File #2659: "2019_Book_ExploringPoliceIntegrity.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|14
1|Part I: Studying Classical Police Integrity Theory and Methodology|26
2|Exploring Empirical Research on Police Integrity|27
3|Introduction|27
3|Classical Theory of Police Integrity and Related Methodology|28
4|Theory of Police Integrity|28
4|Measuring Police Integrity|28
4|Overview of Police Integrity Research|32
4|Classic Police Integrity Research|32
4|Police Integrity Research Expanding the Theoretical Arguments|39
4|Police Integrity Research Expanding the Methodology|44
4|Police Integrity Research Assessing Reliability and Validity|48
3|Conclusion|50
3|References|51
2|Overlapping Shades of Blue: Exploring Police Officer, Supervisor, and Administrator Cultures of Police Integrity|58
3|Introduction|58
4|Rank and Police Culture|59
4|Rank and Police Integrity|61
4|Rank and Evaluations of Seriousness|62
4|Rank and Discipline Severity and Fairness|63
4|Rank and Expressed Willingness to Report|64
3|Methodology|65
4|Questionnaire|65
4|The Sample|66
3|Results|67
4|Rank and the First Dimension (Seriousness and Rule Violations)|67
4|Rank and the Second Dimension (Internal Discipline)|72
4|Rank and the Third Dimension (The Code of Silence)|76
3|Conclusion|79
3|References|81
2|Exploring Differences in Police Integrity Within a Centralized Police System|84
3|Introduction|84
4|Theory of Police Integrity and Centralized Police Systems|85
4|Armenia and Police Integrity|88
4|Organizational Rules|88
4|Detection and Investigation of Police Misconduct|89
4|The Code of Silence|90
4|Influence of Social and Political Environment|90
3|Methodology|91
4|Questionnaire|91
4|The Sample|92
3|Results|94
4|Knowledge of Organizational Rules and Assessment of Misconduct Seriousness|94
4|Views About Appropriate Discipline and Disciplinary Environment|96
4|The Code of Silence|99
3|Conclusion|102
3|References|104
1|Part II: Expanding the Police Integrity Theory|107
2|Seriousness of Police (Mis)Behavior and Organizational Justice|108
3|Introduction|108
3|Police Misconduct Seriousness and Police Integrity|109
4|Absolute Evaluations of Police Misconduct Seriousness|110
4|Relative Evaluations of Police Misconduct Seriousness|112
3|Organizational Justice as a Predictor of Police Attitudes and Behavior|113
4|Current Study|115
3|Methodology|115
4|Questionnaire|115
4|Dependent Variables|115
4|Organizational Independent Variables|115
4|Organizational Justice Independent Variables|117
4|Demographic Independent Variables|122
4|Analytical Plan|122
4|The Sample|122
3|Results|122
4|Bivariate Analyses of Seriousness Evaluations by Organizational Justice|122
4|Multivariate Models of Seriousness|125
3|Conclusion|126
3|References|128
2|Exploring the Relation Between Support for Community Policing and Police Integrity in South Africa|131
3|Introduction|131
4|A Brief History of the European Influence on Policing in South Africa|132
4|Origins of Community Policing|134
4|Common Features of Community Policing|135
4|Community Policing in South Africa|136
4|Establishing Community Policing in the Republic of South Africa|137
4|Realizing the Goal of Transforming the Police|138
4|The Relation Between Police Integrity and Community Policing|140
3|Methodology|142
4|Questionnaire|142
4|The Sample|143
4|Analytical Strategy|144
3|The Results|145
4|Seriousness|145
4|Violation of Official Rules|145
4|Willingness to Report Misconduct|150
3|Conclusion|150
3|References|155
2|The Contours of an Organizational Theory of Green Police Integrity|158
3|Expanding the Theory of Police Integrity|158
4|A Brief Introduction to Estonia and Its Police|159
3|The Four Organizational Dimensions of the Green Police Integrity Theory|160
4|Organizational Rules Governing Green Misconduct|160
4|Techniques of Controlling Green Misconduct in the Police|162
4|Curtailing the Blue Code of Green Police Misconduct|164
4|Influence of Social, Economic and Political Environment|165
