2.2.1 Background|133
4|7.2.2.2 Status of the Situation|134
4|7.2.2.3 Approach by the P5|135
4|7.2.2.4 Conclusion|135
2|7.3 Failed Referrals|136
3|7.3.1 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea|136
3|7.3.2 Syria|138
4|7.3.2.1 Background|138
4|7.3.2.2 Draft Referral S/2014/348|138
4|7.3.2.3 Side Note: The International Impartial and Independent Mechanism|140
3|7.3.3 Myanmar|140
4|7.3.3.1 Background|140
4|7.3.3.2 Debates in the Security Council|140
4|7.3.3.3 Possible Jurisdiction of the ICC…|141
4|7.3.3.4 …and a Possible Deferral by the Security Council?|141
3|7.3.4 Excursus: The International Criminal Tribunal for Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17|142
2|7.4 Africa and the ICC|143
3|7.4.1 The Case of South Africa|143
4|7.4.1.1 Al-Bashir’s Failed Arrest in South Africa|143
4|7.4.1.2 Withdrawal from the ICC and Withdrawal from the Withdrawal|144
4|7.4.1.3 Conclusion|144
3|7.4.2 States Quitting the ICC|145
2|7.5 Conclusion|145
2|References|146
1|8 The International Criminal Court Reparations Scheme – A Yardstick for Hybrid Tribunals?|148
2|Abstract|148
2|8.1 Introduction|148
2|8.2 The ICC’s Reparations Function and Hybrid Regimes in Place|150
3|8.2.1 The ICC Regime|150
3|8.2.2 Select Hybrid Courts’ Reparation Regimes|154
2|8.3 Challenges|158
2|8.4 Conclusion|160
2|References|160
1|9 The International Criminal Court and Substantive Criminal Law: Progressive Development or Cautious Reluctance?|162
2|Abstract|162
2|References|169
1|10 Activating the Crime of Aggression Amendments: A Look Ahead|171
2|Abstract|171
2|10.1 Introduction|172
2|10.2 The Court|173
2|10.3 The Assembly of States Parties|180
2|10.4 States and Individuals|182
2|10.5 International Law|184
2|10.6 Conclusion|186
2|References|187
1|Index|189
2|The International Criminal Court After 20 Years: The Possible Way Ahead|6
1|Acknowledgements|13
1|Contents|14
1|Editors and Contributors|16
1|Abbreviations|17
1|1 Introduction|19
2|1.1 Reflections on Achievements and Challenges|20
2|1.2 Effects of the Changing Global Political Framework|22
2|1.3 Relationship vis-à-vis Other Actors|23
2|1.4 Specific Legal Questions|24
1|2 The International Criminal Court 20 Years After Rome – Achievements and Deficits|27
2|Abstract|27
2|2.1 Efficiency|28
2|2.2 Victims|32
2|2.3 E-Court|33
2|2.4 States|34
2|2.5 New Ideas Forward|36
2|2.6 Conclusion|38
2|References|39
1|3 Withdrawal from the International Criminal Court: International and Domestic Implications|41
2|Abstract|41
2|3.1 Introduction|42
2|3.2 Overview of State Withdrawals from the International Criminal Court|43
2|3.3 International Legal Implications of Withdrawal|45
3|3.3.1 Pre-Existing Obligations under the Rome Statute|46
3|3.3.2 Jurisdiction of the Court|48
4|3.3.2.1 What Is a ‘Matter Under Consideration by the Court’|49
4|3.3.2.2 Other Matters|50
3|3.3.3 Can Withdrawal Be Withdrawn?|54
2|3.4 Domestic Legal Implications|56
3|3.4.1 Domestication of International Crimes|56
3|3.4.2 Constitutionality of Withdrawal|57
2|3.5 Conclusion|60
2|References|60
1|4 African Regional Developments – Challenge or Chance for the International Criminal Court? Three Courts in One: The African Criminal Court|61
2|Abstract|61
2|4.1 Setting the Context: The Establishment of the African Criminal Court|62
2|4.2 Historical Background to the Establishment of the African Criminal Court|64
2|4.3 Structure and Jurisdiction of the African Criminal Court|65
2|4.4 Immunity in the Statute of the African Court|70
2|4.5 The ACC as a Complementary Court: Complementarity Principle|72
2|4.6 The Relationship of the African Criminal Court and the ICC: Are They Competing Courts?|73
2|4.7 Concluding Remarks|75
2|References|76
1|5 Immunity of High-Ranking Officials Before the International Criminal Court – Between International Law and Political Reality|78
2|Abstract|78
2|5.1 The ICC in a Tight Spot|79
