File #2657: "2019_Book_InternationalHumanRightsAndCou.pdf"
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1|Series Preface|6
1|Volume Preface|8
1|Contents|10
1|About the Series Editor|13
1|About the Editors|14
1|Contributors|16
1|Human Rights and Terrorism: Issues and Overview|18
2|Former Research on Counterterrorism and State Repression of Human Rights|20
2|Overview of the Volume|21
2|References|25
1|Part I: National and International Counter-Terrorism Legislation, Declarations, and Institutions|27
2|Nation-Level Counterterrorist Legislation, 1945-2017|28
3|Introduction|29
3|Definitional Challenges|30
3|Constructing the Global Counterterrorist Legislation Database (GCLD): Dilemmas and Challenges|32
4|Definitional Difficulties|32
4|Data Availability and Reliability|33
3|Data Collection and Coding Procedures|34
4|Definitions|34
4|Data Quality|35
4|Search Procedures and Recent Updates|35
3|Statistics and Trends in Counterterrorist Legislation|36
4|Regional and Subregional Distributions in Legislation|37
4|Type of Legislation|38
4|Time Trends in the Type of Legislation|41
3|Conclusion|42
3|Cross-References|43
3|References|43
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Listing of Terrorists and Their Organizations by the United Nations|45
3|Introduction|46
3|The UNSC Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and the UN Counter-Terrorism Framework|47
3|UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Human Rights|51
3|The 1373 Regime and Human Rights|51
4|The 1267 Regime and Human Rights|54
4|The Issue|54
4|The Process|55
4|The Kadi I Case|57
4|The Reform|59
3|``Flawed Cornerstones´´ No More?|60
3|Concluding Remarks|63
3|Cross-References|64
3|References|64
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions: African Union and African Commission on Human and Peop...|68
3|Introduction|69
3|Human Rights in Counter-Terrorism Initiatives|72
3|Africa Commission on Human and People´s Rights and Counter-Terrorism|73
3|AMISOM as a Counter-Terrorism Initiative|79
3|Gaps Between Rhetoric and Implementations of Counter-Terrorism Principles|83
3|Conclusion|85
3|References|85
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions|88
3|Introduction|89
3|The Organization of American States and the American Declaration|90
4|Influence of the Strasbourg (European) Organs of Protection|90
4|The Right to Petition|91
4|The Right to Petition in the Inter-American System|91
4|The Right to Petition in the UN System|92
3|The Dual Nature of the Inter-American System: The American Declaration and the American Convention|92
3|The Primary Functions of the IACHR|93
4|The Normative Status of IACHR Decisions|93
4|How the IACHR Controls the Court´s Caseload|94
4|The IACHR´s Rapporteurships|95
4|The IACHR´s Precautionary Measures|96
4|The IACHR Promotional Activities|96
3|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions of the OAS Within the UN Counter-Terrorism Strategy Framework|96
4|The UN´s Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy|97
4|OAS Activity on Counter-Terrorism Within the UN Framework|98
5|The Creation of the Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism|98
5|The OAS Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism|99
3|Pillar 4 and Resolution 1456 (2003): The Introduction of Human Rights in the Context of Counter-Terrorism|100
4|Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism|100
3|The Trend Toward Elected Governments in the Western Hemisphere|101
4|The Inter-American Democratic Charter|101
3|The Country Reports of the IACHR re Counter-Terrorism|102
4|The Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina (1980)|103
5|The Modus Operandi of ``Forced Disappearances´´|104
5|The Incompatibility of Self-Amnesty Laws with the American Declaration and American Convention|105
5|Justice?|106
4|The Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Peru (2000)|107
5|Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction|107
5|``Terrorism´´ and ``Treason Against the Fatherland´´ Laws|107
