File #2628: "2019_Book_InternationalHumanRightsOfWome.pdf"
Text
1|Series Preface|6
1|Volume Preface|8
1|Contents|11
1|About the Series Editor|14
1|About the Editor|15
1|Contributors|16
1|Women, Gender, and International Human Rights: Overview|18
2|Introduction|19
2|The Public-Private Divide and Gender-Based Violence|20
2|Indivisibility of Rights: A Gender Issue|22
2|Universality, Culture, and Context|25
2|Difference, Intersectionality, and Vulnerability|28
2|Law, Implementation, and Root Causes|30
2|Conclusion|33
2|Cross-References|34
2|References|34
1|Part I: Theoretical Approaches and Debates|36
2|Women´s Rights as Human Rights: Twenty-Five Years On|37
3|Introduction|38
3|Engaging with Human Rights|40
4|International Human Rights: Still a Moral and Ethical Vision with Global Resonance|40
4|The Possibilities and Limits of Transnational Human Rights Activism in Achieving Feminist Goals|42
4|Conceptualizing Approaches to Women´s Human Rights Advocacy: Then and Now|43
4|Failing to Take Women´s Rights Seriously: The Excuses Revisited|44
3|Integrating Women´s Rights into Human Rights|45
4|Violence Against Women: A Persistent Form of Domination and Intimidation|45
4|The Adequacy of the International Human Rights Community´s Response to Gender-Based Violence|45
4|Women´s Human Rights Advocacy and the Rights of Woman-Identified People|46
3|Bringing a Feminist Perspective to Wider Human Rights Issues|48
4|Beyond the Prioritization of Civil and Political Rights over Social and Economic Rights|48
4|Applying an Intersectional Women´s Human Rights Lens|49
4|Responding to the ``Rights of Sovereign States´´|51
3|Conclusion|52
4|The Gender Transformation of Mainstream Human Rights: An Unfinished Agenda|52
3|Cross-References|53
3|References|53
4|Law and Cases|54
1|The Indivisibility of Rights and Substantive Equality for Women|55
2|Introduction|56
2|From Welfare Policy to the Recognition of Economic and Social Human Rights|57
2|The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action|59
2|Some Important Changes in the Post-Vienna Decades|60
3|International Treaties and Global Policy|61
3|Redefining Equality for Women|63
3|Enforcement of State Obligation in National Contexts|66
2|Some Current Challenges|68
3|Substantive Equality and the Economic and Social Rights of Women Affected by Conflict|68
3|Development Policies and Substantive Equality for Women|69
2|Conclusions|71
2|Cross-References|72
2|References|72
3|Official documents|75
1|The Human Rights of Minority and Indigenous Women|78
2|Human Rights: Universality Versus Relativity|79
3|Feminism and International Law|80
3|Islam and Women´s Human Rights|81
3|Feminism, Gender, and Women´s Rights|84
3|Feminism and Group Rights|86
3|Concepts, Theories, and the Law|89
3|Minority Groups and Indigenous Peoples in International Law|89
2|Minority Rights Theories and Critiques|91
2|Cross-References|94
2|References|94
1|Part II: Human Rights Mechanisms for the Advancement of Womens Rights and Gender Equality|98
2|The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|99
3|Introduction|100
3|A Human Rights Treaty Specifically Focused on Women|100
3|Discrimination Against Women as a Cross-Cutting Human Rights Issue|102
3|Content of CEDAW|103
4|The Preamble|103
4|Convention Articles 1-5: Fundamental Issues|103
4|Convention Articles 6-16: Specific Topic Areas|106
3|Violence Against Women|112
3|Making CEDAW Work for Women|113
4|Articles 17-22: Procedures|113
4|Article 21: General Recommendations|114
4|Role of Civil Society and Other Information Sources|114
4|The Optional Protocol|114
4|Reservations|115
3|Conclusion|116
3|Cross-References|116
3|References|117
4|Law and Cases|118
2|Women and the Human Rights Paradigm in the African Context|120
3|Introduction|121
4|Methodology and Chapter Organization|122
3|Global Political Economy and Human Rights in Africa|123
3|Individual Rights in Communitarian Settings|126
