File #2649: "2019_Book_LabourDisputeResolutionInTurke.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Table of Statutes|7
1|Contents|8
1|About the Author|18
1|Abbreviations|19
1|Part I: Introduction|20
2|Chapter 1: Historical Development of Labour Dispute Resolution in Turkey|21
3|1.1 In General|21
3|1.2 Ottoman Empire Period|22
3|1.3 Republican Period|24
4|1.3.1 The Period from Proclamation of the Republic to 1961 Constitution|24
5|1.3.1.1 Preparatory Works on the Labour Act|24
5|1.3.1.2 Enactment of Labour Act|25
5|1.3.1.3 Recognition of Union Freedom|26
5|1.3.1.4 Amendment of the Labour Act|27
5|1.3.1.5 Establishment of Labour Courts|28
4|1.3.2 Period from the 1961 Constitution to the 1982 Constitution|28
5|1.3.2.1 Recognition of Litigation for Disputes|28
5|1.3.2.2 Conciliation in Collective Interests Disputes|29
5|1.3.2.3 Conciliation in Collective Rights Disputes|30
5|1.3.2.4 Conciliation in Deferment of Strikes and Lockouts|30
5|1.3.2.5 Mediation|30
5|1.3.2.6 Compulsory Arbitration|31
5|1.3.2.7 Voluntary Arbitration|31
5|1.3.2.8 A Critical View of the Labour Dispute System of the Period|31
4|1.3.3 Period from the 1982 Constitution to Acceptance of UCLAA|32
5|1.3.3.1 Abolition of the Conciliation System|33
5|1.3.3.2 Acceptance of the Mediation System|34
5|1.3.3.3 General Assessment of the Act No. 2822 Period|35
4|1.3.4 Period from Acceptance of UCLAA up to Now|36
5|1.3.4.1 Continuance of the Hybrid System Consisting of Mediation and Arbitration|36
5|1.3.4.2 Acceptance of Obligation to Appeal to a Mediator|37
4|1.3.5 Current Position in Labour Disputes Resolution|39
3|References|39
2|Chapter 2: Concept of Labour Dispute and Alternative Dispute Resolution|41
3|2.1 In General|41
3|2.2 Concept of Labour Dispute|42
4|2.2.1 Dispute Resolution|42
4|2.2.2 Practice of Alternative Dispute Resolution|43
5|2.2.2.1 Litigation as Former Primary Resolution|43
5|2.2.2.2 Application of Alternative Dispute Resolution|44
5|2.2.2.3 Positive Aspects of Alternative Dispute Resolution|45
5|2.2.2.4 Scope and Content of Alternative Dispute Resolution|46
5|2.2.2.5 Positive Developments in Mandatory Mediation|47
3|2.3 Occurrence and Types of Labour Dispute|48
4|2.3.1 Occurrence of Labour Dispute|48
4|2.3.2 Types of Labour Dispute|49
5|2.3.2.1 Individual/Collective Labour Dispute|49
5|2.3.2.2 Rights/Interests Dispute|50
5|2.3.2.3 Collective Rights and Interests Disputes|51
3|2.4 Characteristics of Labour Dispute|53
4|2.4.1 Characteristics of Individual Labour Dispute|53
5|2.4.1.1 Dispute with Individual Parties|53
5|2.4.1.2 Establishment of Individual Working Conditions Subject to Dispute|53
4|2.4.2 Characteristics of Collective Labour Dispute|53
5|2.4.2.1 Worker Party Necessarily as a Worker Union|54
5|2.4.2.2 Employer Party Not Necessarily as an Association|54
5|2.4.2.3 Working Conditions as Subject of Dispute|54
4|2.4.3 Collective Labour Dispute Resolution in the Turkish Law|55
3|2.5 Labour Disputes and Industrial Actions|55
4|2.5.1 Applying to Industrial Action|55
4|2.5.2 Most Common Forms of Industrial Action|56
4|2.5.3 Industrial Conflict Leading to Dispute|57
3|References|57
1|Part II: Labour Dispute Resolution and Ways of Prevention of Disputes|59
2|Chapter 3: Labour Dispute Resolution Within the Enterprise|60
3|3.1 In General|60
3|3.2 Establishment of Workplace Disciplinary Board|61
3|3.3 Boards Established in Workplaces As Per the Labour Legislation|63
4|3.3.1 Meanings of Boards|63
4|3.3.2 Scope of Boards|63
5|3.3.2.1 Annual Leave Board|63
5|3.3.2.2 Percentage Payment Assessment Authority|65
5|3.3.2.3 Occupational Health and Safety Board|65
3|3.4 Activities of Workplace Union Representative|68
4|3.4.1 Assignment of Workplace Union Representative|68
4|3.4.2 Duties of Workplace Union Representatives|69
5|3.4.2.1 Legal Framework of the Duties|69
5|3.4.2.2 Hearing the Requests and Settling the Complaints of Workers|69
5|3.4.2.3 Maintaining Cooperation and Labour Peace|71
5|3.4.2.4 Assisting in Enforcement of Working Conditions|71
4|3.4.3 Authorizations of Workplace Union Representatives|72