5|Expansion of Military Jurisdiction|109
5|Justice?|110
4|The Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Venezuela (2003, 2009, 2017)|110
5|Dissolution of the Judiciary and the Legislature|111
5|Venezuela´s Denunciation of the OAS Charter|112
3|The IACHR´s Report on Terrorism and Human Rights|113
3|The Special Situation of the USA Before the IACHR|114
4|The Situation of the Guantanamo Detainees (2002)|114
5|Precautionary Measures on Behalf of Guantanamo Detainees|115
5|Omar Khadr|116
5|Djamel Ameziane|116
5|Moath al-Alwi|117
4|Extraordinary Rendition|117
3|Conclusion|117
3|References|118
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions: EU and European Court of Human Rights|121
3|Introduction|122
3|Supervision of EU Coercive Agencies|124
3|The Challenge of Oversight and Human Rights|125
3|The Impact of the Snowden Revelations of NSA Surveillance|126
3|Supervising the Activities of Intelligence Services|129
3|Conclusions|133
3|References|134
4|Reports|136
4|Newspapers|136
2|Counterterrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions: Organization of Islamic Cooperation|137
3|Introduction|138
3|OIC Background|139
3|OIC Resolutions and Treaties on Counterterrorism|141
4|Defining Terrorism|142
4|Countering Terrorism: UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy and the OIC Code of Conduct|147
3|OIC Resolutions and Treaties on Human Rights|149
4|Protecting Human Rights While Countering Terrorism|151
3|OIC Initiatives and Partnerships on Counterterrorism|152
3|Conclusion|155
3|References|156
4|OIC Documents|158
4|UN Documents|158
2|ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation and Human Rights Protection|159
3|Introduction|160
3|Southeast Asia´s Terrorism Problem and Responses|161
3|ASEAN as a Nascent Security Community|166
3|Reconciling Human Rights Protection in Intra-ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation|167
3|Inclusion of Human Rights in ASEAN Extraregional Counterterrorism Cooperation|176
3|Conclusion|182
3|References|183
1|Part II: Controversial Counter-Terrorism Initiatives and Their Human Rights Implications|188
2|The Human Rights of Suspected Terrorists|189
3|Introduction|190
3|Humanitarian Law or Human Rights Law|190
3|The Right to be Free from Torture, Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment|191
4|International Law|192
4|The European Court of Human Rights: Al Nashiri v. Poland|194
4|Torture Evidence Is Inadmissible|195
3|The Right to Life|195
3|The Right to a Fair Trial|197
4|The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|197
4|The European Court of Human Rights|198
4|The Inter-American Court of Human Rights|200
3|The Right to a Judicial Remedy|201
4|The Inter-American Court of Human Rights|202
4|El Masri v. Macedonia in the ECtHR|204
4|Aslakhanova v. Russia in the ECtHR|204
4|Treaties and Customary International Law|205
3|The Right to Private Life: The Right Against Unreasonable Searches|206
3|Conclusion|208
3|Cross-References|209
3|References|209
2|Counterterrorist Legislation Effects on Human Rights and Civil Liberties: A Global Perspective|212
3|Introduction|213
3|Counterterrorist Legislation and State Repression: Previous Research|213
3|Theoretical Framework|214
3|Data and Measurements|216
4|Dependent Variables: State Repression of Physical Integrity Rights and Civil Liberties|216
4|Independent Variable: Counterterrorist Legislation|217
4|Control Variables|217
4|Samples and Analyses|218
3|Findings|218
3|Conclusion and Discussion|221
3|Cross-References|224
3|References|224
2|Counter-Terrorism Detention in Wartime and Emergency|228
3|Introduction|229
3|The Applicable Legal Framework|231
3|Detention Regime Under International Humanitarian Law|232
4|International Armed Conflicts|233
4|Non-international Armed Conflicts|234
4|The Unlawful Combatants´ Doctrine|234
4|Judicial Review Available to the Unlawful Combatants|236
3|Detention Regime Under International Human Rights Law|239
4|State of Emergency and Derogations|240