3|Strategies, Successes, and Challenges of Women´s Rights in Africa|128
4|The Myth of the Silent and Oppressed African Woman|128
3|Changing Landscapes, Generational Differences, and Social Media|129
3|Intersectionality and Changing Dynamics of Women´s Rights Activism in Africa|130
3|Conclusion|131
3|References|132
4|Law and Cases|133
2|Gender Equality and the European Convention on Human Rights|134
3|Introduction|135
3|Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights|136
4|Widening the Scope of Article 14: From Breach to Ambit|136
4|Elasticity of Grounds|137
4|Defining Discrimination|138
3|Article 14 and Substantive Equality|140
4|Substantive Equality: A Four-Dimensional Approach|140
4|Gender|143
4|Sexual Orientation and Transgender|146
3|Conclusion|148
3|References|149
1|Women´s Rights and the Inter-American System|151
2|Introduction|152
2|The Evolution of Women´s Rights in the Inter-American System|152
3|Defining Women´s Rights|153
2|Making Progress: Advancing a Feminist Rights Perspective|156
3|Institutionalizing Women´s Rights Civil Society|156
3|Expanding Due Diligence|157
2|Litigating Women´s Rights: Inter-American Court Jurisprudence|159
2|Conclusion|161
3|Linking Rights: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and Women|162
3|Gender-Based Reparations|163
2|Cross-References|163
2|References|164
3|Law and Cases|165
1|The ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children|166
2|Introduction|167
2|The Vienna World Conference on Human Rights 1993|167
2|Toward an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism|170
2|The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights and the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration|173
2|The ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children|175
2|The Elimination of Violence Against Women: A Primary Goal of the ACWC|177
2|Conclusion|179
2|Cross-Reference|179
2|References|180
3|Law and Cases|181
1|Part III: Gendered Civil and Political Rights|183
2|Electoral Quotas and Women´s Rights|184
3|Introduction|185
3|Gender Quotas and Women´s Rights: The Human Rights Framework|186
3|Women´s Descriptive Representation|187
3|Why Does Women´s Descriptive Representation Matter?|189
3|Explaining Women´s Underrepresentation|191
3|Defining Electoral Gender Quotas|193
3|The Adoption of Electoral Gender Quotas|195
3|The Effectiveness of Electoral Gender Quotas|197
3|Conclusion|199
3|References|199
4|Law and Cases|201
1|Gender Discrimination in Nationality Laws: Human Rights Pathways to Gender Neutrality|202
2|Introduction|203
2|The Issue|204
3|Individual Impact|204
3|The Scale of Gender Discrimination in Nationality Laws|204
3|Underlying Reasons for Gendered Nationality Rights|205
3|Broader Consequences|206
2|CEDAW and the Global Emergence of Women´s Nationality Rights|206
3|The History of Nationality Rights as a Women´s Rights Issue|206
3|The Establishment of CEDAW and Women´s Equal Nationality Rights|207
3|Recommendations by CEDAW´s Committee on the Nationality Rights of Women|208
3|The Future of Nationality Rights as a Women´s Rights Issue|209
2|Leveraging Other Frameworks to Effect Change|210
3|The Right to a Nationality as a Broader Human Right|210
3|Gender Equality in the Sustainable Development Goals|212
3|Global Campaigning on Equal Nationality Rights|212
2|Conclusion|213
2|Cross-References|214
2|References|214
3|Law and Cases|216
1|Women Human Rights Defenders|217
2|Introduction|218
2|The HRD Framework|219
2|Drafting the DHRD: A Site of Contested Meaning|222
2|The HRD Framework and the Women´s Human Rights Movement of the 1990s|224
3|The Public-Private Divide and Violence Against Women|225
3|The Right to Reproductive Health and Justice|226
3|The Indivisibility of All Human Rights|226
2|Definitions of ``Women Human Rights Defenders´´|227
3|Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition|228
3|UN General Assembly Resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders|229