3|Measuring Green Police Integrity|165
4|The Population and the Sample|169
3|Results|171
4|Seriousness|171
4|Violation of Rules|174
4|Appropriate and Expected Discipline|175
4|Officers’ Willingness to Report Misconduct|175
3|Conclusion|178
3|References|180
2|Police Integrity and the Perceived Effectiveness of Policing: Evidence from a Survey Among Ugandan Police Officers|184
3|Introduction|184
3|Police Integrity and Perceptions of the Police Force|185
3|The Uganda National Police|186
3|Survey Set Up, Sampling, and Questionnaire|187
3|Descriptive Statistics|191
4|Background Characteristics of the Police Officers and the Districts|191
4|Descriptive Statistics of the Outcome Variables Derived from the Vignette Cases|193
4|Descriptive Statistics of the Perceived Effectiveness of the Police|194
3|Empirical Model|195
3|Results|197
3|Conclusion|202
3|Appendix 1: Supplementary Tables|204
3|Appendix 2: The 12 Vignette Cases|207
4|Group 1: Code of Conduct Among the Police Officers|207
4|Group 2: Bribery|207
4|Group 3: Theft|207
4|Group 4: Refusal to Register Complaints|207
4|Group 5: Reported Severe Crimes Against Individuals Not Followed Up Upon|207
4|Group 6: Undue Force Used by the Police|208
3|References|208
2|A Complex Relation Between the Code of Silence and Education|211
3|Introduction|211
4|The Code of Silence, Police Culture, and Police Integrity|212
4|Code of Silence, Police Misconduct, and Police Education|216
3|Police Education in BiH|219
4|Police Education Before the Reform|219
4|Police Education in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|220
4|Police Education in Republika Srpska|221
4|Police Education for State Agencies|221
3|Methodology|221
4|Questionnaire|221
4|Sample|222
4|Analytical Strategy|223
3|Expressed Own Willingness to Report|224
4|Respondents’ Educational Level and Own Willingness to Report|224
4|Respondents’ Type of Education and Own Willingness to Report|226
4|Respondents’ Educational Level/Type of Education and Own Willingness to Report|227
3|Conclusion|230
3|References|231
1|Part III: Expanding the Police Integrity Methodology|235
2|Public Views About Police Misconduct and Police Integrity in a Comparative Perspective|236
3|Introduction|236
4|Public Views About Police Integrity|237
4|Public Views About Police Integrity and Police Misconduct|237
4|Public Views About the Police|240
4|Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Public Views of the Police Integrity and the Police|241
4|Public Views and Support for the Police in Croatia and Serbia|242
3|Methodology|247
4|Questionnaire|247
4|The Samples|249
3|Results|250
4|Public Opinion About Police Misconduct|250
5|Public Evaluations of Misconduct Seriousness|250
5|Public Views About Appropriate Discipline|252
5|Public Assessments of Own Willingness to Report|254
4|Public Opinion About Police Integrity|255
5|Public Estimates of the Police Officers’ Evaluations of Misconduct Seriousness|256
5|Public Views About Expected Discipline|257
5|Public Estimates of the Police Officers’ Willingness to Report|259
3|Conclusion|260
3|References|262
2|Similar, Different or Somewhere in Between? The Police Officer and Citizen Views on Police Misconduct|264
3|Introduction|264
3|Literature Review|265
4|The Views of the Police Officers on Police Misconduct|265
4|The Views of the Public on Police Misconduct|267
3|Methods|269
4|Data|269
4|Variables|270
5|Analytic Strategies|270
3|Findings|270
4|Officers’ Own Views of Police Misconduct Seriousness by Rank|271
4|Students’ Own Views on the Seriousness of Police Misconduct by Academic Major|273
4|Group Comparisons|274
3|Discussion|277
3|Conclusion|280
3|Appendix: The Measurement of Police Integrity|281
3|References|281
2|Slovenian Resident and Police Officer Evaluations of the Harm Caused by Different Types of Police Deviance|284
3|Introduction|284
3|Police Deviance and Police Integrity|285
4|Influence of Police Deviance on the Perception of the Legitimacy of the Police|288