4|Derogations Passed by the UK|241
4|``Alternatives´´ to Detention|244
4|Limits to the Disclosure of Evidence and Right to Defense|245
4|Detention and Arrest Outside the State´s Territory|247
3|Conclusions|249
3|Cross-References|250
3|References|250
2|Human Rights: Torture|253
3|Introduction|254
3|Definitions of Torture|254
3|The History of Torture|256
4|Premodern Torture|256
4|Modern Torture|257
3|Moral and Legal Permissibility|258
3|The Ticking-Bomb Scenario|259
4|Deontology: For and Against|261
5|Utilitarianism: For and Against|261
3|Torture and Interrogation|262
3|Conclusion|264
3|References|264
2|The Role of Derogations from the ECHR in the Current ``War on Terror´´|267
3|Introduction|268
3|The Current Terrorist Context|270
3|Relying on Derogations as Part of the Counterterror Armory|272
4|How Is the Term ``Emergency´´ Understood Under Article 15?|273
4|Are the Measures Taken ``Strictly Required by the Exigencies of the Situation´´ (the Proportionality Analysis)?|277
4|Conclusions as to Strasbourg´s Stance Under Article 15|283
4|The Minimal Role of Derogations in the ``War on Terror´´|283
3|Recalibrating Rights Rather Than Seeking a Derogation|285
4|Introduction|285
4|Recalibration of Article 5|286
4|Strasbourg´s Stance as to the ``Deprivation of Liberty´´ Concept|290
3|Citizenship Stripping|292
3|Conclusions|294
3|References|296
1|Part III: Case Studies of National Counter-Terrorism Policies and Their Challenge to Human Rights and Civil Liberties|299
2|Counter-Terrorism Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties|300
3|Introduction|301
3|Historical Review: Counter-Terrorism in the US Pre-9/11|302
4|US Presidents|303
5|President Richard Nixon (1969-1974)|303
5|President Gerald Ford (1974-1977)|303
5|President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)|303
5|President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)|303
5|President George H. Bush (1989-1993)|304
5|President William Clinton (1993-2001)|304
3|The US Counter-Terrorism in the Immediate Aftermath of 9/11|305
4|The PATRIOT Act|305
4|Presidential Order|306
4|The National Security Strategy Document|312
3|Counter-Terrorism Measures in the Obama and Trump Administrations|313
4|Drone Policy|313
5|The White Paper|315
4|Suspected Terrorists and Miranda Rights|317
4|The Trump Administration|319
3|Topics in the United States Counter-Terrorism|320
4|Surveillance and Privacy|320
4|Policing and Profiling|322
4|Interrogation and Torture|323
3|Conclusion|325
3|References|326
2|National Counter-Terrorism (C-T) Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties: Case Study of United Kingdom|330
3|Introduction|331
3|The Prevent Strategy|334
4|Universities and Further Education Institutions|335
4|Schools|341
4|Conclusions|344
3|Preventive Executive Measures|346
4|Detention Without Trial|346
4|Control Orders|347
4|Replacing Control Orders with Less Repressive TPIMs|349
4|Lack of Deployment of Enhanced TPIMs|352
4|Conclusions|354
3|Precursor Offences|355
4|Intelligence-Led Policing in the UK|355
4|The Array of Early Intervention Offences|356
4|Use of These Offences in Practice|359
4|Proposed New Precursor Offences and Further Increases in Sentences in the Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Bill 2017-2019|361
3|Conclusions|363
3|References|365
2|Case Studies of National Counter-Terrorism Policies: Case Study of France|371
3|Introduction: Threat Developments|372
3|A Contentious Response to Ongoing Violence|373
3|Threat Development as of 2000|375
4|A Recent Change in Patterns of Terrorist Behavior with Regard to the Previous Terrorist Threat?|375
4|Legal Developments|377
3|Substantive Criminal Law Developments|379
4|The Definition of Terrorism|379
4|An Expansion of Criminal (Inchoate) Liability and the Multiplication of Preparation Offences|380
5|Preparatory Offences|381
4|Glorification of Terrorism, Recruiting, and Training|383
5|``Glorification´´ of Terrorism|384
5|Recruiting and Training for Terrorist Purposes|386
3|Concluding Remarks|386