5|3.4.3.1 Authorization to Represent the Union and Members|72
5|3.4.3.2 Authorization for Assembly in the Workplace|72
5|3.4.3.3 Authorization to Meet with Workers in the Workplace|73
5|3.4.3.4 Authorization to Apply to the Workplace Management|73
5|3.4.3.5 Authorization to Express Opinions|73
5|3.4.3.6 Authorization to Request Information|74
4|3.4.4 Conveniences Provided to Representatives|74
5|3.4.4.1 Exclusion of Representatives from Production|74
5|3.4.4.2 Allocation of Representative Office|75
4|3.4.5 Scope of Authorization and Convenience Provided to Representatives|75
3|References|76
2|Chapter 4: Labour Inspection and Prevention of Disputes|78
3|4.1 In General|78
3|4.2 Labour Inspection|79
4|4.2.1 Scope of Inspection|80
4|4.2.2 Preventive Inspections by Labour Inspectors|80
5|4.2.2.1 Direct Inspection|80
5|4.2.2.2 Inspection upon Complaint|81
4|4.2.3 Dispute Preventing Authorizations of Labour Inspectors|82
5|4.2.3.1 Authorization to Summon Concerned Individuals|82
5|4.2.3.2 Authorization to Investigate|82
5|4.2.3.3 Authorization to Examine|83
5|4.2.3.4 Authorization to Prepare Reports|83
5|4.2.3.5 Authorization to Take Measures|84
4|4.2.4 Obligations of Inspection Personnel|84
4|4.2.5 Results of Inspection|84
5|4.2.5.1 Preparing Inspection Report|84
5|4.2.5.2 Suspending the Inspection or Imposing an Administrative Fine|85
3|4.3 Prevention of Disputes|85
4|4.3.1 Restriction of the Administrative Remedy|85
4|4.3.2 Dispute Prevention Through Preventive Inspection|88
5|4.3.2.1 Role of Health and Safety Inspection|88
5|4.3.2.2 Role of Regulatory Compliance Inspection|89
4|4.3.3 Determining Individual Worker Receivables|90
5|4.3.3.1 Meaning and Importance of Applications to Administrative Bodies|90
5|4.3.3.2 Determining Receivables Through Records and Reports|90
5|4.3.3.3 Litigation of Disagreements|91
3|References|94
1|Part III: Labour Dispute Resolution and Adjudication|95
2|Chapter 5: Organization of Labour Courts|96
3|5.1 In General|96
3|5.2 Establishment of Labour Courts|97
4|5.2.1 Legal Basis of Labour Courts|97
5|5.2.1.1 Enforcement of Labour Courts Act Provisions|98
5|5.2.1.2 Enforcement of Civil Procedure Act Provisions|98
4|5.2.2 Establishment Purpose of Labour Courts|98
3|5.3 Duty of Labour Courts|99
4|5.3.1 Arrangement of Labour Courts|100
5|5.3.1.1 Labour Dispute Resolution in Places Without a Labour Court|100
5|5.3.1.2 Places with a Single Civil Court of First Instance|100
5|5.3.1.3 Places with Several Civil Courts of First Instance|101
5|5.3.1.4 Labour Dispute Resolution in Places with a Labour Court|101
4|5.3.2 Area of Responsibility of Labour Courts|102
4|5.3.3 Legal Nature of the Scope of Duty|102
4|5.3.4 Structure of Labour Courts|103
3|5.4 Authorization of Labour Courts|104
4|5.4.1 Complainants´ Right of Choice|104
4|5.4.2 Court at the Defendant´s Place of Residence|104
4|5.4.3 Court at the Place of Work|105
4|5.4.4 Court at the Place of Process|105
4|5.4.5 Competent Court in Claims for Damages Arising from Occupational Accidents|106
4|5.4.6 Invalidity of Contracts on Competent Court|107
4|5.4.7 Period of Plea to the Jurisdiction|107
4|5.4.8 International Authority of Labour Courts|107
5|5.4.8.1 Existence of the Element of Foreignness|107
5|5.4.8.2 Practice of Foreign Law|108
5|5.4.8.3 International Authority of Turkish Labour Courts|108
3|5.5 Judicial Review of Labour Court Decisions|109
4|5.5.1 Courts of Appeal|109
5|5.5.1.1 Meaning and Significance of Appeal|109
5|5.5.1.2 Establishment of Courts of Appeal|109
5|5.5.1.3 Request for Appeal|110
4|5.5.2 Civil Divisions of the Court of Cassation|110
5|5.5.2.1 Establishment of the Court of Cassation|110
5|5.5.2.2 Request for Cassation|111
3|References|112
2|Chapter 6: Procedure in Labour Courts|113
3|6.1 In General|113
3|6.2 Dominant Principles in Labour Procedure|114
4|6.2.1 Promptness Principle|114
5|6.2.1.1 Meaning and Scope of Promptness Principle|114
5|6.2.1.2 Conclusion of Proceedings Within Reasonable Time|115
5|6.2.1.3 Principle of Operation During Judiciary Recess|116
