File #2665: "2019_Book_CrimmigrationInAustralia-1.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|8
1|Contributors|10
1|Part I: Crimmigration Law: Context and Critique|15
2|Chapter 1: Introduction|16
3|1.1 Key Themes and Organization of the Collection|16
3|1.2 The Concept of Crimmigration|19
3|1.3 Crimmigration in Australia: Law, Politics and Society|24
3|References|29
4|Cases|29
4|Secondary Sources|29
2|Chapter 2: Australia’s Long History of Immigration, Policing and the Criminal Law|32
3|2.1 Introduction|32
3|2.2 The ‘Crimmigration’ Thesis|33
3|2.3 Governing Immigration in the Long Nineteenth Century|35
3|2.4 Enemy Aliens and Suspect Populations in the Early Twentieth Century|38
3|2.5 World War II and Post-War Mass Immigration|43
3|2.6 Beyond Crimmigration|46
3|References|47
4|Case Law|47
4|Secondary Sources|48
2|Chapter 3: ‘Race’, Crimmigration and the Deportation of Aboriginal Non-citizens|51
3|3.1 Introduction|51
3|3.2 Explaining “Crimmigration”|54
3|3.3 “Race” and Crimmigration|56
3|3.4 “Race” and Australia’s Colonisation|58
3|3.5 Criminal Deportation and Aboriginal Non-citizens|61
3|3.6 Criminal Deportation and First Nation Sovereignty|64
3|3.7 Legal Determination of “Aboriginality” and its Significance|65
3|3.8 Conclusion|69
3|References|71
4|Case Law|71
4|Legislation|71
4|Secondary Sources|71
2|Chapter 4: Sexing the Leviathan: When Feminisms and Crimmigration Meet|75
3|4.1 Introduction|76
3|4.2 What Is Crimmigration and Where Are the Feminist Voices?|76
3|4.3 The Crimmigration Phenomenon: The Tales of Three Women Through the Lens of Feminist Criminology|80
3|4.4 Crimmigration Manifesting as a Leviathan?|82
4|4.4.1 Immigration Detention: ‘Tough But Secure’|83
4|4.4.2 A ‘Transitory Person’|85
4|4.4.3 She Sought Refuge in Australia, Where She Thought She Could Be Safe|87
4|4.4.4 S99 Encountering a … Leviathan?|89
3|4.5 Crimmigration’s Consequences: The Criminalisation of All Immigrants and Refugees?|90
3|4.6 Crimmigration’s Genesis: Questioning the Applicability of Membership Theory|92
3|4.7 Conclusion|95
3|References|95
4|Case Law|95
4|International Agreements|96
4|Legislation|96
4|Secondary Sources|96
2|Chapter 5: Crimmigration and the Australian Legal Lexicon: Reflecting on Border Control, Theory and the Lived Experience|100
3|5.1 Introduction|100
3|5.2 The Development of the Crimmigration Thesis and Its Application to Australia|103
3|5.3 Accounting for Crimmigration in the Australian Legal Lexicon|107
3|5.4 Disentangling the Theoretical Analysis of Crimmigration Trends in Australia|115
3|5.5 Revisiting a Crimmigration Research Agenda|118
3|5.6 Conclusion|121
3|References|122
4|Case Law|122
4|Legislation|123
4|Secondary Sources|123
1|Part II: Crimmigration Law, Policy and Praxis: Indignity and Injustice?|127
2|Chapter 6: Characters of Concern, or Concerning Character Tests? Regulating Risk through Visa Cancellation, Containment and Removal from Australia|128
3|6.1 Introduction|129
3|6.2 The Contours of the ‘Character Test’|132
4|6.2.1 Discretionary and Mandatory Cancellation Provisions|132
4|6.2.2 Visa Cancellations and Procedural Fairness|134
4|6.2.3 Administrative Oversight and Review|136
4|6.2.4 Exorbitant Ministerial Powers|137
3|6.3 Administration of the Character Test and Its Impacts|138
3|6.4 The Contours of the General Visa Cancellation Regime|142
3|6.5 Administration of the General Visa Cancellation Powers and Its Impacts|143
3|6.6 Contemporary Visa Cancellation Reforms|146