3|References|388
4|List of Legislation|389
4|List of Cases|389
2|National Counter-Terrorism (C-T) Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties: Case Study of Germany|391
3|Introduction: Security and Germany´s Institutional Setting|392
3|History of Terrorism and Terrorist Threat|393
3|Germany´s Reactions to Terrorism Prior to 9/11|398
3|Post-9/11 Reactions to Terrorism|404
3|Conclusion|410
3|Cross-References|411
3|References|411
2|Counter-Terrorism Effectiveness and Human Rights in Israel|415
3|Introduction|416
3|Situational Terrorism Prevention and Focused Deterrence: Effectiveness and Human Rights Go Hand in Hand|418
3|The Israeli Case|421
4|Airport Screening|422
4|Lone-Actor Attacks: The Case of Vehicular Attacks and Barricades|424
4|The Internet: A Source of Radicalization and a Window of Opportunity|425
3|Conclusions|428
3|References|429
2|National Counter-Terrorism (C-T) Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties: Case Study of Kenya|436
3|Introduction|437
3|Putting Counter-Terrorism Measures in Context|439
3|Defining Terrorism|439
3|Root Causes of Terrorism|440
3|Socioeconomic Factors|441
3|Religion|441
3|The Relationship Between Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights|442
3|Exploration of Existing Literature|443
3|Terrorism in Kenya (1998-2015)|444
3|1998 US Embassy Attack in Kenya|444
4|Al-Shabaab|445
3|Kenyan Counter-Terrorism Legislation|447
3|Regime Type and Response to Human Rights Violations|447
4|Kenya: Democracy|447
3|Regime Type and Counter-Terrorism Measures|448
3|Countering Terrorism While Protecting Human Rights|449
3|Conclusion|450
3|References|451
1|Part IV: The Power of Human Rights Principles to Limit Abuses in Counter-Terrorism Initiatives|454
2|Civil Rights and Liberties with National Security|455
3|Introduction|456
3|Doctrinal Background: Balancing Liberty and Security|457
3|Civil War Cases|457
3|The Twentieth Century|459
3|The Twenty-First Century and the New Global War on Terror|461
3|The USA PATRIOT Act|461
4|Detention of ``Enemy Combatants´´|463
3|Empirical Research on Judicial Behavior in Terrorism Cases|466
3|The Impact of Political Factors on Judicial Behavior in Security Cases|467
3|The Impact of the Terror Threat on Judicial Behavior in Security Cases|469
3|Conclusion|471
3|References|472
4|Court Cases|474
2|The European Court of Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism Initiatives|476
3|Introduction|477
3|The First Rendition Case: El-Masri v the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia|478
3|Prohibition of Torture|479
3|Right to Liberty and Security|481
3|Right to Respect for Private and Family Life|482
3|Right to an Effective Remedy|483
3|A ``Right to the Truth´´?|484
3|Principles from the Case of El-Masri v the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia|485
3|The Development of the Court´s Case Law on Extraordinary Rendition|488
4|Article 5|488
4|Article 3|490
4|Procedural Aspect of Article 3|493
3|A Flagrant Denial of Justice: The Right to a Fair Trial in Article 6|495
3|Conclusions|497
3|Cross-References|499
3|References|499
4|Primary Sources|499
4|Secondary Sources|500
2|The Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the Face of Terrorism|501
3|Introduction|502
3|Counterterrorism Under the Lens of the American Convention: Between Normality and Exception|504
4|The Complexities of Defining Terrorism|504
4|Terrorism and States of Exception|506
3|Counterterrorism Under the Lens of the Inter-American Human Rights Bodies: Building Case Law in the Context of Peru Under Form...|508
4|On the Criminalization of Terrorist Activities|509
4|Guaranteeing the Right to Fair Trial in Cases Concerning Terrorist Suspects|510
4|Context of Systematic Violations of Human Rights|511
3|Fighting Human Rights Abuses: On the Case Law Concerning the State Terror|512
3|Conclusion|515
3|References|515
4|Inter-American Court Judgments and Advisory Opinions|515
4|Inter-American Commission Reports|516
4|European Court of Human Rights Judgments|516