5|6.2.1.4 Regulations on Mandatory Mediation|116
4|6.2.2 Simplicity Principle|117
5|6.2.2.1 Meaning and Scope of Simplicity Principle|117
5|6.2.2.2 Filing a Lawsuit and Reply Petition|118
5|6.2.2.3 Integration of Preliminary Examination and Investigation Stages|118
4|6.2.3 Inexpensiveness Principle|119
4|6.2.4 Principle of Convenience for Workers|119
3|6.3 Characteristics of Labour Courts|120
4|6.3.1 Principle of Written Procedure|121
4|6.3.2 Imparlance|121
4|6.3.3 Giving of Evidence|121
4|6.3.4 Prohibition of Expansion or Alteration of Claims and Pleadings|121
4|6.3.5 Counterclaim|122
4|6.3.6 Preliminary Examination and Investigation|122
4|6.3.7 Term of Judgment Procedures|123
4|6.3.8 Adjudication by the Court|124
3|6.4 Legal Remedies in Labour Procedure|124
4|6.4.1 Appeal Remedy|124
5|6.4.1.1 Establishment of Courts of Appeal|124
5|6.4.1.2 Nature of the Application to Appeal|125
5|6.4.1.3 Appealing Final Decisions|125
5|6.4.1.4 Value Limit in Appealing|125
5|6.4.1.5 Appeal Procedure|126
4|6.4.2 Court of Cassation Remedy|127
5|6.4.2.1 Decisions That Can Be Appealed to the Court of Cassation|127
5|6.4.2.2 Decisions That Cannot Be Appealed to the Court of Cassation|128
5|6.4.2.3 Submission of Petition for Appeal by the Court of Cassation|128
5|6.4.2.4 Examination of Appeals to the Court of Cassation|129
5|6.4.2.5 Conclusion of Examinations by the Court of Cassation|129
5|6.4.2.6 Compliance with or Persistence Against Reversals|129
4|6.4.3 New Trial|130
3|References|130
1|Part IV: Alternative Dispute Resolution in Labour Rights Disputes|132
2|Chapter 7: Conciliation in Labour Rights Disputes|133
3|7.1 In General|133
3|7.2 Legal Basis of Reconciliation|134
3|7.3 Comparison of Conciliation with Mediation|135
3|7.4 Basic Principles of Conciliation|136
4|7.4.1 Freedom of the Parties|136
4|7.4.2 Equality of the Parties|137
4|7.4.3 Confidentiality Principle|137
3|7.5 Rights and Obligations of Conciliating Attorneys|138
4|7.5.1 Obligation to Exercise Due Diligence|138
4|7.5.2 Parties´ Obligation to Illuminate|138
4|7.5.3 Obligation to Prepare and Store Documents|139
4|7.5.4 Payments of Advances and Fees to Attorneys|139
3|7.6 Preparation for Settlement Process|140
4|7.6.1 Invitation to Settlement|140
4|7.6.2 Acceptance of the Invitation|140
3|7.7 Settlement Process|141
4|7.7.1 Conduct of the Settlement Process|141
4|7.7.2 Commencement of Settlement Negotiations|142
4|7.7.3 Place of Settlement Meetings|143
4|7.7.4 Holding Settlement Negotiations|143
3|7.8 Preparing Settlement Report|144
4|7.8.1 Scope and Content of the Settlement Report|144
4|7.8.2 Enforcement of the Settlement Report|144
3|References|145
2|Chapter 8: Mediation in Labour Rights Disputes|146
3|8.1 In General|146
3|8.2 Mandatory Mediation in Individual Labour Disputes|147
4|8.2.1 Mediation as a Condition for Action|147
4|8.2.2 Legal Consequences of Failure to Comply with the Condition for Action|148
3|8.3 Scope and Content of Mandatory Mediation|149
4|8.3.1 Individual Labour Disputes Subject to Mandatory Mediation|149
5|8.3.1.1 Reemployment Lawsuits|149
5|8.3.1.2 Lawsuits on Worker Receivables|149
5|8.3.1.3 Lawsuits on Employer Receivables|150
4|8.3.2 Individual Labour Disputes Not Subject to Mandatory Mediation|150
3|8.4 Commencement of Mediation Negotiations|151
4|8.4.1 Assignment of Labour Dispute Mediators|151
4|8.4.2 Authorization and Duty in Mediation Applications|151
4|8.4.3 Period for Applying to Mediation|152
4|8.4.4 Term of Mediation Activities|153
4|8.4.5 Representation in Mediation Activities|153
4|8.4.6 Covering Expenses in Mediation Activities|154
4|8.4.7 Payment of Mediation Fees|154
5|8.4.7.1 Payment of Mediation Fees in Case of an Agreement|154
5|8.4.7.2 Covering Mediation Fees in Case of Failure to Agree|154
4|8.4.8 Effect of Mediation on Terms|155
3|8.5 Conduct of Mediation Activities|155
4|8.5.1 Operation of the Mediator|155
4|8.5.2 Place of Negotiations|155
4|8.5.3 Parties´ Participation in Negotiations|156
4|8.5.4 Determining the Mediation Procedure|156