3|6.7 Cancellation Powers and the Marginalization of Human Rights|148
3|6.8 Conclusions: Looking Forward|151
3|References|153
4|Case Law|153
4|International Agreements|154
4|Legislation|154
4|Secondary Sources|155
2|Chapter 7: Crimmigration and Refugees: Bridging Visas, Criminal Cancellations and ‘Living in the Community’ as Punishment and Deterrence|158
3|7.1 Introduction|159
3|7.2 Detention and Release|162
3|7.3 Bridging Visas, Cancellation Powers and Crimmigration|166
4|7.3.1 Bridging Visa Cancellation Powers: Criminality Grounds and the Asylum Seeker Code of Behaviour|168
4|7.3.2 Data and Analysis|171
5|7.3.2.1 Type, Occurrence and Source of Allegations|173
3|7.4 Conclusion|176
3|References|177
4|Legislation|177
4|Secondary Sources|177
2|Chapter 8: Crimmigration-Counterterrorism in the War on Foreign Terrorist Fighters|181
3|8.1 Introduction|181
3|8.2 Crimmigration-Counterterrorism|182
3|8.3 Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Threat and Response|183
3|8.4 The Declared Area Offence|187
4|8.4.1 The Foreign Fighters Act|187
4|8.4.2 The Nature of the Merger|189
4|8.4.3 Justifications and Dangers|190
3|8.5 Citizenship Stripping|192
4|8.5.1 The Allegiance to Australia Act|192
4|8.5.2 The Nature of the Merger|194
4|8.5.3 Justifications and Dangers|195
3|8.6 Conclusions|199
3|References|201
4|Case Law|201
4|International Agreements|201
4|Legislation|201
4|Secondary Sources|202
2|Chapter 9: Strip Searching: Seeking the Truth ‘in’ and ‘on’ the Regular Migrant’s Body|204
3|9.1 Introduction|205
3|9.2 The Regime of Humiliation at the Border Aimed at Producing the ‘Truth’|206
3|9.3 The Legislation on Search Powers in Australia and the US|211
3|9.4 Coercive Powers Employed Unlawfully in Australia|215
4|9.4.1 Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) Reports|215
4|9.4.2 Court Case Showcasing a Lack of Articulation of Airport Security’s Discourse|216
4|9.4.3 Personal Inquiries|218
4|9.4.4 Secrecy, Consent and Officers’ Discretionary Powers|219
3|9.5 Digital Body Scanners: Reinforcing the Normalisation of the Body Search|221
3|9.6 Conclusion|223
3|References|224
4|Case Law|224
4|Legislation|224
4|Secondary Sources|224
1|Part III: Deterring ‘Irregular’ Migration: Over-Criminalisation and Beyond International Law?|228
2|Chapter 10: Marriage, Migration and Gender: A Site for Crimmigration? An Australian Case Study|229
3|10.1 Introduction|229
3|10.2 Marriage Migration and Human Trafficking: Gender, Violence and Power Relations|231
3|10.3 Filipino ‘Mail Order Brides’ in Australia: Family Violence Defines Border Control|234
3|10.4 Trafficking of Marriage Migrants into Australia: Protecting the ‘Personhood’ of ‘Consensual’ Marriage Migrants|239
3|10.5 Family and Community: Forced and Servile Marriages|244
4|10.5.1 Forced Marriage and International Law|244
4|10.5.2 Background to the Australian Legislation|245
4|10.5.3 The Australian Legislation|247
4|10.5.4 Response to Forced Marriage in Australia|249
3|10.6 Conclusion|250
3|References|253
4|Case Law|253
4|Legislation|253
4|International Agreements|253
4|Secondary Sources|254
2|Chapter 11: Smugglers and Samaritans: Criminalising the Smuggling of Migrants in International and Australian Law|258
3|11.1 Introduction|258
3|11.2 From ‘Refugee Agent to Migrant Smuggler’|259
4|11.2.1 Historical Perspectives|260
4|11.2.2 Towards an International Agreement|261
3|11.3 United Nations Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants|263