2|Conclusion|231
2|Cross-References|231
2|References|231
3|Law and Cases|234
1|Part IV: Human Rights in Family and Private Life|235
1|Human Rights Responses to Violence Against Women|236
2|Introduction|237
2|International Human Rights Instruments Addressing Violence Against Women|238
3|Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women|239
3|CEDAW General Recommendations Relating to Violence Against Women|239
3|CEDAW Optional Protocol|241
3|Other Significant Mechanisms and Norms Addressing Violence Against Women|242
3|Mainstreaming Violence Against Women in the Work of Other Human Rights Mechanisms|244
3|Developments in Regional Human Rights Systems: Some Highlights|246
2|Conclusion|247
2|Cross-References|248
2|References|248
3|Law and Cases|249
1|Advancing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Adolescents in Africa: The Role of the Courts|253
2|Introduction|254
2|Autonomy and the Construction of Adolescents|255
2|National Courts and Adolescents´ Sexual and Reproductive Health|256
2|Judicial Decisions Relating to the Sexual Health Needs of Adolescents|257
2|Recognizing Adolescents´ Decision-Making Capability (Autonomy)|258
2|Recognizing the Gender Dimension of Adolescents´ Decision-Making Powers (Asking the Female Adolescent Question)|264
2|Conclusion|269
2|References|269
3|Law and Cases|271
1|Disability, Domestic Violence, and Human Rights|272
2|Introduction|273
2|Women with Disabilities and the Experience of DFV|274
3|Unique Forms of Violence|274
3|The Role of the State and the Medical Profession in Perpetrating Abuse|275
3|Implementation and Enforcement Problems|276
2|How International Human Rights Laws Have Responded to Disability DFV|277
3|The CRPD as the First Convention to Expressly Protect Women Survivors of DFV|277
3|The CRPD and a New Disability Human Rights Paradigm|278
3|What the CRPD Requires of States Parties|278
3|The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: General Comment No. 3|279
3|How States Are Faring|280
2|Conclusion and Recommendations|283
2|References|283
3|Law and Cases|287
1|Part V: Social and Economic Rights of Women|288
1|Sexual Health and Sexual Rights|289
2|Introduction|290
2|Constructing an Understanding of Sexual and Reproductive Health as Human Rights Concerns|291
3|Understanding Sexuality-Related Rights in Relation to Sexual Health|293
2|From Protecting Sexual Health to Advancing Sexual Rights: Challenges and Advances|295
3|Challenging Criminalization with Public Health Evidence and Strategies|296
3|Evolving Bodily Autonomy: Disentangling Sexual Health and Sexual Rights|299
3|Fully Informed Decision-Making and Positive Sexuality and Sexual Health|301
2|Conclusion|304
2|References|305
3|Law and Cases|308
1|Securing the Social and Economic Rights of Women in Economic Policy Making|309
2|Introduction|310
2|CEDAW and Economic and Social Rights|310
2|Women´s Economic and Social Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|312
2|Key Human Rights Principles and Obligations|314
2|Maximum Available Resources and Securing Women´s Economic and Social Rights|316
2|Public Expenditure and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|316
2|Taxation and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|318
2|Overseas Development Assistance and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|320
2|Government Borrowing and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|321
2|Monetary Policy and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|322
2|Participation, Transparency, and Accountability in Economic Policy|323
2|Conclusion|324
2|References|324
3|Law and Cases|326
1|Sex Trafficking and International Law|328
2|Introduction|329
2|Sex Trafficking and Modern International Law: A Short History|330
2|Trends|331
3|Trafficking and Slavery|331
3|The Geography and Scope of Global Sex Trafficking|333
2|Data Collection Challenges|339