4|8.5.5 Duties of Mediators|156
5|8.5.5.1 Illuminating the Parties|156
5|8.5.5.2 Meeting with the Parties|157
5|8.5.5.3 Impartial Conduct|157
4|8.5.6 Actions Outside the Scope of Mediators´ Authorizations|157
3|8.6 Code of Conduct Applicable for Mediations|158
4|8.6.1 Confidentiality|158
4|8.6.2 Advertising Ban|158
3|8.7 Termination of Mediation Activity|159
4|8.7.1 Mediators´ Term of Duty|159
4|8.7.2 Preparing the Final Report|159
4|8.7.3 Agreement Between Parties in Dispute Resolution|160
4|8.7.4 Failure to Agree by the Parties in Dispute Resolution|161
3|8.8 Voluntary Mediation in Collective Rights Disputes|163
4|8.8.1 Prohibition from Adopting Unamicable Methods|163
4|8.8.2 Plea of the Interpretation|163
4|8.8.3 Applying to Mediator|164
3|References|164
2|Chapter 9: Arbitration in Labour Rights Disputes|166
3|9.1 In General|166
3|9.2 Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|167
4|9.2.1 Obligatory Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|167
4|9.2.2 Voluntary Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|169
5|9.2.2.1 Scope and Content of Voluntary Arbitration|169
5|9.2.2.2 Legal Characteristic of Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|170
5|9.2.2.3 Injury of the Arbitration Will|171
5|9.2.2.4 Form and Subject of Arbitration Agreements|172
5|9.2.2.5 Selecting the Arbitrator|173
5|9.2.2.6 Decision-Making Period in Arbitration|174
5|9.2.2.7 Scope of the Arbitration Decision|174
5|9.2.2.8 Objection to Arbitration Decision|174
3|9.3 Arbitration in Collective Rights Disputes|175
4|9.3.1 Voluntary Arbitration in Collective Rights Disputes|175
4|9.3.2 Emergence of Collective Rights Disputes|176
4|9.3.3 Arbitration Rules Applicable for Collective Rights Disputes|176
3|References|177
1|Part V: Alternative Dispute Resolution in Collective Interests Disputes|179
2|Chapter 10: Mediation in Collective Interests Disputes|180
3|10.1 In General|180
3|10.2 Mandatory Mediation|181
4|10.2.1 Official Mediation Organization|181
5|10.2.1.1 Official Mediation System|181
5|10.2.1.2 Selection and Declaration of Official Mediators|181
5|10.2.1.3 Qualifications of Official Mediators|182
4|10.2.2 Assignment of an Official Mediator|182
4|10.2.3 Duty of an Official Mediator|183
4|10.2.4 Official Mediators´ Manner of Work|184
4|10.2.5 Official Mediators´ Term of Assignment|184
4|10.2.6 Termination of Official Mediation|185
5|10.2.6.1 Reaching an Agreement|185
5|10.2.6.2 Failure to Reach an Agreement|185
3|10.3 Voluntary Mediation|186
4|10.3.1 Agreement Between Parties|186
4|10.3.2 Application to Mediation by the Parties Within 60 Days|187
3|10.4 Mediation by a Political Person|187
4|10.4.1 Deferment of a Legal Strike or Lockout|187
4|10.4.2 Exercise of the Deferment Authority|188
3|References|190
2|Chapter 11: Arbitration in Collective Interests Disputes|191
3|11.1 In General|191
3|11.2 Voluntary Arbitration in Collective Interests Disputes|192
4|11.2.1 Legal Nature of Private Arbitration|192
4|11.2.2 Freedom of Applying to Private Arbitration During Any Stage|193
4|11.2.3 Arbitration Agreement|193
4|11.2.4 Selecting the Private Arbitrator|194
4|11.2.5 Examination by Private Arbitration|194
4|11.2.6 Decision-Making Period of Private Arbitrators|195
4|11.2.7 Private Arbitration Fee|195
3|11.3 Mandatory Arbitration in Collective Interests Disputes|195
4|11.3.1 Meaning of Mandatory Arbitration|195
4|11.3.2 Conditions for Mandatory Arbitration|196
5|11.3.2.1 Existence of a Legal Cause Necessitating Application to Arbitration|196
5|11.3.2.2 Failure of the Mediation Process|197
5|11.3.2.3 Arbitration Application by Either Party|198
4|11.3.3 Structure of the Mandatory Arbitration Authority|198
5|11.3.3.1 Establishment of the High Arbitration Board|198
5|11.3.3.2 Administrative Structure of the High Arbitration Board|199
4|11.3.4 Operating Principles of the High Arbitration Board|199
4|11.3.5 Adjudication by the High Arbitration Board|200
4|11.3.6 Bindingness of High Arbitration Board Decisions|201
4|11.3.7 Payment of Arbitration Expenses|201
3|References|201