4|11.3.1 Outline of the Smuggling Protocol|263
4|11.3.2 Criminalisation Under the Smuggling Protocol|264
4|11.3.3 Limitations and Exemptions|265
3|11.4 Australia’s ‘People Smuggling’ Offences|267
4|11.4.1 People Smuggling Offences|267
4|11.4.2 Limitations and Exceptions|269
5|11.4.2.1 R v Ambo (2011)|269
5|11.4.2.2 DPP v Payara (2011)|270
3|11.5 Conclusion|273
3|References|274
4|Case Law|274
4|International Agreements|275
4|Legislation|275
4|Secondary Sources|275
2|Chapter 12: Children’s Rights and Crimmigration Controls: Examining Australia’s Treatment of Unaccompanied Minors|279
3|12.1 Introduction|279
3|12.2 Australian Crimmigration Controls|281
4|12.2.1 Maritime Interdiction|283
4|12.2.2 Immigration Detention|285
4|12.2.3 Regional Processing of Asylum Seekers|287
4|12.2.4 Temporary Protection Visas|288
4|12.2.5 Summary|289
3|12.3 International Principles and Standards|290
4|12.3.1 Best Interests of the Child|291
4|12.3.2 Immigration Detention|291
4|12.3.3 Care, Support, and Family Reunification|292
4|12.3.4 Protection from Removal|293
4|12.3.5 Summary|294
3|12.4 Children’s Rights and Crimmigration Controls|295
3|12.5 Conclusion|299
3|References|300
4|Case Law|300
4|Legislation|300
4|International Agreements|300
4|Secondary Sources|301
1|Part IV: Crimmigration Control: Tools, Trappings and Technologies|306
2|Chapter 13: Punitive Bureaucracy: Restricting Visits to Australia’s Immigration Detention Centres|307
3|13.1 Introduction|307
3|13.2 Immigration Detention in Sydney and Melbourne|310
3|13.3 Visiting Detention: The Application Process|314
3|13.4 Entering the Facility|318
3|13.5 The Staff|320
3|13.6 Bringing Food and Other Gifts|321
3|13.7 Criminalising the Visitors|322
3|13.8 How Do Visitors Interpret the Changes to the Visits Regime?|324
3|13.9 Conclusion: The Process Is the Punishment|325
3|References|326
2|Chapter 14: Turn the Detention Centre Inside Out: Challenging State Secrecy in Australia’s Offshore Processing of Asylum Seekers|328
3|14.1 Introduction|329
3|14.2 Determining Liability for Human Rights Abuses in Australia’s Offshore Processing Centres|332
3|14.3 Secrecy as a Legal Power Tool in Australia’s Crimmigration Regime|337
3|14.4 Resistance and Counterveillance of State Secrecy and Control in Australia’s Immigration Detention Centres|341
3|14.5 Conclusion|348
3|References|349
4|Case Law|349
4|Secondary Sources|349
2|Chapter 15: Crimmigration and Human Rights in Contexts of Confinement|354
3|15.1 Introduction|355
3|15.2 Crimmigration and Membership Theory in a Globalising World|356
3|15.3 Confining the ‘Other’|361
4|15.3.1 The ‘Criminalisation of Immigration Detention’|361
4|15.3.2 The ‘Immigrationisation of Prisons’|363
4|15.3.3 The Shades of Crimmigration|367
3|15.4 Crimmigration and Australia’s Offshore Processing Regime: The Case of Nauru|368
3|15.5 The Crimmigration Challenge to Human Rights Protection|372
3|15.6 Conclusion|375
3|References|375
4|Secondary Sources|375
2|Chapter 16: Crimmigration in Border Security? Sorting Crossing through Biometric Identification at Australia’s International Airports|381
3|16.1 Introduction|382
3|16.2 Framing Crimmigration: Novel Blurring and Blending, or Identity and Identification?|383
3|16.3 From Border Security to Identification|386
3|16.4 The Introduction of Biometric Identifiers at Australia’s International Airports|391
3|16.5 Conclusion: Crimmigration in the Creeping Shadow of Border Security|398
3|References|399
