File #2621: "2019_Book_ChineseCriminalEntrepreneursIn.pdf"
Text
1|Acknowledgements|6
1|Notes|10
1|Contents|11
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|13
1|List of Figures|15
1|1: Introduction|16
2|1.1 From TOC to New Criminal Entrepreneurs: Who Are They?|21
2|1.2 BCB|23
2|1.3 Sources and Methodology|25
3|1.3.1 Interview and Documentation|27
3|1.3.2 The Data Collection Process|30
3|1.3.3 Methods of Data Analysis|36
2|1.4 Organisation of Volume I|38
2|Bibliography|42
3|Academic Publications and Books|42
3|Government and Official Publications|46
3|Judicial Documents|47
3|News Reports|47
1|2: Theoretical Perspectives on Organised Crime|48
2|2.1 Organised Crime Monopolists and Competitive Criminal Firms|49
2|2.2 Criminal Entrepreneurs Organised in Networks: Non-Social Network Analysis Studies|55
3|2.2.1 Ethnicity-Based Theme: Asian Transnational Crime Research|56
3|2.2.2 Other Themes: Activity-Based and Market Segment–Based|62
3|2.2.3 Natarajan and Belanger Typology (1998)|64
2|2.3 Applicable Criminology Positivist Theories|69
3|2.3.1 Unsuitability of Labelling Theory and Symbolic Interactionism|72
2|2.4 Conclusion|76
2|Bibliography|78
3|Academic Publications and Books|78
3|Government and Official Publications|83
1|3: BCB Origins|84
2|3.1 Historic Interpretation|85
3|3.1.1 Mainland China: Validity of the Stories|85
3|3.1.2 Escape to Hong Kong and Criminality|89
2|3.2 Migrating Abroad: Factors and Movement|95
3|3.2.1 First Generation: US, Netherlands, Thailand, and South America|95
3|3.2.2 Second Generation: Major Influx Due to Canadian Immigration Policy|97
4|3.2.2.1 The First Wave|97
4|3.2.2.2 The Second Wave|99
2|3.3 Conclusion|101
2|Bibliography|107
3|Academic Publications and Books|107
3|Government and Official Publications|108
3|Judicial Documents|108
1|4: BCB Organisation|109
2|4.1 Canadian Organised Crime Legislation|109
3|4.1.1 Anti-Gang Laws|110
3|4.1.2 Precedent in Case Law|113
3|4.1.3 Prosecutorial Aim, Conspiracy Law, and Investigative Mandate|115
2|4.2 BCB Organisational Features|120
3|4.2.1 Membership System, Initiation Rituals, and Organisational Rules|120
3|4.2.2 Leadership, Enforcement Against Name Misuse, and Territorial Control|122
3|4.2.3 Redefining the BCB: Identifier and Label|126
2|4.3 Conclusion|131
2|Bibliography|134
3|Academic Publications and Books|134
3|Judicial Documents|135
3|News Reports|135
1|5: BCB Activities 1: Non-Drug Related|136
2|5.1 Multiple, Simultaneous Activities Driven by Profit and Risk|136
2|5.2 Initial Trial-and-Error Phase as Pocket-Picking Thieves|141
2|5.3 Counterfeiting: Credit Card and Other Items|143
2|5.4 Violent Reputation Restored and Reinvented|150
2|5.5 Sporadic Violence Since the Mid-1980s|153
2|5.6 Localised Coercion Since the 1990s: Robberies, Extortion, and Loan-sharking|158
2|5.7 Minor Connections to Ideological Affiliations|162
2|5.8 Conclusion|165
2|Bibliography|168
3|Academic Publications and Books|168
3|Government and Official Publications|169
3|Judicial Documents|169
3|News Reports|171
1|6: BCB Activities 2: Drug Trafficking|172
2|6.1 Heroin: Competitive Dominance of the Market|172
2|6.2 Canadian Heroin Demand, Year 2000|178
3|6.2.1 Calculations|179
3|6.2.2 Comparative Demographics: Canada and the US|180
2|6.3 ATS|185
2|6.4 Marijuana|188
2|6.5 Bartering: Marijuana for Cocaine|192
2|6.6 Conclusion|198
2|Bibliography|202
3|Academic Publications and Books|202
3|Government and Official Publications|203
3|Judicial Documents|204
1|7: BCB Structure|205
2|7.1 General Estimates: Size and Location|205
2|7.2 Intercellular Network Level: Decentralised, Highly Connected BCB Leaders|209
2|7.3 Four Dimensions of the Cellular Network: Law Enforcement Perceptions|212
2|7.4 Intracellular Organisation Level: Structure and Dynamics|216
3|7.4.1 dai lo the Leader|216