3|Political Challenges|339
3|Empirical Challenges|341
2|The Limitations of International Law|341
2|Conclusion|343
2|References|343
3|Law and Cases|345
1|Part VI: Human Rights, Gender, Culture, and Religion|346
1|International Law and Child Marriage|347
2|Introduction|348
2|Context|348
2|Causes of Child Marriage|349
2|Consequences of Child Marriage|350
2|International Law Relating to Child Marriage|352
2|Consent to Marriage and the Right to Respect for Private and Family Life|353
2|Explicit Provisions on Child Marriage|354
2|Child Marriage as a Form of Unlawful Discrimination|356
2|Child Marriage as a Form of Slavery or Torture|356
2|Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Trafficking|358
2|Harmful Practices and the Right to Health|358
2|The Right to Education|359
2|The Requirement to Register Births and Marriages|359
2|Toward a Minimum Age for Marriage|360
2|Conclusion|361
2|References|363
3|Law and Cases|364
1|Social and Cultural Implications of ``Honor´´-Based Violence|366
2|Introduction|367
2|The Prevalence of ``Honor´´-Based Violence|367
2|Defining Honor|368
2|Consequences of Losing Honor|369
2|``Honor´´ Killing|370
2|The Murder|372
2|Building A Legal Case|374
2|The Trial|374
2|Cultural Predicaments|377
2|Shafilea´s Case and The Media|378
2|Conclusion|379
2|References|379
1|Islam, Law, and Human Rights of Women in Malaysia|382
2|Introduction|383
2|Islam and Law in Malaysia|383
2|Women, Islam, and Human Rights in Malaysia|385
2|The Actors in the Discourse: Jockeying for Influence|386
2|Islamic Family Law and Women´s Human Rights|389
3|CEDAW Articles 5 and 16 and the Case of Polygamy|389
2|Islamic Criminal Law and Women´s Human Rights|391
3|CEDAW General Recommendations 12 and 19 and the Case of Corporal Punishment|391
3|CEDAW Article 16 and General Recommendations 12 and 19 and the Case of Marital Rape|392
2|Islamic Law, Stereotypes, Participation in Public Life, and Women´s Human Rights|394
3|CEDAW Articles 7 and 11 and the Case of Female Syariah Court Judges|394
2|Conclusion|396
2|Cross-References|398
2|References|398
3|Cases|401
1|Part VII: Gender and Human Rights of Women in Conflict-Affected Contexts|403
1|Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by UN Peacekeepers as Conflict-Related Gender Violence|404
2|Introduction|405
2|Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by UN Peacekeeping Troops Is Widespread and Persistent|406
2|Situating Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by Peacekeepers Within the Context of Conflict-Related Gender Violence|409
3|Poverty and Gender Inequality Put Women at Risk|410
3|Reproducing Gender Inequality: Peacekeeping Mission Masculinities in Post-conflict Societies|412
2|Recommendations for Change|415
2|Conclusion|418
2|Cross-References|418
2|References|418
1|Women´s Human Rights and the Law of Armed Conflict|421
2|Introduction|422
2|The Effect of Warfare on Women|424
2|Developments in LOAC and Women: The Era of International Criminal Law|426
2|The United Nations|427
2|The Role of the ICRC and the Military in Developments of LOAC|428
2|Ongoing Challenges|432
2|Conclusion|434
2|Cross-References|435
2|References|435
3|Law and Cases|437
1|Female Forced Migrants: Accountability Gaps in International Criminal Law|439
2|Introduction|440
2|Harms to Female Forced Migrants|441
2|International Criminal Law|445
2|Accountability Gaps|448
2|Solutions|449
2|Conclusion|452
2|References|452
3|Law and Cases|456
1|UN Security Council Resolution 1325: The Example of Sierra Leone|458
2|Introduction|459
2|UN 1325 and National Action Plans|460
3|Feminist Political Economy|462
3|Methodology|462
2|Situating Violence Against Women in Sierra Leone|463
2|SILNAP and Gender-Based Violence|464
3|Legislative Measures|465
3|The Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children´s Affairs|467
3|The Justice and Security Sectors|468
3|Women´s Civil Society Organizations|469