4|Legislation|399
4|Secondary Sources|400
1|Contents|8
1|Contributors|10
1|Part I: Crimmigration Law: Context and Critique|15
2|Chapter 1: Introduction|16
3|1.1 Key Themes and Organization of the Collection|16
3|1.2 The Concept of Crimmigration|19
3|1.3 Crimmigration in Australia: Law, Politics and Society|24
3|References|29
4|Cases|29
4|Secondary Sources|29
2|Chapter 2: Australia’s Long History of Immigration, Policing and the Criminal Law|32
3|2.1 Introduction|32
3|2.2 The ‘Crimmigration’ Thesis|33
3|2.3 Governing Immigration in the Long Nineteenth Century|35
3|2.4 Enemy Aliens and Suspect Populations in the Early Twentieth Century|38
3|2.5 World War II and Post-War Mass Immigration|43
3|2.6 Beyond Crimmigration|46
3|References|47
4|Case Law|47
4|Secondary Sources|48
2|Chapter 3: ‘Race’, Crimmigration and the Deportation of Aboriginal Non-citizens|51
3|3.1 Introduction|51
3|3.2 Explaining “Crimmigration”|54
3|3.3 “Race” and Crimmigration|56
3|3.4 “Race” and Australia’s Colonisation|58
3|3.5 Criminal Deportation and Aboriginal Non-citizens|61
3|3.6 Criminal Deportation and First Nation Sovereignty|64
3|3.7 Legal Determination of “Aboriginality” and its Significance|65
3|3.8 Conclusion|69
3|References|71
4|Case Law|71
4|Legislation|71
4|Secondary Sources|71
2|Chapter 4: Sexing the Leviathan: When Feminisms and Crimmigration Meet|75
3|4.1 Introduction|76
3|4.2 What Is Crimmigration and Where Are the Feminist Voices?|76
3|4.3 The Crimmigration Phenomenon: The Tales of Three Women Through the Lens of Feminist Criminology|80
3|4.4 Crimmigration Manifesting as a Leviathan?|82
4|4.4.1 Immigration Detention: ‘Tough But Secure’|83
4|4.4.2 A ‘Transitory Person’|85
4|4.4.3 She Sought Refuge in Australia, Where She Thought She Could Be Safe|87
4|4.4.4 S99 Encountering a … Leviathan?|89
3|4.5 Crimmigration’s Consequences: The Criminalisation of All Immigrants and Refugees?|90
3|4.6 Crimmigration’s Genesis: Questioning the Applicability of Membership Theory|92
3|4.7 Conclusion|95
3|References|95
4|Case Law|95
4|International Agreements|96
4|Legislation|96
4|Secondary Sources|96
2|Chapter 5: Crimmigration and the Australian Legal Lexicon: Reflecting on Border Control, Theory and the Lived Experience|100
3|5.1 Introduction|100
3|5.2 The Development of the Crimmigration Thesis and Its Application to Australia|103
3|5.3 Accounting for Crimmigration in the Australian Legal Lexicon|107
3|5.4 Disentangling the Theoretical Analysis of Crimmigration Trends in Australia|115
3|5.5 Revisiting a Crimmigration Research Agenda|118
3|5.6 Conclusion|121
3|References|122
4|Case Law|122
4|Legislation|123
4|Secondary Sources|123
1|Part II: Crimmigration Law, Policy and Praxis: Indignity and Injustice?|127
2|Chapter 6: Characters of Concern, or Concerning Character Tests? Regulating Risk through Visa Cancellation, Containment and Removal from Australia|128
3|6.1 Introduction|129
3|6.2 The Contours of the ‘Character Test’|132
4|6.2.1 Discretionary and Mandatory Cancellation Provisions|132
4|6.2.2 Visa Cancellations and Procedural Fairness|134
4|6.2.3 Administrative Oversight and Review|136
4|6.2.4 Exorbitant Ministerial Powers|137
3|6.3 Administration of the Character Test and Its Impacts|138
3|6.4 The Contours of the General Visa Cancellation Regime|142
3|6.5 Administration of the General Visa Cancellation Powers and Its Impacts|143
3|6.6 Contemporary Visa Cancellation Reforms|146
3|6.7 Cancellation Powers and the Marginalization of Human Rights|148