3|7.4.2 How One Becomes a dai lo|219
3|7.4.3 Simultaneous Roles for dai lo, Flexible Allegiances for Worker|221
3|7.4.4 Informal Organisation 1: No Rank Structure, Only Simple Hierarchy|224
3|7.4.5 Informal Organisation 2: Size, Division of Labour, and Recognition|227
2|7.5 Conclusion|231
2|Bibliography|233
3|Academic Publications and Books|233
3|Judicial Documents|234
1|8: BCB Violence|236
2|8.1 Image to Outsiders|236
3|8.1.1 Profit Disputes Rather than Entity, Commodity, or Territory Disputes|240
4|8.1.1.1 Business Violence: Enforcement, Discipline, and Retribution|242
4|8.1.1.2 Non-Business Violence: Gambling Debt|247
3|8.1.2 Reputation Attributed to False Labelling|249
2|8.2 Conclusion|252
2|Bibliography|254
3|Academic Publications and Books|254
3|Judicial Documents|255
3|News Reports|256
1|9: BCB Community|257
2|9.1 International Connections: Distant Sources of Trust|257
3|9.1.1 Smuggled Routes and Bases|257
3|9.1.2 Home Villagers in China|262
2|9.2 Establishing Trust in Canada|265
3|9.2.1 Settling in, Reconnecting, and Labour Jobs|267
3|9.2.2 Criminal Community Formation|271
2|9.3 An Uncertain Future for the BCB: A Third Generation?|278
2|9.4 Conclusion|283
2|Bibliography|287
3|Academic Publications and Books|287
3|Judicial Documents|288
1|10: Conclusion|290
1|Appendices|294
2|Appendix A|294
2|Appendix B|295
3|Personal Background of BCB and Important Associates|295
2|Appendix C|299
3|Chan Kwok Yung Statement, PCBC 1999a: C43794-01-D Bail Hearing|299
1|List of Respondents|306
2|Personal Communication|306
2|Formal Interviews|306
2|Informal Discussions: Some Are Cited in the Book (R8–R11, R14, R16, and R22); All of the Participants Provided Major Assistance; These Involved Communications or Meetings on Various Occasions and Are Listed by Fieldwork Chronology|307
1|Bibliography|309
2|Academic Publications and Books|309
2|Government and Official Publications|324
2|Judicial Documents|327
2|News Reports|340
1|Index|342
1|Notes|10
1|Contents|11
1|Abbreviations and Acronyms|13
1|List of Figures|15
1|1: Introduction|16
2|1.1 From TOC to New Criminal Entrepreneurs: Who Are They?|21
2|1.2 BCB|23
2|1.3 Sources and Methodology|25
3|1.3.1 Interview and Documentation|27
3|1.3.2 The Data Collection Process|30
3|1.3.3 Methods of Data Analysis|36
2|1.4 Organisation of Volume I|38
2|Bibliography|42
3|Academic Publications and Books|42
3|Government and Official Publications|46
3|Judicial Documents|47
3|News Reports|47
1|2: Theoretical Perspectives on Organised Crime|48
2|2.1 Organised Crime Monopolists and Competitive Criminal Firms|49
2|2.2 Criminal Entrepreneurs Organised in Networks: Non-Social Network Analysis Studies|55
3|2.2.1 Ethnicity-Based Theme: Asian Transnational Crime Research|56
3|2.2.2 Other Themes: Activity-Based and Market Segment–Based|62
3|2.2.3 Natarajan and Belanger Typology (1998)|64
2|2.3 Applicable Criminology Positivist Theories|69
3|2.3.1 Unsuitability of Labelling Theory and Symbolic Interactionism|72
2|2.4 Conclusion|76
2|Bibliography|78
3|Academic Publications and Books|78
3|Government and Official Publications|83
1|3: BCB Origins|84
2|3.1 Historic Interpretation|85
3|3.1.1 Mainland China: Validity of the Stories|85
3|3.1.2 Escape to Hong Kong and Criminality|89
2|3.2 Migrating Abroad: Factors and Movement|95
3|3.2.1 First Generation: US, Netherlands, Thailand, and South America|95
3|3.2.2 Second Generation: Major Influx Due to Canadian Immigration Policy|97
4|3.2.2.1 The First Wave|97
4|3.2.2.2 The Second Wave|99
2|3.3 Conclusion|101
2|Bibliography|107
3|Academic Publications and Books|107
3|Government and Official Publications|108
3|Judicial Documents|108
1|4: BCB Organisation|109
2|4.1 Canadian Organised Crime Legislation|109
3|4.1.1 Anti-Gang Laws|110
3|4.1.2 Precedent in Case Law|113