2|Chapter 12: Concluding Remarks|202
3|References|213
1|Table of Statutes|7
1|Contents|8
1|About the Author|18
1|Abbreviations|19
1|Part I: Introduction|20
2|Chapter 1: Historical Development of Labour Dispute Resolution in Turkey|21
3|1.1 In General|21
3|1.2 Ottoman Empire Period|22
3|1.3 Republican Period|24
4|1.3.1 The Period from Proclamation of the Republic to 1961 Constitution|24
5|1.3.1.1 Preparatory Works on the Labour Act|24
5|1.3.1.2 Enactment of Labour Act|25
5|1.3.1.3 Recognition of Union Freedom|26
5|1.3.1.4 Amendment of the Labour Act|27
5|1.3.1.5 Establishment of Labour Courts|28
4|1.3.2 Period from the 1961 Constitution to the 1982 Constitution|28
5|1.3.2.1 Recognition of Litigation for Disputes|28
5|1.3.2.2 Conciliation in Collective Interests Disputes|29
5|1.3.2.3 Conciliation in Collective Rights Disputes|30
5|1.3.2.4 Conciliation in Deferment of Strikes and Lockouts|30
5|1.3.2.5 Mediation|30
5|1.3.2.6 Compulsory Arbitration|31
5|1.3.2.7 Voluntary Arbitration|31
5|1.3.2.8 A Critical View of the Labour Dispute System of the Period|31
4|1.3.3 Period from the 1982 Constitution to Acceptance of UCLAA|32
5|1.3.3.1 Abolition of the Conciliation System|33
5|1.3.3.2 Acceptance of the Mediation System|34
5|1.3.3.3 General Assessment of the Act No. 2822 Period|35
4|1.3.4 Period from Acceptance of UCLAA up to Now|36
5|1.3.4.1 Continuance of the Hybrid System Consisting of Mediation and Arbitration|36
5|1.3.4.2 Acceptance of Obligation to Appeal to a Mediator|37
4|1.3.5 Current Position in Labour Disputes Resolution|39
3|References|39
2|Chapter 2: Concept of Labour Dispute and Alternative Dispute Resolution|41
3|2.1 In General|41
3|2.2 Concept of Labour Dispute|42
4|2.2.1 Dispute Resolution|42
4|2.2.2 Practice of Alternative Dispute Resolution|43
5|2.2.2.1 Litigation as Former Primary Resolution|43
5|2.2.2.2 Application of Alternative Dispute Resolution|44
5|2.2.2.3 Positive Aspects of Alternative Dispute Resolution|45
5|2.2.2.4 Scope and Content of Alternative Dispute Resolution|46
5|2.2.2.5 Positive Developments in Mandatory Mediation|47
3|2.3 Occurrence and Types of Labour Dispute|48
4|2.3.1 Occurrence of Labour Dispute|48
4|2.3.2 Types of Labour Dispute|49
5|2.3.2.1 Individual/Collective Labour Dispute|49
5|2.3.2.2 Rights/Interests Dispute|50
5|2.3.2.3 Collective Rights and Interests Disputes|51
3|2.4 Characteristics of Labour Dispute|53
4|2.4.1 Characteristics of Individual Labour Dispute|53
5|2.4.1.1 Dispute with Individual Parties|53
5|2.4.1.2 Establishment of Individual Working Conditions Subject to Dispute|53
4|2.4.2 Characteristics of Collective Labour Dispute|53
5|2.4.2.1 Worker Party Necessarily as a Worker Union|54
5|2.4.2.2 Employer Party Not Necessarily as an Association|54
5|2.4.2.3 Working Conditions as Subject of Dispute|54
4|2.4.3 Collective Labour Dispute Resolution in the Turkish Law|55
3|2.5 Labour Disputes and Industrial Actions|55
4|2.5.1 Applying to Industrial Action|55
4|2.5.2 Most Common Forms of Industrial Action|56
4|2.5.3 Industrial Conflict Leading to Dispute|57
3|References|57
1|Part II: Labour Dispute Resolution and Ways of Prevention of Disputes|59
2|Chapter 3: Labour Dispute Resolution Within the Enterprise|60
3|3.1 In General|60
3|3.2 Establishment of Workplace Disciplinary Board|61
3|3.3 Boards Established in Workplaces As Per the Labour Legislation|63
4|3.3.1 Meanings of Boards|63
4|3.3.2 Scope of Boards|63
5|3.3.2.1 Annual Leave Board|63
5|3.3.2.2 Percentage Payment Assessment Authority|65
5|3.3.2.3 Occupational Health and Safety Board|65
3|3.4 Activities of Workplace Union Representative|68
4|3.4.1 Assignment of Workplace Union Representative|68
4|3.4.2 Duties of Workplace Union Representatives|69
5|3.4.2.1 Legal Framework of the Duties|69
5|3.4.2.2 Hearing the Requests and Settling the Complaints of Workers|69
5|3.4.2.3 Maintaining Cooperation and Labour Peace|71
5|3.4.2.4 Assisting in Enforcement of Working Conditions|71
4|3.4.3 Authorizations of Workplace Union Representatives|72