3|6.8 Conclusions: Looking Forward|151
3|References|153
4|Case Law|153
4|International Agreements|154
4|Legislation|154
4|Secondary Sources|155
2|Chapter 7: Crimmigration and Refugees: Bridging Visas, Criminal Cancellations and ‘Living in the Community’ as Punishment and Deterrence|158
3|7.1 Introduction|159
3|7.2 Detention and Release|162
3|7.3 Bridging Visas, Cancellation Powers and Crimmigration|166
4|7.3.1 Bridging Visa Cancellation Powers: Criminality Grounds and the Asylum Seeker Code of Behaviour|168
4|7.3.2 Data and Analysis|171
5|7.3.2.1 Type, Occurrence and Source of Allegations|173
3|7.4 Conclusion|176
3|References|177
4|Legislation|177
4|Secondary Sources|177
2|Chapter 8: Crimmigration-Counterterrorism in the War on Foreign Terrorist Fighters|181
3|8.1 Introduction|181
3|8.2 Crimmigration-Counterterrorism|182
3|8.3 Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Threat and Response|183
3|8.4 The Declared Area Offence|187
4|8.4.1 The Foreign Fighters Act|187
4|8.4.2 The Nature of the Merger|189
4|8.4.3 Justifications and Dangers|190
3|8.5 Citizenship Stripping|192
4|8.5.1 The Allegiance to Australia Act|192
4|8.5.2 The Nature of the Merger|194
4|8.5.3 Justifications and Dangers|195
3|8.6 Conclusions|199
3|References|201
4|Case Law|201
4|International Agreements|201
4|Legislation|201
4|Secondary Sources|202
2|Chapter 9: Strip Searching: Seeking the Truth ‘in’ and ‘on’ the Regular Migrant’s Body|204
3|9.1 Introduction|205
3|9.2 The Regime of Humiliation at the Border Aimed at Producing the ‘Truth’|206
3|9.3 The Legislation on Search Powers in Australia and the US|211
3|9.4 Coercive Powers Employed Unlawfully in Australia|215
4|9.4.1 Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) Reports|215
4|9.4.2 Court Case Showcasing a Lack of Articulation of Airport Security’s Discourse|216
4|9.4.3 Personal Inquiries|218
4|9.4.4 Secrecy, Consent and Officers’ Discretionary Powers|219
3|9.5 Digital Body Scanners: Reinforcing the Normalisation of the Body Search|221
3|9.6 Conclusion|223
3|References|224
4|Case Law|224
4|Legislation|224
4|Secondary Sources|224
1|Part III: Deterring ‘Irregular’ Migration: Over-Criminalisation and Beyond International Law?|228
2|Chapter 10: Marriage, Migration and Gender: A Site for Crimmigration? An Australian Case Study|229
3|10.1 Introduction|229
3|10.2 Marriage Migration and Human Trafficking: Gender, Violence and Power Relations|231
3|10.3 Filipino ‘Mail Order Brides’ in Australia: Family Violence Defines Border Control|234
3|10.4 Trafficking of Marriage Migrants into Australia: Protecting the ‘Personhood’ of ‘Consensual’ Marriage Migrants|239
3|10.5 Family and Community: Forced and Servile Marriages|244
4|10.5.1 Forced Marriage and International Law|244
4|10.5.2 Background to the Australian Legislation|245
4|10.5.3 The Australian Legislation|247
4|10.5.4 Response to Forced Marriage in Australia|249
3|10.6 Conclusion|250
3|References|253
4|Case Law|253
4|Legislation|253
4|International Agreements|253
4|Secondary Sources|254
2|Chapter 11: Smugglers and Samaritans: Criminalising the Smuggling of Migrants in International and Australian Law|258
3|11.1 Introduction|258
3|11.2 From ‘Refugee Agent to Migrant Smuggler’|259
4|11.2.1 Historical Perspectives|260
4|11.2.2 Towards an International Agreement|261
3|11.3 United Nations Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants|263
4|11.3.1 Outline of the Smuggling Protocol|263