3|4.1.3 Prosecutorial Aim, Conspiracy Law, and Investigative Mandate|115
2|4.2 BCB Organisational Features|120
3|4.2.1 Membership System, Initiation Rituals, and Organisational Rules|120
3|4.2.2 Leadership, Enforcement Against Name Misuse, and Territorial Control|122
3|4.2.3 Redefining the BCB: Identifier and Label|126
2|4.3 Conclusion|131
2|Bibliography|134
3|Academic Publications and Books|134
3|Judicial Documents|135
3|News Reports|135
1|5: BCB Activities 1: Non-Drug Related|136
2|5.1 Multiple, Simultaneous Activities Driven by Profit and Risk|136
2|5.2 Initial Trial-and-Error Phase as Pocket-Picking Thieves|141
2|5.3 Counterfeiting: Credit Card and Other Items|143
2|5.4 Violent Reputation Restored and Reinvented|150
2|5.5 Sporadic Violence Since the Mid-1980s|153
2|5.6 Localised Coercion Since the 1990s: Robberies, Extortion, and Loan-sharking|158
2|5.7 Minor Connections to Ideological Affiliations|162
2|5.8 Conclusion|165
2|Bibliography|168
3|Academic Publications and Books|168
3|Government and Official Publications|169
3|Judicial Documents|169
3|News Reports|171
1|6: BCB Activities 2: Drug Trafficking|172
2|6.1 Heroin: Competitive Dominance of the Market|172
2|6.2 Canadian Heroin Demand, Year 2000|178
3|6.2.1 Calculations|179
3|6.2.2 Comparative Demographics: Canada and the US|180
2|6.3 ATS|185
2|6.4 Marijuana|188
2|6.5 Bartering: Marijuana for Cocaine|192
2|6.6 Conclusion|198
2|Bibliography|202
3|Academic Publications and Books|202
3|Government and Official Publications|203
3|Judicial Documents|204
1|7: BCB Structure|205
2|7.1 General Estimates: Size and Location|205
2|7.2 Intercellular Network Level: Decentralised, Highly Connected BCB Leaders|209
2|7.3 Four Dimensions of the Cellular Network: Law Enforcement Perceptions|212
2|7.4 Intracellular Organisation Level: Structure and Dynamics|216
3|7.4.1 dai lo the Leader|216
3|7.4.2 How One Becomes a dai lo|219
3|7.4.3 Simultaneous Roles for dai lo, Flexible Allegiances for Worker|221
3|7.4.4 Informal Organisation 1: No Rank Structure, Only Simple Hierarchy|224
3|7.4.5 Informal Organisation 2: Size, Division of Labour, and Recognition|227
2|7.5 Conclusion|231
2|Bibliography|233
3|Academic Publications and Books|233
3|Judicial Documents|234
1|8: BCB Violence|236
2|8.1 Image to Outsiders|236
3|8.1.1 Profit Disputes Rather than Entity, Commodity, or Territory Disputes|240
4|8.1.1.1 Business Violence: Enforcement, Discipline, and Retribution|242
4|8.1.1.2 Non-Business Violence: Gambling Debt|247
3|8.1.2 Reputation Attributed to False Labelling|249
2|8.2 Conclusion|252
2|Bibliography|254
3|Academic Publications and Books|254
3|Judicial Documents|255
3|News Reports|256
1|9: BCB Community|257
2|9.1 International Connections: Distant Sources of Trust|257
3|9.1.1 Smuggled Routes and Bases|257
3|9.1.2 Home Villagers in China|262
2|9.2 Establishing Trust in Canada|265
3|9.2.1 Settling in, Reconnecting, and Labour Jobs|267
3|9.2.2 Criminal Community Formation|271
2|9.3 An Uncertain Future for the BCB: A Third Generation?|278
2|9.4 Conclusion|283
2|Bibliography|287
3|Academic Publications and Books|287
3|Judicial Documents|288
1|10: Conclusion|290
1|Appendices|294
2|Appendix A|294
2|Appendix B|295
3|Personal Background of BCB and Important Associates|295
2|Appendix C|299
3|Chan Kwok Yung Statement, PCBC 1999a: C43794-01-D Bail Hearing|299
1|List of Respondents|306
2|Personal Communication|306
2|Formal Interviews|306
2|Informal Discussions: Some Are Cited in the Book (R8–R11, R14, R16, and R22); All of the Participants Provided Major Assistance; These Involved Communications or Meetings on Various Occasions and Are Listed by Fieldwork Chronology|307
1|Bibliography|309
2|Academic Publications and Books|309
2|Government and Official Publications|324
2|Judicial Documents|327
2|News Reports|340
1|Index|342