3|Methods, Data Collection and Description of the Sample|290
4|Questionnaire|290
4|Sample|290
3|Results|292
4|Residents’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness|292
4|Police Officers’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness|293
4|Comparing Residents’ and Police Officers’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness|293
4|Comparing Residents’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness with Residents’ Estimates of Police Officer Evaluations of Seriousness|293
4|Comparing Police Officers’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness with Police Officers’ Estimates of Other Police Officer Evaluations of Seriousness|295
4|Comparing Residents’ and Police Officers’ Estimates of Police Officers’ Evaluations of Seriousness|296
3|Discussion|298
3|References|300
2|Exploring Gender Differences in the Australian Context: Organizational and Cultural Dimensions of Ethical Attitudes|304
3|Women in Policing|304
3|Gender and Ethics: In the Field|307
3|Gender and Ethics: Survey Research|309
4|Seriousness Perceptions|309
4|Perceptions of Violations|310
4|Disciplinary Views|310
4|The Code of Silence|310
4|Present Study|311
3|Method|312
4|Sample|312
4|Materials|312
4|Design/Analysis|313
3|Results|314
4|Personal Views|314
5|Perceptions of Seriousness|314
5|Violation|314
5|Appropriate Discipline|315
5|Willingness to Report|315
4|Perceptions of Culture|317
5|Perceptions of Others’ Seriousness Views|317
5|Perceptions of Others’ Willingness to Report|317
5|Likely Disciplinary Response|317
4|Cultural Alignment|318
5|Differences in Seriousness Perceptions|320
5|Differences in Willingness to Report|320
5|Fairness of Discipline|321
4|Predicting Personal Attitudes from Perceptions of Culture|323
3|Discussion|324
3|Scenarios|326
3|References|327
1|Part IV: Exploring Validity and Reliability of Police Integrity Methodology|330
2|Improving the Measurement of Police Integrity: An Application of LTM to the Klockars et al. (1997) Scales|331
3|Introduction|331
3|Literature Review|332
4|Klockars et al. Scale|332
4|Offense Seriousness|333
4|Policy Violation|334
4|Willingness to Report|335
4|Current Study|335
3|Method|336
4|Data/Sample|336
4|Missing Data|337
4|Analytical Plan|338
3|Results|338
4|Item Unidimensionality|339
4|Latent Trait Model Analyses|340
4|Own Perception of Seriousness|342
4|Others Perception of Seriousness|343
4|Policy Violation|344
4|Would Report|345
4|Others Would Report|346
4|Inter-Construct Correlations|346
4|Examining Measurement Invariance Property|347
3|Discussion|350
3|Conclusion|352
3|References|353
2|The Speed of Progress: Comparing Citizen Perceptions of Police Corruption in Croatia over Time|356
3|Introduction|356
3|Exploring Public Views of Police Integrity|357
3|Exploring Public Views of Police Officer Integrity|358
3|Changes in Public and Police Views About Police Integrity over Time|359
3|Methodology|361
4|Questionnaire|361
4|The Samples|364
4|Changes in the Croatian Society and the Police|365
3|Results|366
4|Differences in Public Opinion About Police Corruption|366
4|Differences in Public Opinion About the Police|370
4|Differences in Differences|372
3|Conclusion|376
3|References|378
2|The Effects of Ethics Training on Police Integrity|380
3|Introduction|380
3|Training Police Integrity|381
4|Ethics Training|381
4|Effect of Ethics Training on Attitudes and Behavior|382
3|Measuring Police Integrity|383
4|Police Integrity Measurements|383
4|Measuring Police Integrity over Time|384
3|Methodology|386
4|Ethics Training|386
4|Data|386
4|Questionnaire|387
4|Dependent Variables|388
4|Independent Variables|388
4|Research Strategy and Analysis|389
3|Results|389
4|Pre-trial Assessments of Seriousness and Willingness to Report|389
4|The Effects of the HPM Training on Evaluations of Seriousness and Willingness to Report|390
4|Multivariate Models of Changes in Seriousness|391
4|Multivariate Models of Changes in Willingness to Report|393