4|11.3.2 Criminalisation Under the Smuggling Protocol|264
4|11.3.3 Limitations and Exemptions|265
3|11.4 Australia’s ‘People Smuggling’ Offences|267
4|11.4.1 People Smuggling Offences|267
4|11.4.2 Limitations and Exceptions|269
5|11.4.2.1 R v Ambo (2011)|269
5|11.4.2.2 DPP v Payara (2011)|270
3|11.5 Conclusion|273
3|References|274
4|Case Law|274
4|International Agreements|275
4|Legislation|275
4|Secondary Sources|275
2|Chapter 12: Children’s Rights and Crimmigration Controls: Examining Australia’s Treatment of Unaccompanied Minors|279
3|12.1 Introduction|279
3|12.2 Australian Crimmigration Controls|281
4|12.2.1 Maritime Interdiction|283
4|12.2.2 Immigration Detention|285
4|12.2.3 Regional Processing of Asylum Seekers|287
4|12.2.4 Temporary Protection Visas|288
4|12.2.5 Summary|289
3|12.3 International Principles and Standards|290
4|12.3.1 Best Interests of the Child|291
4|12.3.2 Immigration Detention|291
4|12.3.3 Care, Support, and Family Reunification|292
4|12.3.4 Protection from Removal|293
4|12.3.5 Summary|294
3|12.4 Children’s Rights and Crimmigration Controls|295
3|12.5 Conclusion|299
3|References|300
4|Case Law|300
4|Legislation|300
4|International Agreements|300
4|Secondary Sources|301
1|Part IV: Crimmigration Control: Tools, Trappings and Technologies|306
2|Chapter 13: Punitive Bureaucracy: Restricting Visits to Australia’s Immigration Detention Centres|307
3|13.1 Introduction|307
3|13.2 Immigration Detention in Sydney and Melbourne|310
3|13.3 Visiting Detention: The Application Process|314
3|13.4 Entering the Facility|318
3|13.5 The Staff|320
3|13.6 Bringing Food and Other Gifts|321
3|13.7 Criminalising the Visitors|322
3|13.8 How Do Visitors Interpret the Changes to the Visits Regime?|324
3|13.9 Conclusion: The Process Is the Punishment|325
3|References|326
2|Chapter 14: Turn the Detention Centre Inside Out: Challenging State Secrecy in Australia’s Offshore Processing of Asylum Seekers|328
3|14.1 Introduction|329
3|14.2 Determining Liability for Human Rights Abuses in Australia’s Offshore Processing Centres|332
3|14.3 Secrecy as a Legal Power Tool in Australia’s Crimmigration Regime|337
3|14.4 Resistance and Counterveillance of State Secrecy and Control in Australia’s Immigration Detention Centres|341
3|14.5 Conclusion|348
3|References|349
4|Case Law|349
4|Secondary Sources|349
2|Chapter 15: Crimmigration and Human Rights in Contexts of Confinement|354
3|15.1 Introduction|355
3|15.2 Crimmigration and Membership Theory in a Globalising World|356
3|15.3 Confining the ‘Other’|361
4|15.3.1 The ‘Criminalisation of Immigration Detention’|361
4|15.3.2 The ‘Immigrationisation of Prisons’|363
4|15.3.3 The Shades of Crimmigration|367
3|15.4 Crimmigration and Australia’s Offshore Processing Regime: The Case of Nauru|368
3|15.5 The Crimmigration Challenge to Human Rights Protection|372
3|15.6 Conclusion|375
3|References|375
4|Secondary Sources|375
2|Chapter 16: Crimmigration in Border Security? Sorting Crossing through Biometric Identification at Australia’s International Airports|381
3|16.1 Introduction|382
3|16.2 Framing Crimmigration: Novel Blurring and Blending, or Identity and Identification?|383
3|16.3 From Border Security to Identification|386
3|16.4 The Introduction of Biometric Identifiers at Australia’s International Airports|391
3|16.5 Conclusion: Crimmigration in the Creeping Shadow of Border Security|398
3|References|399
4|Legislation|399
4|Secondary Sources|400