4|Other References|516
1|Index|518
1|Volume Preface|8
1|Contents|10
1|About the Series Editor|13
1|About the Editors|14
1|Contributors|16
1|Human Rights and Terrorism: Issues and Overview|18
2|Former Research on Counterterrorism and State Repression of Human Rights|20
2|Overview of the Volume|21
2|References|25
1|Part I: National and International Counter-Terrorism Legislation, Declarations, and Institutions|27
2|Nation-Level Counterterrorist Legislation, 1945-2017|28
3|Introduction|29
3|Definitional Challenges|30
3|Constructing the Global Counterterrorist Legislation Database (GCLD): Dilemmas and Challenges|32
4|Definitional Difficulties|32
4|Data Availability and Reliability|33
3|Data Collection and Coding Procedures|34
4|Definitions|34
4|Data Quality|35
4|Search Procedures and Recent Updates|35
3|Statistics and Trends in Counterterrorist Legislation|36
4|Regional and Subregional Distributions in Legislation|37
4|Type of Legislation|38
4|Time Trends in the Type of Legislation|41
3|Conclusion|42
3|Cross-References|43
3|References|43
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Listing of Terrorists and Their Organizations by the United Nations|45
3|Introduction|46
3|The UNSC Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and the UN Counter-Terrorism Framework|47
3|UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Human Rights|51
3|The 1373 Regime and Human Rights|51
4|The 1267 Regime and Human Rights|54
4|The Issue|54
4|The Process|55
4|The Kadi I Case|57
4|The Reform|59
3|``Flawed Cornerstones´´ No More?|60
3|Concluding Remarks|63
3|Cross-References|64
3|References|64
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions: African Union and African Commission on Human and Peop...|68
3|Introduction|69
3|Human Rights in Counter-Terrorism Initiatives|72
3|Africa Commission on Human and People´s Rights and Counter-Terrorism|73
3|AMISOM as a Counter-Terrorism Initiative|79
3|Gaps Between Rhetoric and Implementations of Counter-Terrorism Principles|83
3|Conclusion|85
3|References|85
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions|88
3|Introduction|89
3|The Organization of American States and the American Declaration|90
4|Influence of the Strasbourg (European) Organs of Protection|90
4|The Right to Petition|91
4|The Right to Petition in the Inter-American System|91
4|The Right to Petition in the UN System|92
3|The Dual Nature of the Inter-American System: The American Declaration and the American Convention|92
3|The Primary Functions of the IACHR|93
4|The Normative Status of IACHR Decisions|93
4|How the IACHR Controls the Court´s Caseload|94
4|The IACHR´s Rapporteurships|95
4|The IACHR´s Precautionary Measures|96
4|The IACHR Promotional Activities|96
3|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions of the OAS Within the UN Counter-Terrorism Strategy Framework|96
4|The UN´s Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy|97
4|OAS Activity on Counter-Terrorism Within the UN Framework|98
5|The Creation of the Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism|98
5|The OAS Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism|99
3|Pillar 4 and Resolution 1456 (2003): The Introduction of Human Rights in the Context of Counter-Terrorism|100
4|Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism|100
3|The Trend Toward Elected Governments in the Western Hemisphere|101
4|The Inter-American Democratic Charter|101
3|The Country Reports of the IACHR re Counter-Terrorism|102
4|The Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina (1980)|103
5|The Modus Operandi of ``Forced Disappearances´´|104
5|The Incompatibility of Self-Amnesty Laws with the American Declaration and American Convention|105
5|Justice?|106
4|The Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Peru (2000)|107
5|Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction|107
5|``Terrorism´´ and ``Treason Against the Fatherland´´ Laws|107
5|Expansion of Military Jurisdiction|109
5|Justice?|110