3|Conclusion|395
3|References|396
1|Index|398
1|Contents|14
1|Part I: Studying Classical Police Integrity Theory and Methodology|26
2|Exploring Empirical Research on Police Integrity|27
3|Introduction|27
3|Classical Theory of Police Integrity and Related Methodology|28
4|Theory of Police Integrity|28
4|Measuring Police Integrity|28
4|Overview of Police Integrity Research|32
4|Classic Police Integrity Research|32
4|Police Integrity Research Expanding the Theoretical Arguments|39
4|Police Integrity Research Expanding the Methodology|44
4|Police Integrity Research Assessing Reliability and Validity|48
3|Conclusion|50
3|References|51
2|Overlapping Shades of Blue: Exploring Police Officer, Supervisor, and Administrator Cultures of Police Integrity|58
3|Introduction|58
4|Rank and Police Culture|59
4|Rank and Police Integrity|61
4|Rank and Evaluations of Seriousness|62
4|Rank and Discipline Severity and Fairness|63
4|Rank and Expressed Willingness to Report|64
3|Methodology|65
4|Questionnaire|65
4|The Sample|66
3|Results|67
4|Rank and the First Dimension (Seriousness and Rule Violations)|67
4|Rank and the Second Dimension (Internal Discipline)|72
4|Rank and the Third Dimension (The Code of Silence)|76
3|Conclusion|79
3|References|81
2|Exploring Differences in Police Integrity Within a Centralized Police System|84
3|Introduction|84
4|Theory of Police Integrity and Centralized Police Systems|85
4|Armenia and Police Integrity|88
4|Organizational Rules|88
4|Detection and Investigation of Police Misconduct|89
4|The Code of Silence|90
4|Influence of Social and Political Environment|90
3|Methodology|91
4|Questionnaire|91
4|The Sample|92
3|Results|94
4|Knowledge of Organizational Rules and Assessment of Misconduct Seriousness|94
4|Views About Appropriate Discipline and Disciplinary Environment|96
4|The Code of Silence|99
3|Conclusion|102
3|References|104
1|Part II: Expanding the Police Integrity Theory|107
2|Seriousness of Police (Mis)Behavior and Organizational Justice|108
3|Introduction|108
3|Police Misconduct Seriousness and Police Integrity|109
4|Absolute Evaluations of Police Misconduct Seriousness|110
4|Relative Evaluations of Police Misconduct Seriousness|112
3|Organizational Justice as a Predictor of Police Attitudes and Behavior|113
4|Current Study|115
3|Methodology|115
4|Questionnaire|115
4|Dependent Variables|115
4|Organizational Independent Variables|115
4|Organizational Justice Independent Variables|117
4|Demographic Independent Variables|122
4|Analytical Plan|122
4|The Sample|122
3|Results|122
4|Bivariate Analyses of Seriousness Evaluations by Organizational Justice|122
4|Multivariate Models of Seriousness|125
3|Conclusion|126
3|References|128
2|Exploring the Relation Between Support for Community Policing and Police Integrity in South Africa|131
3|Introduction|131
4|A Brief History of the European Influence on Policing in South Africa|132
4|Origins of Community Policing|134
4|Common Features of Community Policing|135
4|Community Policing in South Africa|136
4|Establishing Community Policing in the Republic of South Africa|137
4|Realizing the Goal of Transforming the Police|138
4|The Relation Between Police Integrity and Community Policing|140
3|Methodology|142
4|Questionnaire|142
4|The Sample|143
4|Analytical Strategy|144
3|The Results|145
4|Seriousness|145
4|Violation of Official Rules|145
4|Willingness to Report Misconduct|150
3|Conclusion|150
3|References|155
2|The Contours of an Organizational Theory of Green Police Integrity|158
3|Expanding the Theory of Police Integrity|158
4|A Brief Introduction to Estonia and Its Police|159
3|The Four Organizational Dimensions of the Green Police Integrity Theory|160
4|Organizational Rules Governing Green Misconduct|160
4|Techniques of Controlling Green Misconduct in the Police|162
4|Curtailing the Blue Code of Green Police Misconduct|164
4|Influence of Social, Economic and Political Environment|165
3|Measuring Green Police Integrity|165