5|3.4.3.1 Authorization to Represent the Union and Members|72
5|3.4.3.2 Authorization for Assembly in the Workplace|72
5|3.4.3.3 Authorization to Meet with Workers in the Workplace|73
5|3.4.3.4 Authorization to Apply to the Workplace Management|73
5|3.4.3.5 Authorization to Express Opinions|73
5|3.4.3.6 Authorization to Request Information|74
4|3.4.4 Conveniences Provided to Representatives|74
5|3.4.4.1 Exclusion of Representatives from Production|74
5|3.4.4.2 Allocation of Representative Office|75
4|3.4.5 Scope of Authorization and Convenience Provided to Representatives|75
3|References|76
2|Chapter 4: Labour Inspection and Prevention of Disputes|78
3|4.1 In General|78
3|4.2 Labour Inspection|79
4|4.2.1 Scope of Inspection|80
4|4.2.2 Preventive Inspections by Labour Inspectors|80
5|4.2.2.1 Direct Inspection|80
5|4.2.2.2 Inspection upon Complaint|81
4|4.2.3 Dispute Preventing Authorizations of Labour Inspectors|82
5|4.2.3.1 Authorization to Summon Concerned Individuals|82
5|4.2.3.2 Authorization to Investigate|82
5|4.2.3.3 Authorization to Examine|83
5|4.2.3.4 Authorization to Prepare Reports|83
5|4.2.3.5 Authorization to Take Measures|84
4|4.2.4 Obligations of Inspection Personnel|84
4|4.2.5 Results of Inspection|84
5|4.2.5.1 Preparing Inspection Report|84
5|4.2.5.2 Suspending the Inspection or Imposing an Administrative Fine|85
3|4.3 Prevention of Disputes|85
4|4.3.1 Restriction of the Administrative Remedy|85
4|4.3.2 Dispute Prevention Through Preventive Inspection|88
5|4.3.2.1 Role of Health and Safety Inspection|88
5|4.3.2.2 Role of Regulatory Compliance Inspection|89
4|4.3.3 Determining Individual Worker Receivables|90
5|4.3.3.1 Meaning and Importance of Applications to Administrative Bodies|90
5|4.3.3.2 Determining Receivables Through Records and Reports|90
5|4.3.3.3 Litigation of Disagreements|91
3|References|94
1|Part III: Labour Dispute Resolution and Adjudication|95
2|Chapter 5: Organization of Labour Courts|96
3|5.1 In General|96
3|5.2 Establishment of Labour Courts|97
4|5.2.1 Legal Basis of Labour Courts|97
5|5.2.1.1 Enforcement of Labour Courts Act Provisions|98
5|5.2.1.2 Enforcement of Civil Procedure Act Provisions|98
4|5.2.2 Establishment Purpose of Labour Courts|98
3|5.3 Duty of Labour Courts|99
4|5.3.1 Arrangement of Labour Courts|100
5|5.3.1.1 Labour Dispute Resolution in Places Without a Labour Court|100
5|5.3.1.2 Places with a Single Civil Court of First Instance|100
5|5.3.1.3 Places with Several Civil Courts of First Instance|101
5|5.3.1.4 Labour Dispute Resolution in Places with a Labour Court|101
4|5.3.2 Area of Responsibility of Labour Courts|102
4|5.3.3 Legal Nature of the Scope of Duty|102
4|5.3.4 Structure of Labour Courts|103
3|5.4 Authorization of Labour Courts|104
4|5.4.1 Complainants´ Right of Choice|104
4|5.4.2 Court at the Defendant´s Place of Residence|104
4|5.4.3 Court at the Place of Work|105
4|5.4.4 Court at the Place of Process|105
4|5.4.5 Competent Court in Claims for Damages Arising from Occupational Accidents|106
4|5.4.6 Invalidity of Contracts on Competent Court|107
4|5.4.7 Period of Plea to the Jurisdiction|107
4|5.4.8 International Authority of Labour Courts|107
5|5.4.8.1 Existence of the Element of Foreignness|107
5|5.4.8.2 Practice of Foreign Law|108
5|5.4.8.3 International Authority of Turkish Labour Courts|108
3|5.5 Judicial Review of Labour Court Decisions|109
4|5.5.1 Courts of Appeal|109
5|5.5.1.1 Meaning and Significance of Appeal|109
5|5.5.1.2 Establishment of Courts of Appeal|109
5|5.5.1.3 Request for Appeal|110
4|5.5.2 Civil Divisions of the Court of Cassation|110
5|5.5.2.1 Establishment of the Court of Cassation|110
5|5.5.2.2 Request for Cassation|111
3|References|112
2|Chapter 6: Procedure in Labour Courts|113
3|6.1 In General|113
3|6.2 Dominant Principles in Labour Procedure|114
4|6.2.1 Promptness Principle|114
5|6.2.1.1 Meaning and Scope of Promptness Principle|114
5|6.2.1.2 Conclusion of Proceedings Within Reasonable Time|115
5|6.2.1.3 Principle of Operation During Judiciary Recess|116
5|6.2.1.4 Regulations on Mandatory Mediation|116