4|The Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Venezuela (2003, 2009, 2017)|110
5|Dissolution of the Judiciary and the Legislature|111
5|Venezuela´s Denunciation of the OAS Charter|112
3|The IACHR´s Report on Terrorism and Human Rights|113
3|The Special Situation of the USA Before the IACHR|114
4|The Situation of the Guantanamo Detainees (2002)|114
5|Precautionary Measures on Behalf of Guantanamo Detainees|115
5|Omar Khadr|116
5|Djamel Ameziane|116
5|Moath al-Alwi|117
4|Extraordinary Rendition|117
3|Conclusion|117
3|References|118
2|Counter-Terrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions: EU and European Court of Human Rights|121
3|Introduction|122
3|Supervision of EU Coercive Agencies|124
3|The Challenge of Oversight and Human Rights|125
3|The Impact of the Snowden Revelations of NSA Surveillance|126
3|Supervising the Activities of Intelligence Services|129
3|Conclusions|133
3|References|134
4|Reports|136
4|Newspapers|136
2|Counterterrorism Resolutions and Initiatives by Regional Institutions: Organization of Islamic Cooperation|137
3|Introduction|138
3|OIC Background|139
3|OIC Resolutions and Treaties on Counterterrorism|141
4|Defining Terrorism|142
4|Countering Terrorism: UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy and the OIC Code of Conduct|147
3|OIC Resolutions and Treaties on Human Rights|149
4|Protecting Human Rights While Countering Terrorism|151
3|OIC Initiatives and Partnerships on Counterterrorism|152
3|Conclusion|155
3|References|156
4|OIC Documents|158
4|UN Documents|158
2|ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation and Human Rights Protection|159
3|Introduction|160
3|Southeast Asia´s Terrorism Problem and Responses|161
3|ASEAN as a Nascent Security Community|166
3|Reconciling Human Rights Protection in Intra-ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation|167
3|Inclusion of Human Rights in ASEAN Extraregional Counterterrorism Cooperation|176
3|Conclusion|182
3|References|183
1|Part II: Controversial Counter-Terrorism Initiatives and Their Human Rights Implications|188
2|The Human Rights of Suspected Terrorists|189
3|Introduction|190
3|Humanitarian Law or Human Rights Law|190
3|The Right to be Free from Torture, Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment|191
4|International Law|192
4|The European Court of Human Rights: Al Nashiri v. Poland|194
4|Torture Evidence Is Inadmissible|195
3|The Right to Life|195
3|The Right to a Fair Trial|197
4|The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|197
4|The European Court of Human Rights|198
4|The Inter-American Court of Human Rights|200
3|The Right to a Judicial Remedy|201
4|The Inter-American Court of Human Rights|202
4|El Masri v. Macedonia in the ECtHR|204
4|Aslakhanova v. Russia in the ECtHR|204
4|Treaties and Customary International Law|205
3|The Right to Private Life: The Right Against Unreasonable Searches|206
3|Conclusion|208
3|Cross-References|209
3|References|209
2|Counterterrorist Legislation Effects on Human Rights and Civil Liberties: A Global Perspective|212
3|Introduction|213
3|Counterterrorist Legislation and State Repression: Previous Research|213
3|Theoretical Framework|214
3|Data and Measurements|216
4|Dependent Variables: State Repression of Physical Integrity Rights and Civil Liberties|216
4|Independent Variable: Counterterrorist Legislation|217
4|Control Variables|217
4|Samples and Analyses|218
3|Findings|218
3|Conclusion and Discussion|221
3|Cross-References|224
3|References|224
2|Counter-Terrorism Detention in Wartime and Emergency|228
3|Introduction|229
3|The Applicable Legal Framework|231
3|Detention Regime Under International Humanitarian Law|232
4|International Armed Conflicts|233
4|Non-international Armed Conflicts|234
4|The Unlawful Combatants´ Doctrine|234
4|Judicial Review Available to the Unlawful Combatants|236
3|Detention Regime Under International Human Rights Law|239
4|State of Emergency and Derogations|240
4|Derogations Passed by the UK|241
4|``Alternatives´´ to Detention|244