4|The Population and the Sample|169
3|Results|171
4|Seriousness|171
4|Violation of Rules|174
4|Appropriate and Expected Discipline|175
4|Officers’ Willingness to Report Misconduct|175
3|Conclusion|178
3|References|180
2|Police Integrity and the Perceived Effectiveness of Policing: Evidence from a Survey Among Ugandan Police Officers|184
3|Introduction|184
3|Police Integrity and Perceptions of the Police Force|185
3|The Uganda National Police|186
3|Survey Set Up, Sampling, and Questionnaire|187
3|Descriptive Statistics|191
4|Background Characteristics of the Police Officers and the Districts|191
4|Descriptive Statistics of the Outcome Variables Derived from the Vignette Cases|193
4|Descriptive Statistics of the Perceived Effectiveness of the Police|194
3|Empirical Model|195
3|Results|197
3|Conclusion|202
3|Appendix 1: Supplementary Tables|204
3|Appendix 2: The 12 Vignette Cases|207
4|Group 1: Code of Conduct Among the Police Officers|207
4|Group 2: Bribery|207
4|Group 3: Theft|207
4|Group 4: Refusal to Register Complaints|207
4|Group 5: Reported Severe Crimes Against Individuals Not Followed Up Upon|207
4|Group 6: Undue Force Used by the Police|208
3|References|208
2|A Complex Relation Between the Code of Silence and Education|211
3|Introduction|211
4|The Code of Silence, Police Culture, and Police Integrity|212
4|Code of Silence, Police Misconduct, and Police Education|216
3|Police Education in BiH|219
4|Police Education Before the Reform|219
4|Police Education in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|220
4|Police Education in Republika Srpska|221
4|Police Education for State Agencies|221
3|Methodology|221
4|Questionnaire|221
4|Sample|222
4|Analytical Strategy|223
3|Expressed Own Willingness to Report|224
4|Respondents’ Educational Level and Own Willingness to Report|224
4|Respondents’ Type of Education and Own Willingness to Report|226
4|Respondents’ Educational Level/Type of Education and Own Willingness to Report|227
3|Conclusion|230
3|References|231
1|Part III: Expanding the Police Integrity Methodology|235
2|Public Views About Police Misconduct and Police Integrity in a Comparative Perspective|236
3|Introduction|236
4|Public Views About Police Integrity|237
4|Public Views About Police Integrity and Police Misconduct|237
4|Public Views About the Police|240
4|Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Public Views of the Police Integrity and the Police|241
4|Public Views and Support for the Police in Croatia and Serbia|242
3|Methodology|247
4|Questionnaire|247
4|The Samples|249
3|Results|250
4|Public Opinion About Police Misconduct|250
5|Public Evaluations of Misconduct Seriousness|250
5|Public Views About Appropriate Discipline|252
5|Public Assessments of Own Willingness to Report|254
4|Public Opinion About Police Integrity|255
5|Public Estimates of the Police Officers’ Evaluations of Misconduct Seriousness|256
5|Public Views About Expected Discipline|257
5|Public Estimates of the Police Officers’ Willingness to Report|259
3|Conclusion|260
3|References|262
2|Similar, Different or Somewhere in Between? The Police Officer and Citizen Views on Police Misconduct|264
3|Introduction|264
3|Literature Review|265
4|The Views of the Police Officers on Police Misconduct|265
4|The Views of the Public on Police Misconduct|267
3|Methods|269
4|Data|269
4|Variables|270
5|Analytic Strategies|270
3|Findings|270
4|Officers’ Own Views of Police Misconduct Seriousness by Rank|271
4|Students’ Own Views on the Seriousness of Police Misconduct by Academic Major|273
4|Group Comparisons|274
3|Discussion|277
3|Conclusion|280
3|Appendix: The Measurement of Police Integrity|281
3|References|281
2|Slovenian Resident and Police Officer Evaluations of the Harm Caused by Different Types of Police Deviance|284
3|Introduction|284
3|Police Deviance and Police Integrity|285
4|Influence of Police Deviance on the Perception of the Legitimacy of the Police|288