2|Conclusion|470
2|References|471
1|Index|474
1|Volume Preface|8
1|Contents|11
1|About the Series Editor|14
1|About the Editor|15
1|Contributors|16
1|Women, Gender, and International Human Rights: Overview|18
2|Introduction|19
2|The Public-Private Divide and Gender-Based Violence|20
2|Indivisibility of Rights: A Gender Issue|22
2|Universality, Culture, and Context|25
2|Difference, Intersectionality, and Vulnerability|28
2|Law, Implementation, and Root Causes|30
2|Conclusion|33
2|Cross-References|34
2|References|34
1|Part I: Theoretical Approaches and Debates|36
2|Women´s Rights as Human Rights: Twenty-Five Years On|37
3|Introduction|38
3|Engaging with Human Rights|40
4|International Human Rights: Still a Moral and Ethical Vision with Global Resonance|40
4|The Possibilities and Limits of Transnational Human Rights Activism in Achieving Feminist Goals|42
4|Conceptualizing Approaches to Women´s Human Rights Advocacy: Then and Now|43
4|Failing to Take Women´s Rights Seriously: The Excuses Revisited|44
3|Integrating Women´s Rights into Human Rights|45
4|Violence Against Women: A Persistent Form of Domination and Intimidation|45
4|The Adequacy of the International Human Rights Community´s Response to Gender-Based Violence|45
4|Women´s Human Rights Advocacy and the Rights of Woman-Identified People|46
3|Bringing a Feminist Perspective to Wider Human Rights Issues|48
4|Beyond the Prioritization of Civil and Political Rights over Social and Economic Rights|48
4|Applying an Intersectional Women´s Human Rights Lens|49
4|Responding to the ``Rights of Sovereign States´´|51
3|Conclusion|52
4|The Gender Transformation of Mainstream Human Rights: An Unfinished Agenda|52
3|Cross-References|53
3|References|53
4|Law and Cases|54
1|The Indivisibility of Rights and Substantive Equality for Women|55
2|Introduction|56
2|From Welfare Policy to the Recognition of Economic and Social Human Rights|57
2|The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action|59
2|Some Important Changes in the Post-Vienna Decades|60
3|International Treaties and Global Policy|61
3|Redefining Equality for Women|63
3|Enforcement of State Obligation in National Contexts|66
2|Some Current Challenges|68
3|Substantive Equality and the Economic and Social Rights of Women Affected by Conflict|68
3|Development Policies and Substantive Equality for Women|69
2|Conclusions|71
2|Cross-References|72
2|References|72
3|Official documents|75
1|The Human Rights of Minority and Indigenous Women|78
2|Human Rights: Universality Versus Relativity|79
3|Feminism and International Law|80
3|Islam and Women´s Human Rights|81
3|Feminism, Gender, and Women´s Rights|84
3|Feminism and Group Rights|86
3|Concepts, Theories, and the Law|89
3|Minority Groups and Indigenous Peoples in International Law|89
2|Minority Rights Theories and Critiques|91
2|Cross-References|94
2|References|94
1|Part II: Human Rights Mechanisms for the Advancement of Womens Rights and Gender Equality|98
2|The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|99
3|Introduction|100
3|A Human Rights Treaty Specifically Focused on Women|100
3|Discrimination Against Women as a Cross-Cutting Human Rights Issue|102
3|Content of CEDAW|103
4|The Preamble|103
4|Convention Articles 1-5: Fundamental Issues|103
4|Convention Articles 6-16: Specific Topic Areas|106
3|Violence Against Women|112
3|Making CEDAW Work for Women|113
4|Articles 17-22: Procedures|113
4|Article 21: General Recommendations|114
4|Role of Civil Society and Other Information Sources|114
4|The Optional Protocol|114
4|Reservations|115
3|Conclusion|116
3|Cross-References|116
3|References|117
4|Law and Cases|118
2|Women and the Human Rights Paradigm in the African Context|120
3|Introduction|121
4|Methodology and Chapter Organization|122
3|Global Political Economy and Human Rights in Africa|123
3|Individual Rights in Communitarian Settings|126
3|Strategies, Successes, and Challenges of Women´s Rights in Africa|128