4|Limits to the Disclosure of Evidence and Right to Defense|245
4|Detention and Arrest Outside the State´s Territory|247
3|Conclusions|249
3|Cross-References|250
3|References|250
2|Human Rights: Torture|253
3|Introduction|254
3|Definitions of Torture|254
3|The History of Torture|256
4|Premodern Torture|256
4|Modern Torture|257
3|Moral and Legal Permissibility|258
3|The Ticking-Bomb Scenario|259
4|Deontology: For and Against|261
5|Utilitarianism: For and Against|261
3|Torture and Interrogation|262
3|Conclusion|264
3|References|264
2|The Role of Derogations from the ECHR in the Current ``War on Terror´´|267
3|Introduction|268
3|The Current Terrorist Context|270
3|Relying on Derogations as Part of the Counterterror Armory|272
4|How Is the Term ``Emergency´´ Understood Under Article 15?|273
4|Are the Measures Taken ``Strictly Required by the Exigencies of the Situation´´ (the Proportionality Analysis)?|277
4|Conclusions as to Strasbourg´s Stance Under Article 15|283
4|The Minimal Role of Derogations in the ``War on Terror´´|283
3|Recalibrating Rights Rather Than Seeking a Derogation|285
4|Introduction|285
4|Recalibration of Article 5|286
4|Strasbourg´s Stance as to the ``Deprivation of Liberty´´ Concept|290
3|Citizenship Stripping|292
3|Conclusions|294
3|References|296
1|Part III: Case Studies of National Counter-Terrorism Policies and Their Challenge to Human Rights and Civil Liberties|299
2|Counter-Terrorism Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties|300
3|Introduction|301
3|Historical Review: Counter-Terrorism in the US Pre-9/11|302
4|US Presidents|303
5|President Richard Nixon (1969-1974)|303
5|President Gerald Ford (1974-1977)|303
5|President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)|303
5|President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)|303
5|President George H. Bush (1989-1993)|304
5|President William Clinton (1993-2001)|304
3|The US Counter-Terrorism in the Immediate Aftermath of 9/11|305
4|The PATRIOT Act|305
4|Presidential Order|306
4|The National Security Strategy Document|312
3|Counter-Terrorism Measures in the Obama and Trump Administrations|313
4|Drone Policy|313
5|The White Paper|315
4|Suspected Terrorists and Miranda Rights|317
4|The Trump Administration|319
3|Topics in the United States Counter-Terrorism|320
4|Surveillance and Privacy|320
4|Policing and Profiling|322
4|Interrogation and Torture|323
3|Conclusion|325
3|References|326
2|National Counter-Terrorism (C-T) Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties: Case Study of United Kingdom|330
3|Introduction|331
3|The Prevent Strategy|334
4|Universities and Further Education Institutions|335
4|Schools|341
4|Conclusions|344
3|Preventive Executive Measures|346
4|Detention Without Trial|346
4|Control Orders|347
4|Replacing Control Orders with Less Repressive TPIMs|349
4|Lack of Deployment of Enhanced TPIMs|352
4|Conclusions|354
3|Precursor Offences|355
4|Intelligence-Led Policing in the UK|355
4|The Array of Early Intervention Offences|356
4|Use of These Offences in Practice|359
4|Proposed New Precursor Offences and Further Increases in Sentences in the Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Bill 2017-2019|361
3|Conclusions|363
3|References|365
2|Case Studies of National Counter-Terrorism Policies: Case Study of France|371
3|Introduction: Threat Developments|372
3|A Contentious Response to Ongoing Violence|373
3|Threat Development as of 2000|375
4|A Recent Change in Patterns of Terrorist Behavior with Regard to the Previous Terrorist Threat?|375
4|Legal Developments|377
3|Substantive Criminal Law Developments|379
4|The Definition of Terrorism|379
4|An Expansion of Criminal (Inchoate) Liability and the Multiplication of Preparation Offences|380
5|Preparatory Offences|381
4|Glorification of Terrorism, Recruiting, and Training|383
5|``Glorification´´ of Terrorism|384
5|Recruiting and Training for Terrorist Purposes|386
3|Concluding Remarks|386
3|References|388
4|List of Legislation|389