2|5.2 Of ‘Lesser Nations’, Travel Maps and the Man in the Middle|81
2|5.3 The Immunities Debate in the Context of a Complicated Africa-ICC Relationship|82
2|5.4 South Africa’s Failure to Arrest President Omar Al-Bashir|87
2|5.5 ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II Finds Against South Africa|91
2|5.6 The Nairobi Appeal Court (Kenya) Follows Its South African Counterpart with Regards to the Inapplicability of Immunity as an Obstacle to Cooperate with the ICC|93
2|5.7 The Jordan Appeal Before the ICC Appeals Chamber|95
2|5.8 Concluding Remarks|97
2|References|99
1|6 The International Criminal Court and Nationals of Non-Party States|100
2|Abstract|100
2|6.1 Introduction|101
2|6.2 Situations Involving Nationals of Non-Party States Acting on the Territory of a State Consenting to Jurisdiction|102
3|6.2.1 Georgia/Russia (Under Investigation)|102
3|6.2.2 Afghanistan/United States (Request for Authorisation for Investigation)|103
3|6.2.3 Palestine/Israel (Preliminary Examination)|103
3|6.2.4 Ukraine/Russia (Preliminary Examination)|104
3|6.2.5 Bangladesh/Myanmar (Preliminary Examination)|105
3|6.2.6 Republic of Korea/Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (Decision Not to Investigate)|105
3|6.2.7 Comoros/Israel (Decision Not to Investigate)|106
2|6.3 Challenges in Prosecuting Nationals of Non-Parties|106
3|6.3.1 Non-Customary Crimes and the Prohibition on Retroactive Criminalisation|106
3|6.3.2 Simultaneous Application of Different Criminal Codes|111
3|6.3.3 Impact of the Court’s Work on the Rights and Interests of Non-Party States|116
2|6.4 The Way Forward|123
2|References|124
1|7 The International Criminal Court and the Security Council – The International Criminal Court as a Political Tool?|128
2|Abstract|128
2|7.1 Introduction|129
3|7.1.1 Background|129
3|7.1.2 Terminology|129
2|7.2 Referrals|130
3|7.2.1 Darfur (Sudan), Resolution 1593 (2005)|130
4|7.2.1.1 Background|130
4|7.2.1.2 Status of the Situation|131
4|7.2.1.3 Approach by the P5 and Sudan|132
4|7.2.1.4 Conclusion|133
3|7.2.2 Libya, Resolution 1970 (2011)|133
4|7.2.2.1 Background|133
4|7.2.2.2 Status of the Situation|134
4|7.2.2.3 Approach by the P5|135
4|7.2.2.4 Conclusion|135
2|7.3 Failed Referrals|136
3|7.3.1 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea|136
3|7.3.2 Syria|138
4|7.3.2.1 Background|138
4|7.3.2.2 Draft Referral S/2014/348|138
4|7.3.2.3 Side Note: The International Impartial and Independent Mechanism|140
3|7.3.3 Myanmar|140
4|7.3.3.1 Background|140
4|7.3.3.2 Debates in the Security Council|140
4|7.3.3.3 Possible Jurisdiction of the ICC…|141
4|7.3.3.4 …and a Possible Deferral by the Security Council?|141
3|7.3.4 Excursus: The International Criminal Tribunal for Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17|142
2|7.4 Africa and the ICC|143
3|7.4.1 The Case of South Africa|143
4|7.4.1.1 Al-Bashir’s Failed Arrest in South Africa|143
4|7.4.1.2 Withdrawal from the ICC and Withdrawal from the Withdrawal|144
4|7.4.1.3 Conclusion|144
3|7.4.2 States Quitting the ICC|145
2|7.5 Conclusion|145
2|References|146
1|8 The International Criminal Court Reparations Scheme – A Yardstick for Hybrid Tribunals?|148
2|Abstract|148
2|8.1 Introduction|148
2|8.2 The ICC’s Reparations Function and Hybrid Regimes in Place|150
3|8.2.1 The ICC Regime|150
3|8.2.2 Select Hybrid Courts’ Reparation Regimes|154
2|8.3 Challenges|158
2|8.4 Conclusion|160
2|References|160
1|9 The International Criminal Court and Substantive Criminal Law: Progressive Development or Cautious Reluctance?|162
2|Abstract|162
2|References|169
1|10 Activating the Crime of Aggression Amendments: A Look Ahead|171
2|Abstract|171
2|10.1 Introduction|172
2|10.2 The Court|173
2|10.3 The Assembly of States Parties|180
2|10.4 States and Individuals|182
2|10.5 International Law|184
2|10.6 Conclusion|186
2|References|187
1|Index|189