4|The Myth of the Silent and Oppressed African Woman|128
3|Changing Landscapes, Generational Differences, and Social Media|129
3|Intersectionality and Changing Dynamics of Women´s Rights Activism in Africa|130
3|Conclusion|131
3|References|132
4|Law and Cases|133
2|Gender Equality and the European Convention on Human Rights|134
3|Introduction|135
3|Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights|136
4|Widening the Scope of Article 14: From Breach to Ambit|136
4|Elasticity of Grounds|137
4|Defining Discrimination|138
3|Article 14 and Substantive Equality|140
4|Substantive Equality: A Four-Dimensional Approach|140
4|Gender|143
4|Sexual Orientation and Transgender|146
3|Conclusion|148
3|References|149
1|Women´s Rights and the Inter-American System|151
2|Introduction|152
2|The Evolution of Women´s Rights in the Inter-American System|152
3|Defining Women´s Rights|153
2|Making Progress: Advancing a Feminist Rights Perspective|156
3|Institutionalizing Women´s Rights Civil Society|156
3|Expanding Due Diligence|157
2|Litigating Women´s Rights: Inter-American Court Jurisprudence|159
2|Conclusion|161
3|Linking Rights: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and Women|162
3|Gender-Based Reparations|163
2|Cross-References|163
2|References|164
3|Law and Cases|165
1|The ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children|166
2|Introduction|167
2|The Vienna World Conference on Human Rights 1993|167
2|Toward an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism|170
2|The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights and the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration|173
2|The ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children|175
2|The Elimination of Violence Against Women: A Primary Goal of the ACWC|177
2|Conclusion|179
2|Cross-Reference|179
2|References|180
3|Law and Cases|181
1|Part III: Gendered Civil and Political Rights|183
2|Electoral Quotas and Women´s Rights|184
3|Introduction|185
3|Gender Quotas and Women´s Rights: The Human Rights Framework|186
3|Women´s Descriptive Representation|187
3|Why Does Women´s Descriptive Representation Matter?|189
3|Explaining Women´s Underrepresentation|191
3|Defining Electoral Gender Quotas|193
3|The Adoption of Electoral Gender Quotas|195
3|The Effectiveness of Electoral Gender Quotas|197
3|Conclusion|199
3|References|199
4|Law and Cases|201
1|Gender Discrimination in Nationality Laws: Human Rights Pathways to Gender Neutrality|202
2|Introduction|203
2|The Issue|204
3|Individual Impact|204
3|The Scale of Gender Discrimination in Nationality Laws|204
3|Underlying Reasons for Gendered Nationality Rights|205
3|Broader Consequences|206
2|CEDAW and the Global Emergence of Women´s Nationality Rights|206
3|The History of Nationality Rights as a Women´s Rights Issue|206
3|The Establishment of CEDAW and Women´s Equal Nationality Rights|207
3|Recommendations by CEDAW´s Committee on the Nationality Rights of Women|208
3|The Future of Nationality Rights as a Women´s Rights Issue|209
2|Leveraging Other Frameworks to Effect Change|210
3|The Right to a Nationality as a Broader Human Right|210
3|Gender Equality in the Sustainable Development Goals|212
3|Global Campaigning on Equal Nationality Rights|212
2|Conclusion|213
2|Cross-References|214
2|References|214
3|Law and Cases|216
1|Women Human Rights Defenders|217
2|Introduction|218
2|The HRD Framework|219
2|Drafting the DHRD: A Site of Contested Meaning|222
2|The HRD Framework and the Women´s Human Rights Movement of the 1990s|224
3|The Public-Private Divide and Violence Against Women|225
3|The Right to Reproductive Health and Justice|226
3|The Indivisibility of All Human Rights|226
2|Definitions of ``Women Human Rights Defenders´´|227
3|Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition|228
3|UN General Assembly Resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders|229