4|List of Cases|389
2|National Counter-Terrorism (C-T) Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties: Case Study of Germany|391
3|Introduction: Security and Germany´s Institutional Setting|392
3|History of Terrorism and Terrorist Threat|393
3|Germany´s Reactions to Terrorism Prior to 9/11|398
3|Post-9/11 Reactions to Terrorism|404
3|Conclusion|410
3|Cross-References|411
3|References|411
2|Counter-Terrorism Effectiveness and Human Rights in Israel|415
3|Introduction|416
3|Situational Terrorism Prevention and Focused Deterrence: Effectiveness and Human Rights Go Hand in Hand|418
3|The Israeli Case|421
4|Airport Screening|422
4|Lone-Actor Attacks: The Case of Vehicular Attacks and Barricades|424
4|The Internet: A Source of Radicalization and a Window of Opportunity|425
3|Conclusions|428
3|References|429
2|National Counter-Terrorism (C-T) Policies and Challenges to Human Rights and Civil Liberties: Case Study of Kenya|436
3|Introduction|437
3|Putting Counter-Terrorism Measures in Context|439
3|Defining Terrorism|439
3|Root Causes of Terrorism|440
3|Socioeconomic Factors|441
3|Religion|441
3|The Relationship Between Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights|442
3|Exploration of Existing Literature|443
3|Terrorism in Kenya (1998-2015)|444
3|1998 US Embassy Attack in Kenya|444
4|Al-Shabaab|445
3|Kenyan Counter-Terrorism Legislation|447
3|Regime Type and Response to Human Rights Violations|447
4|Kenya: Democracy|447
3|Regime Type and Counter-Terrorism Measures|448
3|Countering Terrorism While Protecting Human Rights|449
3|Conclusion|450
3|References|451
1|Part IV: The Power of Human Rights Principles to Limit Abuses in Counter-Terrorism Initiatives|454
2|Civil Rights and Liberties with National Security|455
3|Introduction|456
3|Doctrinal Background: Balancing Liberty and Security|457
3|Civil War Cases|457
3|The Twentieth Century|459
3|The Twenty-First Century and the New Global War on Terror|461
3|The USA PATRIOT Act|461
4|Detention of ``Enemy Combatants´´|463
3|Empirical Research on Judicial Behavior in Terrorism Cases|466
3|The Impact of Political Factors on Judicial Behavior in Security Cases|467
3|The Impact of the Terror Threat on Judicial Behavior in Security Cases|469
3|Conclusion|471
3|References|472
4|Court Cases|474
2|The European Court of Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism Initiatives|476
3|Introduction|477
3|The First Rendition Case: El-Masri v the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia|478
3|Prohibition of Torture|479
3|Right to Liberty and Security|481
3|Right to Respect for Private and Family Life|482
3|Right to an Effective Remedy|483
3|A ``Right to the Truth´´?|484
3|Principles from the Case of El-Masri v the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia|485
3|The Development of the Court´s Case Law on Extraordinary Rendition|488
4|Article 5|488
4|Article 3|490
4|Procedural Aspect of Article 3|493
3|A Flagrant Denial of Justice: The Right to a Fair Trial in Article 6|495
3|Conclusions|497
3|Cross-References|499
3|References|499
4|Primary Sources|499
4|Secondary Sources|500
2|The Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the Face of Terrorism|501
3|Introduction|502
3|Counterterrorism Under the Lens of the American Convention: Between Normality and Exception|504
4|The Complexities of Defining Terrorism|504
4|Terrorism and States of Exception|506
3|Counterterrorism Under the Lens of the Inter-American Human Rights Bodies: Building Case Law in the Context of Peru Under Form...|508
4|On the Criminalization of Terrorist Activities|509
4|Guaranteeing the Right to Fair Trial in Cases Concerning Terrorist Suspects|510
4|Context of Systematic Violations of Human Rights|511
3|Fighting Human Rights Abuses: On the Case Law Concerning the State Terror|512
3|Conclusion|515
3|References|515
4|Inter-American Court Judgments and Advisory Opinions|515
4|Inter-American Commission Reports|516
4|European Court of Human Rights Judgments|516
4|Other References|516
1|Index|518