4|6.2.2 Simplicity Principle|117
5|6.2.2.1 Meaning and Scope of Simplicity Principle|117
5|6.2.2.2 Filing a Lawsuit and Reply Petition|118
5|6.2.2.3 Integration of Preliminary Examination and Investigation Stages|118
4|6.2.3 Inexpensiveness Principle|119
4|6.2.4 Principle of Convenience for Workers|119
3|6.3 Characteristics of Labour Courts|120
4|6.3.1 Principle of Written Procedure|121
4|6.3.2 Imparlance|121
4|6.3.3 Giving of Evidence|121
4|6.3.4 Prohibition of Expansion or Alteration of Claims and Pleadings|121
4|6.3.5 Counterclaim|122
4|6.3.6 Preliminary Examination and Investigation|122
4|6.3.7 Term of Judgment Procedures|123
4|6.3.8 Adjudication by the Court|124
3|6.4 Legal Remedies in Labour Procedure|124
4|6.4.1 Appeal Remedy|124
5|6.4.1.1 Establishment of Courts of Appeal|124
5|6.4.1.2 Nature of the Application to Appeal|125
5|6.4.1.3 Appealing Final Decisions|125
5|6.4.1.4 Value Limit in Appealing|125
5|6.4.1.5 Appeal Procedure|126
4|6.4.2 Court of Cassation Remedy|127
5|6.4.2.1 Decisions That Can Be Appealed to the Court of Cassation|127
5|6.4.2.2 Decisions That Cannot Be Appealed to the Court of Cassation|128
5|6.4.2.3 Submission of Petition for Appeal by the Court of Cassation|128
5|6.4.2.4 Examination of Appeals to the Court of Cassation|129
5|6.4.2.5 Conclusion of Examinations by the Court of Cassation|129
5|6.4.2.6 Compliance with or Persistence Against Reversals|129
4|6.4.3 New Trial|130
3|References|130
1|Part IV: Alternative Dispute Resolution in Labour Rights Disputes|132
2|Chapter 7: Conciliation in Labour Rights Disputes|133
3|7.1 In General|133
3|7.2 Legal Basis of Reconciliation|134
3|7.3 Comparison of Conciliation with Mediation|135
3|7.4 Basic Principles of Conciliation|136
4|7.4.1 Freedom of the Parties|136
4|7.4.2 Equality of the Parties|137
4|7.4.3 Confidentiality Principle|137
3|7.5 Rights and Obligations of Conciliating Attorneys|138
4|7.5.1 Obligation to Exercise Due Diligence|138
4|7.5.2 Parties´ Obligation to Illuminate|138
4|7.5.3 Obligation to Prepare and Store Documents|139
4|7.5.4 Payments of Advances and Fees to Attorneys|139
3|7.6 Preparation for Settlement Process|140
4|7.6.1 Invitation to Settlement|140
4|7.6.2 Acceptance of the Invitation|140
3|7.7 Settlement Process|141
4|7.7.1 Conduct of the Settlement Process|141
4|7.7.2 Commencement of Settlement Negotiations|142
4|7.7.3 Place of Settlement Meetings|143
4|7.7.4 Holding Settlement Negotiations|143
3|7.8 Preparing Settlement Report|144
4|7.8.1 Scope and Content of the Settlement Report|144
4|7.8.2 Enforcement of the Settlement Report|144
3|References|145
2|Chapter 8: Mediation in Labour Rights Disputes|146
3|8.1 In General|146
3|8.2 Mandatory Mediation in Individual Labour Disputes|147
4|8.2.1 Mediation as a Condition for Action|147
4|8.2.2 Legal Consequences of Failure to Comply with the Condition for Action|148
3|8.3 Scope and Content of Mandatory Mediation|149
4|8.3.1 Individual Labour Disputes Subject to Mandatory Mediation|149
5|8.3.1.1 Reemployment Lawsuits|149
5|8.3.1.2 Lawsuits on Worker Receivables|149
5|8.3.1.3 Lawsuits on Employer Receivables|150
4|8.3.2 Individual Labour Disputes Not Subject to Mandatory Mediation|150
3|8.4 Commencement of Mediation Negotiations|151
4|8.4.1 Assignment of Labour Dispute Mediators|151
4|8.4.2 Authorization and Duty in Mediation Applications|151
4|8.4.3 Period for Applying to Mediation|152
4|8.4.4 Term of Mediation Activities|153
4|8.4.5 Representation in Mediation Activities|153
4|8.4.6 Covering Expenses in Mediation Activities|154
4|8.4.7 Payment of Mediation Fees|154
5|8.4.7.1 Payment of Mediation Fees in Case of an Agreement|154
5|8.4.7.2 Covering Mediation Fees in Case of Failure to Agree|154
4|8.4.8 Effect of Mediation on Terms|155
3|8.5 Conduct of Mediation Activities|155
4|8.5.1 Operation of the Mediator|155
4|8.5.2 Place of Negotiations|155
4|8.5.3 Parties´ Participation in Negotiations|156
4|8.5.4 Determining the Mediation Procedure|156
4|8.5.5 Duties of Mediators|156
5|8.5.5.1 Illuminating the Parties|156