3|Methods, Data Collection and Description of the Sample|290
4|Questionnaire|290
4|Sample|290
3|Results|292
4|Residents’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness|292
4|Police Officers’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness|293
4|Comparing Residents’ and Police Officers’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness|293
4|Comparing Residents’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness with Residents’ Estimates of Police Officer Evaluations of Seriousness|293
4|Comparing Police Officers’ Own Evaluations of Seriousness with Police Officers’ Estimates of Other Police Officer Evaluations of Seriousness|295
4|Comparing Residents’ and Police Officers’ Estimates of Police Officers’ Evaluations of Seriousness|296
3|Discussion|298
3|References|300
2|Exploring Gender Differences in the Australian Context: Organizational and Cultural Dimensions of Ethical Attitudes|304
3|Women in Policing|304
3|Gender and Ethics: In the Field|307
3|Gender and Ethics: Survey Research|309
4|Seriousness Perceptions|309
4|Perceptions of Violations|310
4|Disciplinary Views|310
4|The Code of Silence|310
4|Present Study|311
3|Method|312
4|Sample|312
4|Materials|312
4|Design/Analysis|313
3|Results|314
4|Personal Views|314
5|Perceptions of Seriousness|314
5|Violation|314
5|Appropriate Discipline|315
5|Willingness to Report|315
4|Perceptions of Culture|317
5|Perceptions of Others’ Seriousness Views|317
5|Perceptions of Others’ Willingness to Report|317
5|Likely Disciplinary Response|317
4|Cultural Alignment|318
5|Differences in Seriousness Perceptions|320
5|Differences in Willingness to Report|320
5|Fairness of Discipline|321
4|Predicting Personal Attitudes from Perceptions of Culture|323
3|Discussion|324
3|Scenarios|326
3|References|327
1|Part IV: Exploring Validity and Reliability of Police Integrity Methodology|330
2|Improving the Measurement of Police Integrity: An Application of LTM to the Klockars et al. (1997) Scales|331
3|Introduction|331
3|Literature Review|332
4|Klockars et al. Scale|332
4|Offense Seriousness|333
4|Policy Violation|334
4|Willingness to Report|335
4|Current Study|335
3|Method|336
4|Data/Sample|336
4|Missing Data|337
4|Analytical Plan|338
3|Results|338
4|Item Unidimensionality|339
4|Latent Trait Model Analyses|340
4|Own Perception of Seriousness|342
4|Others Perception of Seriousness|343
4|Policy Violation|344
4|Would Report|345
4|Others Would Report|346
4|Inter-Construct Correlations|346
4|Examining Measurement Invariance Property|347
3|Discussion|350
3|Conclusion|352
3|References|353
2|The Speed of Progress: Comparing Citizen Perceptions of Police Corruption in Croatia over Time|356
3|Introduction|356
3|Exploring Public Views of Police Integrity|357
3|Exploring Public Views of Police Officer Integrity|358
3|Changes in Public and Police Views About Police Integrity over Time|359
3|Methodology|361
4|Questionnaire|361
4|The Samples|364
4|Changes in the Croatian Society and the Police|365
3|Results|366
4|Differences in Public Opinion About Police Corruption|366
4|Differences in Public Opinion About the Police|370
4|Differences in Differences|372
3|Conclusion|376
3|References|378
2|The Effects of Ethics Training on Police Integrity|380
3|Introduction|380
3|Training Police Integrity|381
4|Ethics Training|381
4|Effect of Ethics Training on Attitudes and Behavior|382
3|Measuring Police Integrity|383
4|Police Integrity Measurements|383
4|Measuring Police Integrity over Time|384
3|Methodology|386
4|Ethics Training|386
4|Data|386
4|Questionnaire|387
4|Dependent Variables|388
4|Independent Variables|388
4|Research Strategy and Analysis|389
3|Results|389
4|Pre-trial Assessments of Seriousness and Willingness to Report|389
4|The Effects of the HPM Training on Evaluations of Seriousness and Willingness to Report|390
4|Multivariate Models of Changes in Seriousness|391
4|Multivariate Models of Changes in Willingness to Report|393
3|Conclusion|395
3|References|396
1|Index|398