2|Conclusion|231
2|Cross-References|231
2|References|231
3|Law and Cases|234
1|Part IV: Human Rights in Family and Private Life|235
1|Human Rights Responses to Violence Against Women|236
2|Introduction|237
2|International Human Rights Instruments Addressing Violence Against Women|238
3|Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women|239
3|CEDAW General Recommendations Relating to Violence Against Women|239
3|CEDAW Optional Protocol|241
3|Other Significant Mechanisms and Norms Addressing Violence Against Women|242
3|Mainstreaming Violence Against Women in the Work of Other Human Rights Mechanisms|244
3|Developments in Regional Human Rights Systems: Some Highlights|246
2|Conclusion|247
2|Cross-References|248
2|References|248
3|Law and Cases|249
1|Advancing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Adolescents in Africa: The Role of the Courts|253
2|Introduction|254
2|Autonomy and the Construction of Adolescents|255
2|National Courts and Adolescents´ Sexual and Reproductive Health|256
2|Judicial Decisions Relating to the Sexual Health Needs of Adolescents|257
2|Recognizing Adolescents´ Decision-Making Capability (Autonomy)|258
2|Recognizing the Gender Dimension of Adolescents´ Decision-Making Powers (Asking the Female Adolescent Question)|264
2|Conclusion|269
2|References|269
3|Law and Cases|271
1|Disability, Domestic Violence, and Human Rights|272
2|Introduction|273
2|Women with Disabilities and the Experience of DFV|274
3|Unique Forms of Violence|274
3|The Role of the State and the Medical Profession in Perpetrating Abuse|275
3|Implementation and Enforcement Problems|276
2|How International Human Rights Laws Have Responded to Disability DFV|277
3|The CRPD as the First Convention to Expressly Protect Women Survivors of DFV|277
3|The CRPD and a New Disability Human Rights Paradigm|278
3|What the CRPD Requires of States Parties|278
3|The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: General Comment No. 3|279
3|How States Are Faring|280
2|Conclusion and Recommendations|283
2|References|283
3|Law and Cases|287
1|Part V: Social and Economic Rights of Women|288
1|Sexual Health and Sexual Rights|289
2|Introduction|290
2|Constructing an Understanding of Sexual and Reproductive Health as Human Rights Concerns|291
3|Understanding Sexuality-Related Rights in Relation to Sexual Health|293
2|From Protecting Sexual Health to Advancing Sexual Rights: Challenges and Advances|295
3|Challenging Criminalization with Public Health Evidence and Strategies|296
3|Evolving Bodily Autonomy: Disentangling Sexual Health and Sexual Rights|299
3|Fully Informed Decision-Making and Positive Sexuality and Sexual Health|301
2|Conclusion|304
2|References|305
3|Law and Cases|308
1|Securing the Social and Economic Rights of Women in Economic Policy Making|309
2|Introduction|310
2|CEDAW and Economic and Social Rights|310
2|Women´s Economic and Social Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights|312
2|Key Human Rights Principles and Obligations|314
2|Maximum Available Resources and Securing Women´s Economic and Social Rights|316
2|Public Expenditure and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|316
2|Taxation and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|318
2|Overseas Development Assistance and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|320
2|Government Borrowing and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|321
2|Monetary Policy and Women´s Economic and Social Rights|322
2|Participation, Transparency, and Accountability in Economic Policy|323
2|Conclusion|324
2|References|324
3|Law and Cases|326
1|Sex Trafficking and International Law|328
2|Introduction|329
2|Sex Trafficking and Modern International Law: A Short History|330
2|Trends|331
3|Trafficking and Slavery|331
3|The Geography and Scope of Global Sex Trafficking|333
2|Data Collection Challenges|339
3|Political Challenges|339