5|8.5.5.2 Meeting with the Parties|157
5|8.5.5.3 Impartial Conduct|157
4|8.5.6 Actions Outside the Scope of Mediators´ Authorizations|157
3|8.6 Code of Conduct Applicable for Mediations|158
4|8.6.1 Confidentiality|158
4|8.6.2 Advertising Ban|158
3|8.7 Termination of Mediation Activity|159
4|8.7.1 Mediators´ Term of Duty|159
4|8.7.2 Preparing the Final Report|159
4|8.7.3 Agreement Between Parties in Dispute Resolution|160
4|8.7.4 Failure to Agree by the Parties in Dispute Resolution|161
3|8.8 Voluntary Mediation in Collective Rights Disputes|163
4|8.8.1 Prohibition from Adopting Unamicable Methods|163
4|8.8.2 Plea of the Interpretation|163
4|8.8.3 Applying to Mediator|164
3|References|164
2|Chapter 9: Arbitration in Labour Rights Disputes|166
3|9.1 In General|166
3|9.2 Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|167
4|9.2.1 Obligatory Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|167
4|9.2.2 Voluntary Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|169
5|9.2.2.1 Scope and Content of Voluntary Arbitration|169
5|9.2.2.2 Legal Characteristic of Arbitration in Individual Labour Disputes|170
5|9.2.2.3 Injury of the Arbitration Will|171
5|9.2.2.4 Form and Subject of Arbitration Agreements|172
5|9.2.2.5 Selecting the Arbitrator|173
5|9.2.2.6 Decision-Making Period in Arbitration|174
5|9.2.2.7 Scope of the Arbitration Decision|174
5|9.2.2.8 Objection to Arbitration Decision|174
3|9.3 Arbitration in Collective Rights Disputes|175
4|9.3.1 Voluntary Arbitration in Collective Rights Disputes|175
4|9.3.2 Emergence of Collective Rights Disputes|176
4|9.3.3 Arbitration Rules Applicable for Collective Rights Disputes|176
3|References|177
1|Part V: Alternative Dispute Resolution in Collective Interests Disputes|179
2|Chapter 10: Mediation in Collective Interests Disputes|180
3|10.1 In General|180
3|10.2 Mandatory Mediation|181
4|10.2.1 Official Mediation Organization|181
5|10.2.1.1 Official Mediation System|181
5|10.2.1.2 Selection and Declaration of Official Mediators|181
5|10.2.1.3 Qualifications of Official Mediators|182
4|10.2.2 Assignment of an Official Mediator|182
4|10.2.3 Duty of an Official Mediator|183
4|10.2.4 Official Mediators´ Manner of Work|184
4|10.2.5 Official Mediators´ Term of Assignment|184
4|10.2.6 Termination of Official Mediation|185
5|10.2.6.1 Reaching an Agreement|185
5|10.2.6.2 Failure to Reach an Agreement|185
3|10.3 Voluntary Mediation|186
4|10.3.1 Agreement Between Parties|186
4|10.3.2 Application to Mediation by the Parties Within 60 Days|187
3|10.4 Mediation by a Political Person|187
4|10.4.1 Deferment of a Legal Strike or Lockout|187
4|10.4.2 Exercise of the Deferment Authority|188
3|References|190
2|Chapter 11: Arbitration in Collective Interests Disputes|191
3|11.1 In General|191
3|11.2 Voluntary Arbitration in Collective Interests Disputes|192
4|11.2.1 Legal Nature of Private Arbitration|192
4|11.2.2 Freedom of Applying to Private Arbitration During Any Stage|193
4|11.2.3 Arbitration Agreement|193
4|11.2.4 Selecting the Private Arbitrator|194
4|11.2.5 Examination by Private Arbitration|194
4|11.2.6 Decision-Making Period of Private Arbitrators|195
4|11.2.7 Private Arbitration Fee|195
3|11.3 Mandatory Arbitration in Collective Interests Disputes|195
4|11.3.1 Meaning of Mandatory Arbitration|195
4|11.3.2 Conditions for Mandatory Arbitration|196
5|11.3.2.1 Existence of a Legal Cause Necessitating Application to Arbitration|196
5|11.3.2.2 Failure of the Mediation Process|197
5|11.3.2.3 Arbitration Application by Either Party|198
4|11.3.3 Structure of the Mandatory Arbitration Authority|198
5|11.3.3.1 Establishment of the High Arbitration Board|198
5|11.3.3.2 Administrative Structure of the High Arbitration Board|199
4|11.3.4 Operating Principles of the High Arbitration Board|199
4|11.3.5 Adjudication by the High Arbitration Board|200
4|11.3.6 Bindingness of High Arbitration Board Decisions|201
4|11.3.7 Payment of Arbitration Expenses|201
3|References|201
2|Chapter 12: Concluding Remarks|202
3|References|213