3|Empirical Challenges|341
2|The Limitations of International Law|341
2|Conclusion|343
2|References|343
3|Law and Cases|345
1|Part VI: Human Rights, Gender, Culture, and Religion|346
1|International Law and Child Marriage|347
2|Introduction|348
2|Context|348
2|Causes of Child Marriage|349
2|Consequences of Child Marriage|350
2|International Law Relating to Child Marriage|352
2|Consent to Marriage and the Right to Respect for Private and Family Life|353
2|Explicit Provisions on Child Marriage|354
2|Child Marriage as a Form of Unlawful Discrimination|356
2|Child Marriage as a Form of Slavery or Torture|356
2|Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Trafficking|358
2|Harmful Practices and the Right to Health|358
2|The Right to Education|359
2|The Requirement to Register Births and Marriages|359
2|Toward a Minimum Age for Marriage|360
2|Conclusion|361
2|References|363
3|Law and Cases|364
1|Social and Cultural Implications of ``Honor´´-Based Violence|366
2|Introduction|367
2|The Prevalence of ``Honor´´-Based Violence|367
2|Defining Honor|368
2|Consequences of Losing Honor|369
2|``Honor´´ Killing|370
2|The Murder|372
2|Building A Legal Case|374
2|The Trial|374
2|Cultural Predicaments|377
2|Shafilea´s Case and The Media|378
2|Conclusion|379
2|References|379
1|Islam, Law, and Human Rights of Women in Malaysia|382
2|Introduction|383
2|Islam and Law in Malaysia|383
2|Women, Islam, and Human Rights in Malaysia|385
2|The Actors in the Discourse: Jockeying for Influence|386
2|Islamic Family Law and Women´s Human Rights|389
3|CEDAW Articles 5 and 16 and the Case of Polygamy|389
2|Islamic Criminal Law and Women´s Human Rights|391
3|CEDAW General Recommendations 12 and 19 and the Case of Corporal Punishment|391
3|CEDAW Article 16 and General Recommendations 12 and 19 and the Case of Marital Rape|392
2|Islamic Law, Stereotypes, Participation in Public Life, and Women´s Human Rights|394
3|CEDAW Articles 7 and 11 and the Case of Female Syariah Court Judges|394
2|Conclusion|396
2|Cross-References|398
2|References|398
3|Cases|401
1|Part VII: Gender and Human Rights of Women in Conflict-Affected Contexts|403
1|Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by UN Peacekeepers as Conflict-Related Gender Violence|404
2|Introduction|405
2|Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by UN Peacekeeping Troops Is Widespread and Persistent|406
2|Situating Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by Peacekeepers Within the Context of Conflict-Related Gender Violence|409
3|Poverty and Gender Inequality Put Women at Risk|410
3|Reproducing Gender Inequality: Peacekeeping Mission Masculinities in Post-conflict Societies|412
2|Recommendations for Change|415
2|Conclusion|418
2|Cross-References|418
2|References|418
1|Women´s Human Rights and the Law of Armed Conflict|421
2|Introduction|422
2|The Effect of Warfare on Women|424
2|Developments in LOAC and Women: The Era of International Criminal Law|426
2|The United Nations|427
2|The Role of the ICRC and the Military in Developments of LOAC|428
2|Ongoing Challenges|432
2|Conclusion|434
2|Cross-References|435
2|References|435
3|Law and Cases|437
1|Female Forced Migrants: Accountability Gaps in International Criminal Law|439
2|Introduction|440
2|Harms to Female Forced Migrants|441
2|International Criminal Law|445
2|Accountability Gaps|448
2|Solutions|449
2|Conclusion|452
2|References|452
3|Law and Cases|456
1|UN Security Council Resolution 1325: The Example of Sierra Leone|458
2|Introduction|459
2|UN 1325 and National Action Plans|460
3|Feminist Political Economy|462
3|Methodology|462
2|Situating Violence Against Women in Sierra Leone|463
2|SILNAP and Gender-Based Violence|464
3|Legislative Measures|465
3|The Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children´s Affairs|467
3|The Justice and Security Sectors|468
3|Women´s Civil Society Organizations|469
2|Conclusion|470
2|References|471
1|Index|474